【0706G MYTH小组】提纲大贴

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

第二次提纲作业上交



ISSUE类：

154 "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators." [05/50; 06/1]

TS: It will certainly serve most families' interests to involve parents and communities in the local schools, since they can provide all-sided assistance and more social experience. Nevetheless, any participating school should be careful to avoid certain risks which may cause an opposite result brought by parents and communities, including over pressure and pell-mell.
ISSUE1: Parents and communities can watch what students do and think outside school, where they can provide directions.
Evidence: Consider a kid who may waste his time addicted in video games or so forth, parents but not school can restrict him.
ISSUE2: Parents and communities can provide more social experiences and be the examples for kids.
Evidence: Heroes living in the communities can give speech.
DEVELOPMENT1: The methods of parents and communities education should be careful not to cause too much pressure for children.
DEVELOPMENT2: The work of each side should be devided planly so that they won't ravel together and make children confused.

7 "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." [05/52; 06/2]
数码相机可以精确、令人信服地记录当代人们的生活，作为一种记录方式，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。

TS: The video camera will serve most people's interest with their accurate and convincing record, however, written records still have its undispensable advanges, such as literature values, space to image and direct express of subjective feelings, making them no less important than video camera.
ISSUE1: Video camera can record images together with sounds, which will exactly review the life.
ISSUE2: Written records are not only for recording, it also maintain literature values.
Evidence: A peom's diary
ISSUE3: Since there are no images, written records can provide a documentation more interesting and free for the readers, especailly when the record does not require formal exactitude.
Evidence: Many authors write autobiography but not take video records to show the people there lifes.
ISSUE4: The video camera can record images and songs, but not opionions and thoughts, which written record can.
Evidence: A political event, words can record how the people in that period think about it.

11 "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." [05/36; 06/4]
所有的国家应共同建立一所全球性大学，用来培养学生们解决世界的最顽固的社会问题。

TS: I agree it will be helpful for nations to support the development of global universities for engaging students in solving the world's most persistent social problems, since such universitie can provide a more effective researching way and wide resources. Nevertheless, any participating national should be careful about the pell-mell and risks that may be brought by the universities.
ISSUE1: With students and faculty from the global world, a global university can help researchers compare their country directly with other countries dealing with pressing problems.
Evidence: China may learn a lot from Japan on the subject making its market open to the world.
ISSUE2: Students and faculty from diverse countries can provide different cultural perspectives.
Evidence: A student from USA may have different method to deal with the architectural progam in Europe.
DEVELOPMENT1: The universities should analyze what diverse culture and countries bring so that its students won't be confused by it.
Evidence: The American student may provide a wrong way to deal with the program.
DEVELOPMENT2: When building a global university, political influence may do harm to what such universities are researching, if some leaders do not keep an open mind to the objective and global views.
Evidence: Suviet Union

152 "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies." [05/40; 06/7]
对于公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚取尽可能多的金钱

TS: Being corporate executives of the companies, people may surely take making money as chief object, since that is the only way to support the companies to survive in the curel competitions. However, money is not the only issue, while social effects, charity and devotion to the nation also come as important roles.
ISSUE1: Stay within the law, corporate executives should make money for their companies as the captial comes as the most important power for a company.
Evidence: Microsoft
ISSUE2: Even within the law, when a company takes any means to make money, it may also cause tragedies and bad effects to the society, since not laws in any country are perfect.
Evidence: George Soros, The SEA crises
ISSUE3: A company should consider charity, its devotion to the nation as well, since that can give it a good repute and it's necessary for companies to repay to the environment.
Evidence: many big companies have contributed a lot to the social charity

120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present." [05/33; 06/9]
现代生活是崭新、复杂的，认知过去对现在没有指导价值。

TS: It is important for us to understand and control today since it is very complex and we are living in it. However, understanding of the past can also give us inspirations and kownledge to face the furture, since we can learn no matter successful experience of failed lessons.
ISSUE1: On analyzing today, we can hand the situation and direction of our development exactly.
ISSUE2: Comparing today's situation with what was like in the past, we can anticipate the results of our current decisions, which may have happened due to the past.
Evidence: Environmental problems
ISSUE3: To understand today, we need read it in the context, which requires an understanding of the past, since the nowadays world is built on the past.
Evidence: Modern architecture's background can show us why it became declined in 1970s and how it has to do with today's architecture.

87 "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." [05/46; 06/2]
在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。

TS: With enthusiasm and courage in a new-touched domain, beginners may make important discoveries. However, since they may be lack of expertise and experience, the function of expert can not be neglected.
ISSUE1: In some areas begginers may obtain the expertise in a short time in some domains and make important discoveries with enthusiasm and courage.
Evidence: Tadao Ando, Sandra Prinsloo
ISSUE3: The acedamic success requires accretion. In most situations, beginners need a long time to understand his domain.
Evidence: return to Tadao Ando
ISSUE4: Experts are the mean power to make significant advances.
Evidence: Einstein


150 "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete." [05/47; 06/5]
由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。(旅游将会被淘汰，技术进步对人类社会的影响之旅游)

TS: Although it is true that people can experience a place with visional reality technologies, including telecvision, internet and so forth, tourism is still undispensable since such technologies can not offer the audience many informations, like spatial experience of edifices, wide site of environment and diverse cultural backgrounds, maintaining tourism in our life for a long time before the technologies are developed enough to desert it.
ISSUE1: Distinct architectures can be experiences and undestood profoundly unless the tourists go into it and visit it around with a perfect perspective.
Evidence: The Light Chuch, Taodo Ando. Xiangshan Hotel, IM. Pei.
ISSUE2: The television and computer screens are constituted with limited pixels, which can not represent us a vision like what it truly is.
Evidence: A huge forest, desert or lake.
ISSUE3: We can not truly know the cultural background and characters of a place unless we get in touch with its people, since televisions and internet may neglect or even distort it.
Evidence: Beijing city
DEVELOPMENT: With the development of technologies, visional reality may one day make us to "visit" a place at home, obtaining as much information as we can get by going there. However, such furture is far but not soon.
Evidence: Matrix

26 "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." [05/18; 06/3]
很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。

69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"

TS: It might serves many governments' interests to place fewer restrictions on scientific research and development, since it can bring more unexpected success and make science develops under a proper environment. Nevertheless, some of the restrictions are still not dispensable to ensure our technologies won't destory the humanbeings themselves and some other should be placed to allure resource while nations have not enough money and forces to realize every research project.

ISSUE1: Fewer restrictions mean purer environment, because under many conditions government may use restrictions to place its ideology to science.
Evidence: Suviet Union
ISSUE2: Some technologies may cause bad consequence to society
Evidence: Matrix, Nuclear weapon
ISSUE3: The resource and forces are limited to allure.
Evidence: China

99 "In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or political -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." [05/22; 06/0]
在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社交、商业或政治，要想成功，只能靠实际而并非理想化的观点。注重成效的行为确保了生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的观点取代。

TS: Although taking practical points can help us face the reality and deal with it more effectively, however, in my view idealistic points also play important roles, since they can make our dealings more profound of feck and help us build confidence to face obstacles.
ISSUE1: Pragmatic behavior is undoubtably powerful to deal with survival problems, since they can help us to solve them in time.
Evidence: Evironmental problems.
ISSUE2: Idealistic ones are not immediate and simpler since they also contain much value for us to develop.
Evidence: return to the evironmental problems.
ISSUE3: With idealistic points, we can overcome many obstacles.
Evidence: pell-mell architecture and urban development in China


127 "Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions." [05/27; 06/4]
事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。(客观和主观)

TS: It is true facts happened are stubborn, which can not be altered. However, we can change the influence and anticipate upcoming things.
ISSUE1: What happened is not changable, according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, stating entropy has tend to increase for ever.
Evidence: Pollution
ISSUE2: We can use our power to reduce entropy and change the tend.
Evidence: Return to pollution
ISSUE3: We can anticipate many problems which may be caused by our actions and change them.
Evidence: Urban planning

184 "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data." [05/17; 06/1]
在没有证据之前就得出理论，是重大错误。

TS: I agree with the assertion that data is necessary to theorize. Nevetheless, such consideration should not constrain our mind to theorize and make development.
ISSUE1: The theories built on no data are not convincing and lack of value, which may lead to harmful results.
Evidence: Beijing's urban plan in 1950s.
ISSUE2: Although some theories might be helpful, they still need evidence to prove them.
Evidence: the extension of the universe
DEVELOPMENT: To theorize in a creative way with enough evidence does not contradict with the statement. However, considering about the data too much may constrain theorizing.
Evidence: Modernism architecture

54 "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today." [05/29; 06/4]
历史只教会我们一件事：了解过去并不能帮助今天的人们在重大的事情上做决定。

TS: According to the statement, it is claimed that we are taught by history nothing but important decisions can not be made today with the help of knowing the past. It is sometimes true since our situation today has changed a lot, diversified from it of past, we cannot decide something just copying the past. However, it seems to me that we can make a analogy with historical evidence and learn more besides how to make decisions.
ISSUE1: In new domains which never existed in the past, history can tell us little.
Evidence: Internet, Gene
ISSUE2: Some domains have a long history which can be considered when we are making desicions today, after comparing the conditions and data.
Evidence: Urban plan, natural protection
ISSUE3: We can learn more besides how to make dicisions, including the way to think, aesthete and so forth.
Evidence: Post-modernism architecture

138 "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress." [05/32; 06/1]
不犯错误就不会有发现和进步。

TS: It is true that mistakes have propelled our history to make discoveries and progesses during the long pasted time. However, in my view many mistakes can be avoided to make discovery or progress since technologies have developed to anticipate many possibilities, as well as analyzing methods have been mature and data is amassed to a high level.
ISSUE1: Since we need experiment to illustrate hypothesis, it is ineluctable to make mistakes during such researches.
ISSUE2: Technologies have improved our research method to anticipate many mistakes and avoid them.
Evidence: Digital simulation
ISSUE3: Analyzing methods have developed for many years to avoid many mistakes.
Evidence: Modern architecture creation
ISSUE4: Many data and experiences are amassed for us to compare with and anticipate what can be discoveried.
Evidence: Petrol probe.










ARGUE类：

47

Weakpoint1: The accounts in Asia and Europe may not be convincing, since no evidence are provided.
Weakpoint2: Even the dimming of sun existed, other reasons besides volcanic eruption and meteorite colliding can't be excluded, including geologic disasters, global hurricane caused by unwonted climate condition.
Weakpoint3: Assuming there are only two possibilities mentioned in the statement, no extant historical records does not mean they never existed.
Weakpoint4: The loud boom is not proved as the outcome of volcanic eruption.


117

Weakpoint1: The survey is not well illustrated and proved to be convincing.
Weakpoint2: What kind of work the respondents are required to do at home is not known. They may do not need office machines.
Weakpoint3: There is no evidence to prove that Valu-Mart should make an impressive sales in its office-supply departments.


38
Weakpoint1: There is no evidence to prove the causal relation between eating fish and prevent colds, since consumption may not be to eat and people catch cold may not go for doctors.
Weakpoint2: Assuming eating fish pretend colds for East Meria, the people in West Meria may has different body qualities.
Weakpoint3: Assuming eating fish can also help the West Meria people to prevent fish, there is no evidence to show such help comes from the fish oil.
Weakpoint4: No evidence is given to prove that absenteeism in schools and workplaces of West Meria is due to colds.


65
Weakpoint1: The data only in newest store is given, not strong enough to prove domestic cheeses are most popular.
Weakpoint2: The sample amount and distinct of survey is not given, still not stong enough to prove domestic cheeses' popularity.
Weakpoint3: There is no evidence to prove limiting inventory can reduce expense, since the incoming may be larger with a bigger inventory.
Weakpoint4: Even the domestic cheeses are popular by more people, and it is necessary to reduce expenses by limiting inventory, there are also many people who prefer imported cheese. The market of demostic cheese may be saturated.
Weakpoint5: The profits of domestic cheeses are not proved.


177
Weakpoint1: There is no evidence to prove people who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city.
Weakpoint2: How the money could best be used to improve the city can be understood not by paying taxes.
Weakpoint3: Twenty-five nonresidents may not be a small amount.
Weakpoint4: Even it's really a small amount, it can not be the reason to prove in this way is likely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Elm City.
Weakpoint5: The situation in Elm City can not be an anology so simply.
Weakpoint6: Even all above are considered as to prove the statement, there is no reason to support not accepting unresidents. The local issues discussed in OCCC could be not only business and politics.


53
Weakpoint1: No evidence was provided to illustrate that infants showed signs of mild distress because of unfamiliar stimuli.
Weakpoint2: Even such relation is true, whether mothers' production of melatonin was the inducement was not proved.
Weakpoint3: The teenagers' shyness is not proved to be a result of their signs of mild distress when they were infants.
Weakpoint4: No shyness during infancy is stated in the study.


143
Weakpoint1: Whether the recent report on the United States economy is convincing is lack of evidence.
Weakpoint2: Whether the editor stated the economic hardship happened in US is not known, making the impression of the writer subjective.
Weakpoint3: The distinct of the editor's letter talks about may diverse from where the report talks about.
Weakpoint4: The workers who lose their jobs mentioned in the report may not be those lose jobs due to economic hardship.
Weakpoint5: Whether the jobs are paying above-average wages or full-time has no relationship with the editor's statement.


45

Weakpoint1: The local hunters' report is not convincing.
Weakpoint2: Whether the global warming has caused islands separating is not observed.
Weakpoint3: Even the islands are separated, no evidences show the deer are lack of food.


145
Weakpoint1: The study may not be convincing.
Weakpoint2: Whether the sleep apnea causes wakes is lack of survey.
Weakpoint3: Such wake may not cause person tired.
Weakpoint4: Sleeping with low quality ifself can cause unhealth, which may lead to a break of nutritional balance.
Weakpoint5: If it is the tire that cause people over weight, then people with such body condition will be seriously hurt if they exercise more and eat less, which will make them more tired.


131

Weakpoint1: The fish in Omni Island may be originally very few.
Weakpoint2: Even fishing has to do with the decline of Tria's fish, polution and dump can also play roles.
Weakpoint3: The detail of Omni's condition and regulations are not stated, Tria may have the condition to adopt their regulations.


170
Weakpoint1: The trend may be not  due to the bacteria.
Weakpoint2: Whether the process is feasible and effective is not illustrated.
Weakpoint3: When the consumers know the safety, whether they are will to pay as much GC as for NAC can not be anticipated.
Weakpoint4: Even they pay the same, catching Gul Coast oyster may cost much more, making such deals lack of profits.


102

Weakpoint0: Tudor City may not need to increase its businesses.
Weakpoint1: The conditions in Tudor and Yorkville are not stated and compared, making it reasonless for T to copy Y's measures
A.Tudor may can't become a regional flight hub.
B.If it becomes, whether it can obtain more investment can not be anticipated.
Weakpoint2: The businesses and tax revenue's increase may not be due to the airline tranpotation.
Weakpoint3: Whether the respondents identified Yorkville as a desirable place to transact business is the result of ariport is not proved.

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103
Weakpoint1: Number can not stand for the effect, accidents may be less severe.
Weakpoint2: The accidents may not be a result of the unimproved curves and roadway visiblity, because when they are improved, drivers may take a higher speed, leading to more accidents.

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104
Weakpoint1: There is no evidence to prove the new device can provide better brain measurements.
Weakpoint2: The new device may bring other harm to patients.
Weakpoint3: The new device may be too expensive.
Weakpoint4: The noise may not cause to decrease accuration of measurement.

10
Weakpoint1: No evidence is proved that the current prices of milk is too high and insufficient for the consumers.
Weakpoint2: The farmers may do not receive excessive profits.

airbotsUID: 2225434

Argument:
177
A threshold assumption upon which recommendition relies is that people work but not live in Oak City can not truly understand the business and politics of the city.

Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of incomplete thought that only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the Oak City.

Third, the arguer does not provide enough imformation to pursuade us that the reason for the Elm City Club leaking nonresident members is just because those people do not want to contribute to Elm City. It is entirely possible that  the twenty-five members' contribution is great than all the other resident members. Moreover, the writer does not provide the total number of people who work but not live in Elm City, without relative comparing to total number it is unpersuasive to conclude nonresidents are impressive to join the Elm City Club.

Even assuming that it just the nonresidents do not want to contribute the Elm City,the writer of this letter still fails to consider possible difference between Oak City and Elm City that might prevent nonresidents from benefit the Oak City by join the club.

170
First, the arguer fails to consider possible reasons that the costumers are like pay more money to by AC oyster than GC oyster only because harmful bacteria were found in a few raw GC oyster.


second, the writer do not consider the possible consequence for GC oyster after installing the killing bacteria process.It is possible that this process will make the taste of GC oyster become worse, and destroy the oyster's nutritions.


Even assuming that there is no consequence with this process, the letter still mention no information about probability of implementing this process, how long will take before the scientist experiment come into commercialization of this process

Even if the killing bacteria process is safety and accepted by GC oyster producers it does not means the price of GC oyster and the profits for GC oyster producers will increase. profits are a function of cost and price. Obviously, installing the killing bacteria process lead to increasing the cost of producers, and without enough advertisment to informing all the customers that GC oyster is safe the price of GC oyster will still be low. It is too early to believe the profits of GC oyster producers will increase.

145
The aruger confuses the causality of snoring and overweight.

What fraction of people who snore actually suffer from sleep apnea.

The assumption that people who snore will necessarily eat more and exercise less that normal is unwarranted.

143
first, the arguer confuses the concepts between finding a suitable employment and finding a new job.  

Second, there is no necessary relationship between the fact more jobs were created than eliminited since 1992 and the fact that laid off workers with competent skills will find a suitable job.

Third, there is no evidence shows that employees who join in industries that tend to pay above-average wages do really get such kind of wages.

131
There is no necessary relationship between that the decline of in fish populations in T and the restictions without banning fishing.

The arguer fails to provide convincing evidences to support that the decline of fish population is not due to pollution.

The writer of this argument fails to consider possible differences between I and O that might help to bring about different result to I.

117
First,The representation of respondents in the survey is open into doubt.

Even assuming that the people take their work home, it does not show thoese workers will buy the offcial machines undoubtedly.

Even assuming the sale of office machines and office supplies will increase, the argur fails to persuade us that those workers who take work home by Wm' merchandises.

Evne assming the sales of the manager's department will increase, For the lake of other departments sales information, the manager can not assume that his department will be the most profitable in the whole WM company.

103
There is no necessary relationship between the redeisign of the road and the high accident rate, it is entirely possible that the climate in Blue City Highway is frogy and rainy, even the visibility and cruves have been improved significantly the accident rate still keeps in high level.

104
For the leak of the new head-mounted device's performances and functions, it is hasty to conclude the new device is superior than the old ones.

Granted that this new device can provide better brain measurements, there is no evidence indicates that this new device can take place older device at all hospitals and research institutions.

102
The mayor fails to constitute a causal relationship between the fact that airport in Y be chosen as a regional flight hub and the increase of businesses and tax in Y. It is entirely possible that one or more other factors are attributable for the increase, especially since a considerable period of time has passed since the regional flight hub has been confirmed in Y.

The representation of the respondents in the survey of this letter is open into doubt.

Even assuming the increase of businesses and tax were due to the airport in Yorkville be chosen as a regional flight hub, the mayor fails to consider possible differences between Y and T.

65
The president of the chain cheese stores commits a fallacy of hasty generalization, can those best-selling domestic cheeses be accepted in all the company's stores? For the leak of total number of chain stores, the selling conditions about improted cheeses it is unconvincing to conclude that the best way to improve profits is to concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses.

The representation of the magezine's subscribers in the survey of this letter is open into doubt.

Even assuming that the domestic cheeses were favourable in all the chain stores, the measures which president of chain stores proposed would unnecessary bring about more profits.profits are a function of cost and price, and the price is a function of supply and demand.

53
There is no evidence indicates that it was melatonin leads to the 25 infants' distress.

There is no causal relationship between the fact people who incline to be pregnet in early autumn and increasing levels of melatonin in these people's mothers body in early autumn.

It is increditable about the assumption that increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life, if so, almost most of people on the earth are shy, because nearly every women will go through the early autumn period in which the melatonin will increase during conceiving.

47
The arguer commits a either-or fallacy, is there no explanation for extrmely cold temperature in the mid-six century.

It is not objective to exclude the possibility of meteorite colision only by the fact no historical records mention such a bright flash.

The loud boom does not euqal to volcanic eruption.

Even assuming that the loud boom just sound by the volcanic eruption, the writer fails to consider possible explanation for the cooling.

45
the representation of these reports from local hunters is open to doubt.

Even assuming that the number of Actic deer declined, the writer fails to persuade us
that this fact has no connection with hunter's preying at will.

the arguer fails to constitute a causal relationship between the golbal warming trends and the declination of the Arctic deer.

38
The high comsumption of fish does not indicate that those fish were consumed by human in EM.

there is no evidence shows that people catching cold once or twice per year are healthy.

there is no casual relationship bewteen eating fish and preventing colds. Maybe people living in East Meria do more exercises.

Even assuming that eating substantial amount of fish can prevent colds, there is no evidence indicates that Ichthaid can prevent colds.

Even assuming that the Ichthaid pill can prevent colds, the argur fails to verify that
it is a effective way to lower absenteeism. no evidence indicates that the people absent from school or workplace were really catching colds.

10
The price of milk at the local Excello Food Market can not represent the milk price in B.

Even assmuing that the milk price in B has increase during the last 10 years, the arguer fails to persuade us that the owners of the dairy farms got excessive profits after adjustment for inflation.

Granted that the farmer's profits enhancing was just attribute to the increase in milk price, the editor of this newspaper fails to consider possible consequences what the government regualtion in retail milk prices will bring about.

airbotsUID: 2225434

154 "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators." [05/50; 06/1]
1+ It is correct that communities join in the process of education.
2+ there is no shirking the responsibility for the parents be involved in local schools.
3- However, the parents and communities can not entirely replace the professional educators.

7 "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." [05/52; 06/2]1+The video camera make our live vividly by recording images and sound of people's lives, which give a special way for people to revive their past experiences.
2- On the other hand, every coin has two sides, what conveyed by video camera is easily be modified.  
3- Moreover, with the appearance of video camera, the importance of written record has not been weakened.

11 "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." [05/36; 06/4]1+ It is true that building a global university can help its students to know different cultural, religion, society, history, and so forth.
2+ By analyzing the most persistent problems from different nations, the global university can help bring about new ideas of different scopes for solve these problems.
3- On the contrary, process of building global university will not be a easy progress over a smooth and direct course.

152 "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies." [05/40; 06/7]1+It is true that the with making the company's profits maximization, the corporate executives should abide by the law.
2-First, imposing on businesses additional duties to society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harm that society.

120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present." [05/33; 06/9]1+Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level.
2-However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay.
3-In research field, understanding of the past is the foundation of contemporary research.

87 "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." [05/46; 06/2]1+ It is true that beginner in some field of inquiry has no conventional thinking, it is easy to make important discovers.
2- On the contrary, in some research field with the lack of well educated background it is hard for beginner to make certain discovers. For example, Newton was attribute his discoveries to standing on the shoulders of the giants. It is obviously that how many people were hit by an apple before Newton found nothing about the theory of universe gravitation.

150 "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete." [05/47; 06/5]1+ It is true that people can know more information about many places that they never visited by internet or TV.
2- However, No matter how TV or world wide computer connections developed, it still can not take place the tourism.
3- Furthermore, with the development of technologies, tourism has become increasingly implemented.

26 "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." [05/18; 06/3]
1+If it is worthy, some historic buildings should be take placed for satisfying the development of contemporary needs.
2+A another way to solve this problem of how to satisfy the contemporary needs by preserving the historic buildings involves the Aswan Low Dam and the Philea's temple complex in Egypt.   
3-However, Some historic buildings' values can not be replaced no matter what contemporary needs are. Such as a icon of nation: pyramid to Egypt, Great Wall to China, and so forth.

69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
1+I agree with the speaker's assertion that government should place few restrictions on scientific research and development which are benefit to solve current problem of society and economy will help the government gain the public support.
2+ Furthermore, the government should give support to the scientific research which will solve problems of future.
3-On the other hand, the government has the responsibility to stop some kinds of research which will cause disaster to society.

99 "In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or political -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superseded by simpler, more immediate options." [05/22; 06/0]实在是没想出来。

127 "Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions." [05/27; 06/4]
Analysis is same to : The absence of choice in our circumstance is very, very rare.

184 "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data." [05/17; 06/1]
1+In medicine, iatrology, paleontology, data are the only evidence to interpret the theory or doctrine.
2-incorrect data can confuse us so that we come to the partial conclusion.
3-However, In certain research area as mathematics, physics, economics, collecting data is nearly impossible

54 "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today." [05/29; 06/4]

the same to Issue 120

138 "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress." [05/32; 06/1]
1+It is said that failure is the mother of success. Perpetual motion machine is proved that it is a obeying of law of conservation of energy. but thousand of useful mechanical systems were invented during people seeking for perpetual motion machine.
2+Many significant advances in science in human history were regard as mistakes when those theories first came into being. such as Einstein's theory of relativity, Copernicus and his theory that earth and other planets revolve the sun.
3-However, people can make efforts in discovery by inheriting former's works.

[ 本帖最后由 airbots 于 2006-10-20 23:15 编辑 ]

杏林有情天UID: 2247728

10The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.

"The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms

概念无挂钩：THE NUMBER OF DAIRY FARMS AND THE SUPPLY OF MILK。

throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon.

首先：样本可信度？ 相似度？代表性？
其次：通货膨胀导致价格上涨。

To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk,

并未提供可信的证据证明供求关系是什么？

the Batavia government should begin to regulate

If government carry out this measure ,it would cause some undesired effect .
retail milk prices.
We need to consider original cost of milk .

Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers."

Hurry generation :Thr arguer fails to supply sufficient evidence to prove that the result of carrying out such regulation .

38The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."
感冒完全可以自然康复，去看医生次数少很正常，不说明感冒少。
没有证据证明鱼是决定性因素，其他因素：饮食、生活习惯。样本错误，不能盲目模仿。
拿感冒当借口,减少缺席应该采用其他办法：加强管理、教育。

45The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants

Plants grow in arctic maybe need just cold condition ,but not warm environment ,or they could choos somewhere adept to them to grow.

on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.

Fortunately ,in arctic ice covers the sea through whole year .

Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt,

False cause –effect :the arguer fails to provide convincing evidence to show that the c-e relationship between declining  deer population and global warming trends .

we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."
Hurry generation :There are several possibility to explant why the beer  population are declining .


47Scientists studying historical weather patterns have discovered that in the mid-sixth century, Earth suddenly became significantly cooler.
Although few historical records survive from that time,

Considering the few historical records to prove the fact described by arguer ,how can we convince that argument .

some accounts found both in Asia and Europe mention a dimming of the sun and extremely cold temperatures.

samples’ convincing ?representability ?ratio ?

Either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite colliding with Earth could have created a large dust

No evidence to show the credibility of just two possibility to cause the occurrence of such phenomenon .

cloud throughout Earth's atmosphere that would have been capable of blocking enough sunlight to lower global temperatures significantly.

Many possibility .

A large meteorite collision, however, would probably create a sudden bright flash of light, and no extant historical records of the time mention such a flash.

The arguer overthrows his/her own supposition .

Some surviving Asian historical records of the time, however, mention a loud boom that would be consistent with a volcanic eruption.

Maybe volcanic eruption occurred in its active district .

Therefore, the cooling was probably caused by a volcanic eruption.

False C –E .

53Thirteen years ago, researchers studied
a group of 25 infants

sample represent ? radio? Random?

who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli

It is not convincing proof to prove that the expressions  of infants stimulated by unusual odor or unknown voice mean they are shyness .Anyone first touch strange thing maybe all is mild distress ,not to say infants .

such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice.
They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn,

Pehaps as sample the 25 infants researched all give their  birthes at autumn .

a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year,

more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy.

The arguer fails to meet other possibilities causing their shyness .

Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.

Hurry summary :no evidence to prove this C – E relationship .


65The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.
"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our
newest store

Many possibilities :residents here strongly support domestic cheeses .

were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore,
a recent survey

We should concern the trend of interest of people for cheese ,not only relay on one recent survey to judge which is more popular –domestic cheeses or imported cheeses .

by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers.

Sample represent ?ratio ?random ?

Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in

all of our stores

maybe some stores are established in abroad countries .

is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."

The store has many means to pursue its profits .

102The following appeared in a letter from the mayor of Tudor City.

"After a major airline chose Yorkville as its regional flight hub,
the number of businesses in that city almost doubled and local tax revenue increased by 50 percent.

False C-E :perhaps Y government decide to support nation economy ,or usher foreign capital ,even or residents explore the city to be a tourist place .

In addition, as travel to Yorkville became easier, most respondents to
a survey

一次调查不能说明什么。可信度？

of the country's top executives

考虑到国外经营者，也许他们更希望在其他地方，因为Y市地点偏，不够发达等等原因。

identified Yorkville as a desirable place to transact business.
To secure efficient transportation for Tudor City and stimulate our local economy, we should build a new airport, like the one in Yorkville, that is suitable for a regional flight hub."

错误类比：Y市与我市存在许多不同。ARGUER 没有证明它们的相似性

103Blue City Highway had always been notorious for its tight curves and poor roadway visibility, and
the accident rate there was generally very high

许多可能存在：比如B的居民素质不高，总是飙车，造成交通意外。

. Last year the highway was redesigned to broaden the curves and improve roadway visibility. Drivers report that they now feel much safer driving on the highway and that the redesign has been a big improvement.
But the number of accidents on the highway has not been significantly lower in the six months since the redesign than it was in the six months before the redesign.

可能：B的犯罪率很高，尤其人们更愿意选择公路犯罪。

Therefore, the redesign clearly did not improve the curves and roadway visibility enough to make a difference.

草率推广。

104One kind of brain-scanning device is used by doctors to monitor normal as well as abnormal activity in a patient's brain. The device provides precise measurements of blood flow in the brain, a known indicator of how the brain is working. Unfortunately, the device requires patients to remain completely still with their heads in the scanning machine, which makes a very loud noise. Under these uncomfortable conditions, it is doubtful that doctors can get accurate measurements.
A new head-mounted device that measures eye movements rather than blood flow and allows patients to move around will undoubtedly provide better brain measurements.

The arguer fails to show evidence to prove that measure eye movement could monitor normal as well as abnormal activity in a patient’s brain efficiently .

Thus, the new head-mounted device should replace the older device at all hospitals and research institutions.

Hurry summary :Before strong evidence showed to support this conclusion ,we can not believe the efficiency of measurement of eye movement .

117The following is a memo from the business manager of Valu-Mart stores.

"Over 70 percent of the respondents to

也许这些回应者恰恰是在家需要加班的人，没包括在单位加班和不加班的人。

a recent survey

一次调查可信度不高。

reported that they are required to take more work home with them from the workplace than they were in the past

也许只是这一段时间公司比较忙的缘故，以后会回归正常工作量。

. Since Valu-Mart

只是V没发现而已，也许公司去别家商店买办公用品了。

has not seen impressive sales in its office-supply departments in the past, we should take advantage of this work-at-home trend by increasing at all Valu-Mart stores the stock of home office machines such as printers, small copy machines, paper shredders, and fax machines. We will also increase stock of office supplies such as paper, pens, and staplers.
短途效益，会造成更大损失，比如货卖不出去；互相竞争，压低价钱等。
With these changes, our office-supply departments will become the most profitable component of our stores."
可以有很多途径赢利，比如说男女装时尚更新，宠物食品的增加等。
131The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.

"The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned.
Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution.

Possibility :maybe the quality of water become worse because of earth crust activity ,changeable temperature and nature choose principal .

In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations.

Different condition .

Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution.

No convincing evidence to support this conclusion .

Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni.

False analogy :different condition .

143The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.

"Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment.

The arguer show no evidence to prove that corporate downsizing misleads the impressin that many companys face  economic hardship and the workers downsized hint a new job for a long time .

But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated.

ARGUER没有考虑到新的求职者也是与日俱增的，他们也许没有经验，但是更有活力，热情和上进心，薪金要求也不是很高，所以公司更愿意雇佣这样的求职者。

The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time."

*Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.

裁员的原因也许是为了更换工作性质，任务和目标，新设的岗位应运而生，同时也为失业人口提供了大量的再工作机会。

145A new study collected data that shows that people who snore are more likely to gain weight than are people who do not snore. It is well known that
many
模糊数据。 What fraction of people who snore actually suffer from S. A ?

people who snore also stop breathing frequently during the night for a few seconds, a condition called sleep apnea. The interruption of breathing wakes the person—often so briefly that the waking goes unnoticed—and can leave the person too tired during the day to exercise.
ARGUER：SNORE-S。A-TIRED-NO。EX-FAT 错误的因果关系；应该：NO。EX-FAT-TIRED-S。A-SNORE。
Anyone who snores, therefore, should try to eat less than the average person and to exercise more.
UNWARRENTES：基因；不良食物等。

170For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.
在我们考虑价钱时，应该考虑成本和卖价，东北的OYSTER成本高，肉质鲜美，营养高，所以人们愿意花大价钱购买，而仅仅是因为本地区细菌的问题。
G．C的经营者需要支付杀菌费，可能要得不偿失。

177The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club—a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues—should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city.
旁观者清。他们可以更理智，客观的讨论事物。
It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city.
不能因为付了城市费，就是管理学家了，但是他们有权参与监督和提议。
At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's
城市规模是否让外来人满意？
Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years."
只有25人，可能是因为管理不善；未考虑人口比例等等。

[ 本帖最后由 杏林有情天 于 2006-10-21 13:01 编辑 ]

杏林有情天UID: 2247728

7、"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."
数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。
We should choose the appropriable record on case-by-case condition .
Video camera could reappear event ,landscape and play clearly and convincingly .
But the flaws of it are limit its used extent .
On the other hand ,written records as a convincible documentation makes great contribution to record human history , create literature and painting .
11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."
所有的国家应共同建立一所全球性大学，用来培养学生们解决世界的最顽固的社会问题。
Position:It is not realism that all nations support to establish a global univerity,but we could establish world community or orgernazation to solve world’s most persistent social problems.
Admittedly ,students in a global university indeed could learn how to solve the world’s most persistent social problems-illegal drug selling,terrorism and air pollution etc.
But ,it is not realism to establish a globe university because it must need great economy ,labour force and all nations’ support .And designer would face significant difficulties –race antinomy ,cultural difference and religious conflict ,and so on .
(26历史遗址是否要让位于现代建设？)
//凯旋门（法国）：triumphal arch；故宫：Summer Palace；英国伦敦议会大厦顶的大钟：Big Ben
SUGGESTION
Position:We should find out a compromised point between history and contemporaneity..
Positive:Historic bulidings represent several occurrances of history through generations,serveing as a textbook of human nature,so when we consider which is more important for laster generation-historic buliding or mordern development,we should firstly identify which has lasting valuable.
Maybe one old buliding represents a period change;maybe it is symbol of a nation;maybe some historic figers once live in it.No matter how it is,once destroying a historic buliding means annihilate a part of history textbook.
Opposite:Admittly,weighing repeadly,if  mordern plan is really bring about more benefits to  human than preserving old buliding does,we should resolutely give mordern development precedence over others.
In sum,we should hold long-term perspective to make a decision,not only to be incited by the immediate interest,but also easily to give up significant development.
31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."
花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。
Position:The money invested on research is essential,but we also need evaluate its repayment,especially considering several immediate problems need to resolve with money.
Positive:Admitedly,research creates significante benefits to human society,but relay on money investment as essential support.
Eg,生物学上，基因的研究和应用，器官移植；航天学上，月球与火星勘探；工业上，机器人的应用等等，我们可以举出许多生活中的例子。
research carefully,especially the controversial research,which most probaly occure dramatic money waste.
Eg.Star Wars；核武器，生物武器的研究。
Moreover,several social problems-society violence, high unemployment and environment pollution- need to resolve immediately,so we should measure which possibaly create more value to people,controversial research or resolvement of social problem.
In sum,research creates human future ,on the other hand,resolvement of social problem benefit to people presently,so wholely consider them ,then make our decision that  to which one money is  invested could create more interest.

(3钱应该用于解决现在的问题，而不是用来资助长期的研究)
(56政府应该解决现存问题，而不是试图解决将来预计存在的问题)
(211政府、企业或者个人作出任何决定都要更多的考虑将来，而不是现在)
(20政府应该更多的为儿童服务而不是为成人服务)
(86年轻人应该被鼓励去发展长远的，现实的目标，胜过于追寻现在的名声和认同。
//失业
//环境污染
//臭氧空洞等
建议类题目：ur
首先，建议是否可行？不可行！人无远虑，必有近忧。
其次，若可行，是否会推出荒谬结论？现实生活中有诸多例子。
最后，有无折中方法？有，两者兼顾。
Position:Government should consider immediate problems and anticipant questions on balance.
Certainly,immedient problems are really urgent than others,resolving which could enhance the reputation from public.
Moreover,some consiqueces of future research are controversial,it is more reason to invest money to immedient problems than to anticipant problems.
However,if government only cencers on present problems,it would also fail to win public’ trustness,beacause public could not perspect nation’furture and recognize government’ insight ,then maybe cause the public’unsatisfactory sense and doubt to government’foresight..
SARS,living place,etc.

In sum,government should carry out a serious of steps to solute immedient problem,so as to win well-feeling of public;and for another thing,explore avilible realm to grasp human furture,in order to better human nature,preserve historic culture and generate detailed knowledge to later generation.
Improtant words:
Predictable,anticipant,future
Immediate,urgent,critical,present
69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
政府应该尽可能少的限制科学研究和发展
Position :most scientific research and development and beneficial to society ,but if scientists only concern their own interests ,regardless of interests of society ,government should take legible measure to restrict these research and development .
Exclusive restrictions from government interrupt scientists’ normal research and development ,limit scientists’ talent and prevent creation .
However ,when observe some scientist only to obtain  their own aims ,regardless of anyone’ interest ,government should restrict them efficiently .
Eg. Unclear war ,biochemical weapon and so on .
87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."
在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。新手和老手
Position:The beginner almost concern creation of his/her inquiry,meanwhile,expert more concede experience coming from his/her inquiry,so if we want to achieve significant success in any field of inquiry,we should emphasis both of beginner and expert.
Positive:As a beginner in a field of inquiry, always full of passion,inspriation and creation to explore his/her inquiry,wishing get breakthrough in this realm.
Opposite:The expert of a field of study would be more experience than beginner,which lead him/her to embrace confidence , feeling and authority to develop his/her realm .
99"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."
A.理想是对现实的指导，正是由于很多人为了理想而奋斗，才最终成功。也因此，我们的社会才能更加民主、自由、繁荣。
//martin Luther king.
//Monet终身贫苦，坚持画画。
B.人们的现实应该是为了理想而努力。有了理想的指导，人们才能避免陷入短视near-sighted。
//科技的发展是为了人类的更大的幸福，不能为了短期目标而损害人类的根本利益。因此要解决环境破坏等问题。
C.理想应该和实际结合，不应该让理想变成空想和幻想。
//utopia. Moore
//perpetual motion machine
网上借鉴的。


(54了解过去对现在的决定没有意义)
(103历史的作用只是他们和日常生活相关)
(120现在社会很复杂，所以了解过去对现在没有帮助)
(125过去对将来没有指示意义)
反对。
过去作为人类历史，文化和人性的教科书，在人类的起源，发展和传世中扮演了不可替代的角色。历史所遗留下来的文化至今还影响并鼓舞着一代代人，比如肖邦的音乐，现今居然是胎教的首选；达芬奇的画不仅影响着后世画家的作平风格，而且有不少的收藏家 不惜天价竞相购买。
历史带给我们的教训永远值得我们警戒。纳粹，日本侵略等等，血淋淋的事实呼吁我们不要重蹈覆辙，不然毁灭人类的不是别的，正是人类自己。
历史就象是一面镜子，照出人类的发展进程，人性的改造。
127"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."
事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望，喜好或者情绪而改变。
As “truth”,fact is “stubborn” in the study of science and history ,but as “event”,it usually could be changeable with our wishes and inclinations even and passions .
152"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。
Position:Certainly,obtaining max profits is the main aim of corporat executives ,but it is also their responsibility that design their company perspective .
Positive :Admittedly ,as long as withing the law ,the corporate managers ’ prime aim is obtaining money as much as possible to develop their careers .
Opposite :However, the fundamental role of corporate executive is citizen of society , then to be a manager of a company .So they should fristly take their responsibilities to be a beneficed people in society .
Moreover ,another responsibility acquired to manager is establishing efficent systom and designation for their corporate developing , but not constrain their wisdom and ability just only to catch more money during a short time .
Furthermore , if a manager is only desired to catch money ,even if his/her way of obtaining money within the law ,he /she also give up some essential respects of human being –conscience , genuine friendship even and natural affection .
154"Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
父母和社会都必须参与到地方的学校中。教育太重要了以至于不能把教育完全交给一群职业教育者。
I disagree with this statement ,because local schools’ workers as specialist educationists would be experience,reasonable and authorial to carry out education plan .
Certainly ,parents as the first teachers for children ,their behavior and word make deep effect on children activity .
But shool as a education community would be more justice to treat every students ,teaching them how to learn knowledge ,how to do to be a beneficial people to society ,and supplying essential equipments to support students to achieve their aims .
150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."
由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方，结果使得旅游变得过时了
Position :because of television and worldwide computer connection ,as I observe ,tourism will soon become more and more popular .
Nowadays ,people can become familiar with a great many places never visited through television and worldwide computer connections .They could choose the place satisfied their interests ,causing some great places become obsolete .
On the other hand ,some great places become more and more popular .Because of their attractive advertisement , beautiful pictures describing their landscape and moving history stories or mythes geted from the television and internal ,people are desired to stand among the great places  and feel their atmosphere .

184"It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."
在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误。
Position:theotizing should be on the basis of essential data ,but only pursue sufficient data would cause great waste of time , labour force and money .
Positive :certainly ,to establish theory needs essential data as fundament basis .
Opposite :exclusively concern data perfectly ,resulting in preventing  the development of research  and limitinging  researchers’ inspiration .
Moreover ,obtaining  complete data would cause great waste of time ,labour force and money .
Furthermore ,several great discoverys found out in the way of research truth .

141"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."
虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是合作。
Competition :
+:impelling people to appraise themselves,then do their best to be self-improvement.
Enhanceing self-admitted sense,then to be more confidence.
Displaying individual character,pursue ego’s aim.
Business competition would be beneficial to public.
As a leader of  a certain realm of society,it leads people make a dicision resolutely.
-:Excessive competition destroys people’s spirital world.
Undesirable aspects of human nature would be easily inspired and increased by excessive competition.
Cooperatin:
+:enhanceing understanding each other.
Winning basis of public.
Allote resource reasonaly.
Gathering individual creations to produce greater success.
-:In teamwork,one has to give up individual idea to compromise with other teammates,so it is hard for individual to display his/her special talent and character.
In sum,we should adopt a compromised point between competition and cooperation.

airbotsUID: 2225434

第三次作业，Argument提纲
235
1.The change of the listeners stucture does not indicates that the listener dislike rock-and-roll music.
2.another problem of this argument is that it assumes that the decrease of the recorded music applies euqally to rock-and-roll music.
3.The arguer fails to consider possible differences between neighboring cities and the city which KNOW located in.
4.The survey during the election does not indicates that people like the politics news all the time.

232
1.The study of high school students can not represent all the custmer in the society.
2.Even assuming that students in high school eaily recognize the tunes to advertise, it does no equally means all the people will do like the high school.
3.Even assuming that people like to easily recognize the tunes to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-good restaurants, there is no evidence indicates that people like to follow the advertise to by their manufactures and home applicances.
4.The decline of EP company's sales are not attribute to the company's extensive advertising in magazines during past year.
5.Even assuming that the advertisements featuring a distinctive song of EP company is successful, the editor fails to persuade us that the profits of EP company will boost.

229
1.The safety of the new suit with an alarm is open into doubt, the arguer provide no information about the new suit material and ability to prevent poisonous chemicals hurt worker who wearing it under any condition.
2.The arguer confuses the correlation between the fast reaction time and the minimal work stoppage, then asserts that the latter is attribute to the former. However, it is completely possible that
3.The arguer commits a fallacy of false causality between the minimal work stoppage and the increase of the profitability.

223
1.The number of new business attracted by CC over last three years does not represent the number of new business in last year.
2.The new business is much more likely to fail does not indicates that CC's businesses failed last year are all new business.  
3.These analystis's opinion does not means the trueth, Maybe many nanlystis hold the different opinions.

219
1.The increase of the average household income does not indicate the enhancement of purchasing power.
2.There is no necessary correlation between the increase of the average household income and the fact that families are likely to be spending more time and money on leisure activities.
3.Even assuming that the families are likely to do more leisure activities, the arguer can not conclude that these families will by the products used in eisure activities. especially the TV, and gourmet cooking equipment.
4.Even assming these families will by products of leisure activities, there is no evidence indicate that they will buy the products provided by M.

215
1.The arguer commits a fallacy of false causality of the water rationing rules and the decline of industrial growth, just because that the latter occured after the former.
2.There is no necessary relationship between the fact that city council stop water rationing and the fact to promote the health of the local economy.

206
1.The editor provide the vague data on what percentage of the young players suffered injuries comparing to the total number is  and what kinds of injuries they suffered are.
2.There is no evidence that the Parkville is one of the major cities. The arguer does not consider possible difference between the major cities and Parkville. However, It is entirely possible that the students in P does not attend such kinds of games which students in major cities play. Or, the P is a small city and has no place for its students to play that violence games. For that matter, the psychological  pressure and the long practice sessions do not exist. Without ruling out these and other factors the editor can not  asserts that the students in P should discontinues the athletics competition.  
3.Even assuming that softball and soccer may cause some serious injuries in P, the editor can not generalize the restriction  to all athletics competition. Certain kinds of athletics competition such as, chess, racing, and so forth. The arguer only  show the negative of the athletics competition. On the other hand, it can exercise students cooperation of team, benefit to their brain and body.
  
165
1.The credibility of the test implemented by the Promofood is open doubt. such as  the objective of the chemists from P, number and the randomnes of the samples, how many of the 8,000,000 cans has been returned.  
2.Comparing with all other canned food, the net content of the three remaining suspected chemicals in the P 's can is unwarrented.
3.The editor does not exclude the possibility of other chemicals which can causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea.


99
1.There is no evidence indicates that the newly developed variety of seed is rice seed.
2.Even assuming that the newly seed is rice seed, the writer fails to substantiates that it is the newly variety seed which lead to the increase of the rice production last year in neighboring country.
3.Admittedly, it is the newly seed who cause the increase of the rice production. The arguer confuse connection between the increasing of rice production and the increase of the income of farmers.
4.Even assuming the increase of rice production can lead to increasing the farmers increase, the minister fails to consider possible difference between the neighboring country and Paucia that might bring about difference result to Paucia farmers.
5. Even Paucia adopted the newly seed and the income of farmers in this country has increased,
there is no evidence indicates that the balance of trade in P can be improved by exporting rice.
  
98
1.The representative of the study in this argument is open into doubt.
2.The result of the test implemented in Saluda is not necessary partial and unfairly the comparison between S and others does lend strong support to the minister's conclusion that the N is effective.It is completely possible that before using N, the infection patient number is less that any other hospital in group because of their extremely sanitary condition, or patient in S will less get infected because their specially illness, such as: psychopathic, anorectic, and so forth.
3.There is no persuasive evidence indicates that the N can prevent serious patient infection.
4.The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization, even assuming that the N can prevent serious patient infection, that It is not necessary to supply N at all hand washing stations throughout all hospital system.

71
1含量有很大差别，旧办法耗电未必多，新办法耗电未必少，需要考察平均水平。结论的前提是含铜量高。
2用电量少不说明有效。其他缺点：提取的铜少或者不够纯净，增加了复杂度。未必采用。

46
1有两种词汇不证明指的是两种熊。即使指的是两种熊，并且古老传说记载的是事实，也未必就是黑熊和灰熊。很有可能是其他种类的熊。可能是黑熊的一支，后来灭绝了。
2充分必要条件。即使存在过灰熊，不能证明探险者遇到的就是灰熊。
3I可能从西部迁移过来的。


34
1.survey
2.The cause of the bone fracture of the people in survey is unknow.
3.bone fracture does not indicates the osteoporosis.

25
1.The increase of the Tourism in OW  are not necessary attribute to the newgolf course and resort hotel.
2.The increase of tax revenues does not result from the new golf course and the resort hotel.
3.hasty generalization from O to H.

9
1.There is no causal relationship between the evaluation of professors and the increase of the students grades in OU.
2.The arguer neglects other factors that employers wil hire a graduate. The employers will not hire a students only by the grades whether it is good or not.
3.The arguer fails to constitute a causality between the fact to enable graduates in Omega University to secure better job and termination of evaluation.
4.Termination of the evalution is not the best way for graduates in OU to secure better jobs.

ppmmssUID: 205288

71Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.

1. The arguer fails to lend strong support to the conclusion that new copper-extracting technologies can also use less electricity to ore with low copper proportion.
2. The proportion of copper in the ore is high
3. There is no evidence and facts to know whether or not other valuable metals would be extracted during used by the new techniques.
4. Cost and profit, environment

232The following appeared in a memo from the sales manager of Eco-Power, a company that manufactures tools and home appliances.

"Many popular radio and television commercials use memorable tunes and song lyrics to call attention to the products being advertised. Indeed, a recent study of high school students showed that 85 percent could easily recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants. Despite our company's extensive advertising in magazines during the past year, sales of our home appliances declined. Therefore, to boost company profits, we should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song."

1. False analogy       
2. Non-causal relationship
3. Study

235The following appeared in a memorandum from the general manager of KNOW radio station.

"Several factors indicate that radio station KNOW should shift its programming from rock-and-roll music to a continuous news format. Consider, for example, the number of older people in our listening area has increased dramatically, while the total number of our listeners has recently declined. Also, music stores in our area report decreased sales of recorded music. Finally, continuous news stations in neighboring cities have been very successful, and a survey taken just before the recent election shows that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics."

1. The increase of old people
2. Insufficient evidence of sales of recorded music
3. False analogy to neighboring cities
4. Survey

46Although black bears are common in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears—often similar in color, but much larger—were believed to exist only in the western provinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startled and narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modern scientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived in Labrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, a people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that their language has words for two different kinds of bears, and their ancient legends attribute different characteristics to the two kinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, and the explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear.

1. It is presumptuous to judge there were grizzly bears in Labrador in accordance with existence of two different kinds of bears.
2. We cannot be convinced by account of escaped in nineteenth century.

99The following appeared in a memo from the economic minister of the small country Paucia.

"Using a newly developed variety of seed, farmers in our neighboring country Abundia produced 80 percent more rice last year than in any previous year. To increase the income of farmers in our own country, we should encourage them to cultivate this new variety of rice rather than some of their traditional crops. Such high yields of rice will also improve our country's balance of trade by enabling us to begin exporting it."

1. False analogy
2. Insufficient evidence to increase the income
3. Insufficient evidence to improve our country’s balance of trade

165The following appeared in a business magazine.

"As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promo foods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promo foods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promo foods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods."

1.
2.
3.

25The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.

"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."

1. non-causal relationship
2. False analogy
3. past-now

9The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.

"Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors."

1. non-causal relationship 1
2. non-causal relationship 2
3. false analogy

34Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

1. non-causal relationship
2. survey
3. non-causal relationship

206The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.

"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."

1. the country may not Parkville
2. study in several major cities
3. long practice sessions

215The following appeared in a letter to the Grandview City Council from a local business leader.

"During last year's severe drought, when the water supply in the Grandview city reservoir fell to an extremely low level, the city council imposed much more rigid water-rationing rules. But just after these rules were imposed, industrial growth in the area declined. This clearly shows that the new rationing rules have hurt industry in Grandview. Therefore, to promote the health of the local economy, the city council should now stop water rationing."

1. Non-causal relationship
2.
3.

219The following appeared in a memorandum from a vice president of the Megamart department store chain.

"For the third year in a row, the average household income in our country has risen significantly. That prosperity means that families are likely to be spending more time and money on leisure activities. Megamart stores should therefore concentrate on enlarging and promoting its line of products typically used in leisure activities: athletic and outdoor equipment, televisions, gourmet cooking equipment, and luggage and travel accessories."

1. The whole country maybe not the local area
2. False assumption that prosperity means that families are likely to be spending more time and money on leisure activities
3. Concentrate on enlarging and promoting

223The following appeared as an editorial in one of Coleville's city newspapers.

"Even though a high percentage of Coleville City's businesses failed last year, we who live in Coleville City should keep in mind the fact that the Coleville region has attracted a great many new businesses over the last three years. It is well known that new businesses are, on average, much more likely to fail than are long-established ones, so the business failures should not be considered a sign of poor economic health. Indeed, many analysts regard the presence of a significant number of new companies among a region's businesses as a sign of economic health. Thus Coleville City appears to be in good, not poor, economic shape."

1. non-causal relationship
2. on average cannot present all
3. whether or not business failures are new businesses
4. analysts view may dose not suit the local area

229The following appeared as part of a memo from the manager of a hazardous-waste disposal company.

"Our new plan will help us better protect our staff against exposure to toxic chemicals: we are fitting each new safety suit with an alarm that will sound in the main control booth when the suit is punctured. The control booth will notify the managers on duty, who will then take the necessary steps to ensure employees' safety. In addition to the obvious safety-related benefits, the fast reaction time will ensure minimal work stoppage and thus result in increased worker productivity and company profitability."

1. The new safety suit would alarm the managers relied on the basis that the control booth run out of control.
2. Even when the control booth notifies the managers on duty, he will take some necessary steps to employees’, there is no evidence and fact available to justify that it would ensure employees’ safety.
3. non-casual relationship between the fast reaction time and minimal work stoppage.
4. non-casual relationship between minimal work stoppage and increased worked productivity and company profitability.

airbotsUID: 2225434

8 "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public." [05/22; 06/3]
1+The government should withhold classified information from the public.
2-However, if the political leaders withhold information about their mistakes, it will lead to corruption or other serious problems.
3-if the government can not deal with some kind of issues, The political should inform the public and call their people to overcome those difficulties altogether.  

167 "It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician." [05/26; 06/2]

The same to issue 8

207 "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are." [05/25; 06/2]
1+I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today’s world is to preserve cultural identity.
2-Nevertheless, preserving cultural identity cannot be the only purpose of ritual and ceremony.
3-Nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity.

226 "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience." [05/22; 06/6]
1+It is true that with the help of increased knowledge and experiences, some kind of problems are easily solved. The calculation of pi is a good example.
2-However, some kinds of problems plague people all over the human history, which can not be easily dispelled. Such as disease, hunger, war, and so forth.
3-Furthermore, with the dispelling some problems, the increased knowledge and experiences bring about other difficulties.  

93 "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making." [05/26; 06/1]
1+ As a member of the society, the responsibility of individual is determined by the society ethical and moral standards.
2- The second assertion of the write is that people does not have choice to determine their behavior.

13 "Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct." [05/24; 06/4]
1+The government of should protect those lesser-known languages becaue the languages of any geographical region is part and parcel of the cultural heritage of the natives.
2-However, there still many problems plague the society such as hunger, umemployment, and so forth. The government can not extract resource to deploy languages saving campaign.
3-In today, languages barriers serve primarily to impede the cross-cultural communication.

109 "The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."
1+ The advertisment to some extent can help comsumers find out what they need.
2- In order to increase the sales of products, some kinds of advertisements may exaggerate the effect of products.

5 "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
1+ The same national curriculum can help students from different area have similar back ground before entering college.
2- The same national curriculum can also help the college to assign their course
3- School in different area can offer such elective/optional courses for students, in order to cultivate their interests and make best use of the resource in different area.  

218 "In order for any work of art -- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song -- to have merit, it must be understandable to most people." [05/26; 06/2]
First consider musical art form. It would be absurd to assert that the objective of music is to challenge the listener’s knowledge of music theory. In fact, listening to music is simply an encounter—an experience to be accepted at face value for its aural impact on our spirit and our emotions.
Next consider the art forms of painting and sculpture. If the test for meritorious art were its ability to be clearly understood by every observer, then our most valuable art would simply imitate the mundane physical world around us.
Finally, consider art forms such as poetry, song, and prose, in certain cases stanzas and verses need not be “understood” to have merit, as much as they need be experienced for the images and emotions they evoke.


40 "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem." [05/11; 06/0]
Who is to decide which areas of academic inquiry are worthwhile? Scholars cannot be left to decide; nor can regulators and legislators.
Secondly, by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel.
Thirdly, it is “idiosyncratic” and ”unusual” avenues of inquiry that lead to greatest contributions to society.

131 "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."
1+ Picasso's painting of "dove", and the black music, Mark Twain's essay
2- However, the arts are not the only way to reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of the society. Modern politics system gives the chance for People to reveal their will. People can use the election to express their will, and further affect the legislation. For example, the famous 14th amendment of American constitution

168"Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field."
1+Expert in certain field, who is well-educated and has strong ground knowledge, is aptly to provide valuable critical judgment.
2+It is true that some experts have conservative thinking and might make partial judgment in their field.
3-The writer neglects the possibility that people who are not expert can also supply useful critical judgment.

151 "High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
1+High-speed electronic communications media tend to decrease the face to face communications between people.
2+TV as a device can not let the people on the TV and the audience to exchange their ideas.
3-The High-speed electronic communications do not prevent but enhance the communication between people.

153 "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively." [05/24; 06/1]
1+ The question can help the students and educators to exchange their information, and helpful for students mastering the knowledge.
2+ The educator should cultivate students' ability to question which may help them make progress in research field.
3- However, only question and do not find the answer by oneself will impede students' ability to find out result by themselves.

29 "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy." [05/8; 06/6]
Intense media attention to the lives of public figures raises a presumption in the collective mind of the viewing or reading public that our public figures’ lives are far more interesting than our own.
The media consist of large corporations whose chief objective is to maximize shareholder profit. In pursuit of that objective, the media are simply giving the public what they demand—a voyeuristic look into the private lives of public figures.
Nevertheless, the statement should be qualified in that a political figure has reason to expect privacy than other public figures.

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

ISSUE类：

130 "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." [05/48; 06/6]
孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。

TS: I partly agree with the statement that the socialized level of children determines the society's destiny, since such consideration excludes the situation that children can be adapted to the society. However, in my view, many of children can be educated in a right way to help bring about a better society, according to the mature education system we have built.
ISSUE1: It is important for children to be socialized since they will one day become a part of the society.
ISSUE2: The society itself can be a good teacher.
Evidence: Consider a graduater enters the society.
ISSUE3: Our education can properly provide social knowledge and commonsense for the students, as well as social practice.
Evidence: Architecture major

185 “Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. ” [05/64; 06/4]
丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而使我们聚焦于问题，以一种演讲者和改革家都做不到的方式。

TS: Admittedly, scandals can help us focus on hided problems which can do harm to our social and academic domain, as a way of public control. However, such concerns should be carefully taken so that it won't obtain so much attention that we neglect the main situation of social and academic development.
ISSUE1: There may exist many corruptions in politics and academia, which may undermine our society. Scandals are revealed so that such corruptions can be constrained.
Evidence: Academic corruption in some universities.
ISSUE2: Even there are no scandals, existing of such concerns can make the media supervise public issues.
DEVELOPMENT: Sometimes we may put too much attention on scandals.


38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." [05/57; 06/3]
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。

TS: Admittedly, TV can tell us many things which can be learned in books as they once were. However, books still come as an important part of our study life, since televisions are mainly used for entertainment, and books can maitain more information.
ISSUE1: Television programs have covered may academic knowledges.
Evidence: Discovery, BBC
ISSUE2: Televisions are more likely to use for entertainment
EVidence: soaps
ISSUE3: Books can provide a different way to learn and with more information.
Evidence: the function of literature and words.

155 "Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important."
当代社会提供了很多学习的途径，读书这种学习方式已经不是很重要了。

同上

50 "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach." [05/30; 06/10]
为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。

TS： I agree with the assertion that all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach to improve the quality of instruction at college, since they do not only teach knowledge of theories, but untimately abilities of working in society. Moreover, such measures can help the faculty realize some new development of their domains. Nevertheless, any anticipating college should avoid certain risks it may bring to undermine the teaching.
ISSUE1: In many domains, graduaters will take jobs in society, before that they need specialized training. A teacher well knowing such jobs can give better educations.
Evidence: Architecture
ISSUE2: Faculty themselves can be proved during the outside work.
Evidence: IT domain
Development: Nevertheless, any anticipating college should avoid certain risks it may bring to undermine the teaching.
Evidence: Architecture

83 "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people." [05/47; 06/6]
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达。
Development for these areas and for the whole country

TS: It will surely serves many governments' interests to prserve existing wilderness areas in their natural state, as to protect the environment and animals which may inhabit there, as well as to develop a well-balanced domestic economic. However, such concerns should be well planned due to the nation's condition, or they can cause certain social problems.
ISSUE1: Wilderness areas contain distinct natural resources and ecologic environment, which have not been undermined by people. Preserving them can leave the offspring spaces to survive.
Evidence: Australia
ISSUE2: The condition is limited. No nation can tap all its land and make it used. Wilderness areas can play as a part of low-cost development, so that the government can put more investment into other areas.
Evidence: Russia
ISSUE3: Such concerns may cause complaining about unfairly developed economic, and diversify of distict fortune.

17 "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." [05/38; 06/8]
有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。

TS: According to me, laws cannot be accurately classified as just and unjust by any people, since the justice is subjective, viewed by different people with different interests. The law is to strike a proper justice to the most social members, making it impossible for indivaduals to break unjust laws since any such concern may cause a damage to those who are innocent.
ISSUE1: Different people may view the laws differently, such concern may stimulate criminals.
Evidence: Consumers and stores. Criminals and the society.
ISSUE2: The chief subject of laws is to strike a proper justice to the most social members. In such situation, the people who break laws may cause damage to innocent people, even they took this as just.
DEVELOPMENT: As laws are made to protect the most admitted just, it can ensure the society developing stably. Denying laws will cause social crisis and confusions. Even if the law is not just, our best choice is to use legal method to change it, instead of breaking it.

103 "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." [05/34; 06/3]
研究历史的价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。

TS: I agree with the assertion that study of history has value only to extent that we can use the learned knowledge in our daily lives, since every knowledge of our past is aimed to practical utilizing. It will be frail and unmeaningful if we just take history as an issue far from our real world.
ISSUE1: Learning history can tell us what to do in daily lives, to make decisions and think in a right way.
Evidence: Experience of urban planning in European history.
ISSUE2: It may be tempting to think that study of history can provide us knowledges to edifying our minds. However, such concerns are unwarranted since our minds are finally used in daily lives.
ISSUE3: How to deal with the current problems is the aim of our study of history.
Evidence: Urban planning.

208 "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people." [05/48; 06/1]
人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。(以小见大)

TS: According to phenomenology, people can be easily influenced by what they see, and reflect such influnces on their actions. Since society is a large machine constituted by its memembers, each of them can be a screen displaying the society's ideas and values. However, such concerns may sometimes be wrongly used since people are diversified with each other, and their appearance and behavior cannot be the only evidence, to understand a society more effectively, more investigation is required.
ISSUE1: People's appearance and behavior are due to the society's total aesthete, ethos and other cultural or economic elements, which are the signs of a society's ideas and values.
Evidence: People in Tokyo are always looked busy. Fashion.
ISSUE2: People are diversified with each other, and sometimes trend to imitate the appearance and behavior with other nations, making their behavior and appearance differentiated from each other, even they are in the same society.
DEVELOPMENT: Situation of most people will tell the truth, as well as study on other issues, including politics, history, architecture and so forth, can help us tell about a society's ideas and values better.

147 "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them." [05/32; 06/7]
传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。

TS: In my view, since modernization is built on the basis of tradition, and tradition is developed into modernization, ther are not essentially incompatible. By contraries, they are working as a whole issue and we need to consider both of them during our development.
ISSUE1: Modernization is built on the basis of tradition, developed by the human's ideas, and works as a part of tradition.
Evidence: Rem Koolhaas, the outstanding Dutch architect, claims that currence will one day become history, and they will be given the values as tradition with their existence.
ISSUE2: Tradition is developed into modernization, adapted to human life and productivity, and be absorbed into modernization in different methods.
Evidence: Traditional cultural behaviors and places have become modern tourism elements in Beijing, such as Hutong, flying kates, Beijing opera and so forth.
DEVELOPMENT: Although sometimes there can exist conflicts between tradition and modernization, in my opion they are results of that we don't deal with tradition and modernization properly.
Evidence: Return to architecture.

47 "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills." [05/47; 06/4]
社会对于智力还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。

TS: According to my experience, our sociey has placed much emphasis on the intellect, including reasoning and other cognitive skills. Nevertheless, other elements are necessary for an individual's success besides the intellectual ones.
ISSUE1: Reasoning is an important skill for people to do research and analysis.
Evidence: Analyzing a social problem.
ISSUE2: Considering a student in our education system, much attention is placed on his intellectual abilities.
Evidence: Maths, physics and other subjects.
ISSUE3: Success requires other abilities.
Evidence: Social experience, ability to communicate, and so forth. An architect.

214 "Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped." [05/17; 06/4]
社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子，并在小时候就训练他们，这样他们最终能在此领域表现出众，否则这些潜能可能得不到发展。

TS: According to the statement, it is important for society to indentify the talents when they are at an early age and train them. However, such concerns may be hard to realize since we cannot identify a talent when they do not experienced much and learn much, as well as some children may present a strong ability to study, however, they may change their thinking ways after growing. A more effective way is to let talent develop in natural ways, and if they are really strong in special abilities, they can be outstanding even without specialized training. Nevertheless, finding children's interests and abilities early can help us develop an education plan for them to enhance their advantages, but such measures should be carefully taken.
Evidence: Taoda Ando

180 "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的，因为道德行为无法立法。

TS: I agree with teh assertion that many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system, since moral behavior cannot be legislated. Moral behavior is changed from time to time and not accepted equally by social members, the laws can only strike a balance in this issue and cannot be changed so easily. Nevertheless, our legal system can devote much to solving those problems, as they can stand for most people's interests and moral standard.
Evidence: Abortion, Religion, Pollution

196 "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life." [05/15; 06/3]
科技产生的问题多于所解决的，可能威胁或降低人们的生活质量。

TS: During the long history of human's existence, technology has been a major power to push our steps to nowadays development, though creating some problems, it seems to me that technology has bring us promotion on quality of life than damage on it.
ISSUE1: New medical technologies have made us live longer.
ISSUE2: New architectural technologies have made us live in a more comfortable environment.
ISSUE3: Modern transportation has made our communication more convenience.
DEVELOPMENT: Technology may create many problems, but the way to deal with it is technology itself.

142 "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."
当许多公民质疑权威的时候，社会才能更富强。

TS: Our society is becoming more complicated with the development of science and culture, resulting that the problems we are facing may likely have more than one answer. Therefore, authority is becoming not so convincing and correct in many situations. It seems to me that questioning authority can provide a more creative and vital method to develop the society. Nevertheless, such concerns should be carefully participated or it may cause certain problems.
ISSUE1: Authority views may be lack in diversity, making them uneffectively or even harmful.
Evidence: Autocrat
ISSUE2: Authority views have developed in one perspective and may be obsoleted and constrained.
Evidence: Modernism architecture
ISSUE3: such concerns should be carefully participated or it may cause a trend to suspect authority too much and neglect our basic aims.

190 "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate -- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生存的基本技能时，动用公众资源来支持艺术就不合适了，也许，考虑到这些金钱的所有可能用途时，就更不人道了。

10 "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated." [05/27; 06/1]
政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。


ARGUE类：

67.

1 The situation of library and garbage collection deparment are quite diversified from each other.
2 The library in Polluxton may suffer from a objective condition but not its own problem.
3 Few complains does not mean better service.
4 The benefit of garbage collection deparment is not know.



163.

1, The expenditure of Rockingham's old town hall are not proved to be so big that it should be decreased.
2, The new one may have not enough technologies to save such energy as stated.
3, Rebuilt may cause much more.
4, No survey has proved that old town hall is not comfortable.
5, Maybe no people would like to lease the hall.
6, The historical and cultural value of old one is not concerned.


174.
1, The survey organized by student government is not convincing.
2, Even if the students and alumni require preserving tradition, their choice may not be good for the college.
3, No evidence is provided to prove that keeping the college all-female can improve morale among students and convince alumni to keep supporting the college financially.

216.

1, No survey proved retirees are fond of Clearview's beauty and climate.
2, Although fallen, housing costs may still remain high.
3, Real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns, but may be high enough not to live.
4, Schools, streets, and public services are promised to be improved, but the agency which provide health care is not. The mayor may eat his words.
5, Physicians may not be good in taking care of old people.

220.

1, People who wish to have careers as writers may not care about profits, and they will chose television or print media with individual interest.
2, The survey cannot prove that  the publishing and bookselling industries are likely to decline in profitability.
3, Even  the publishing and bookselling industries are likely to decline in profitability, no evidence can show that writers' treatment will be impaired.

167.
1, The reaction of patients can not provide that they are cured.
2, The situation of patients are not known.
3, The other controlled conditions are not known.


203.
1, The situation of patients is not known, maybe Megaville's are more serious.
2, Stay time cannot provide the effect of cure.
3, There may be too many patients in Megaville. The comparison is not fair.
4, The expenditure of two hospitals are not known, making it unconvincing to say the small ones are more economical.


168.
0, The sample is not convincing.
1, Hip fractures cannot stand for all fractures.
2, The average rate of fractures can contain those who do not take recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium daily, besides those who take the recommended dose.
3, Weightlifting program may play the main role.

169.

1, employing in the same geographic area does not mean employing in the same school
2, hasty genelization
3, the study is not detailed. what kind of employment? maybe ideal jobs
4, even new professors accept their offers, the money invested may not be repaid.


242.

1, hasty genelization
2, the success of honor codes is not illustrated
A, dropped number of cheating cases which are reported can not stand for its really reducing
B, students may reports differently from teacher
C, the survey can not tell the truth

189.

1, Promising does not mean providing. such concern may cause cheating.
2, What kind of job is not detailed.
3, There are other ways for Foley to compete against larger and more prestigious schools.
4, No evidence is provided to prove that guaranteeing a job can help a student to complete the coursework.

196.

1, Maybe such 10% are presented in one kind of programs, which contain most criminals on television.
2, Amount does not mean significance. Maybe the 35% are more important people.
3, Audience are likely not believing what is shown on television.
4, Other facts can result in the widespread negative images of businesspeople.

197.

1, Objectives do not mean improved programs. No evidence can illustraded during the 150 years the university has suffered from not clarifying their objectives.
2, The measure suggested may not be feasible and effective.
A, The faculty's reasons to teach may diversify from each other.
B, Students may do not exactly know what to learn.
C, Former students' gain can be different.
D, The official statement of educational mission does not mean objective.

198.

1, No evidence proves that writers, critics and the general reading public unthinkingly accept this cliche.
2, The disprovation is not convincing.
A, Translators may be good authors, but this does not mean they can exactly preserve the original work's qualities.
B, Even the authors themselves may not preserve their ideas with a different language.
C, Playing the same music can still result in different effects.

199.

1, Sample is not detailed. How many restaurants are surveyed, how many people and what kind of restaurants.
2, The total amount of group's fee may be more, making 13% of it can be a large amount.
3, No evidence is provide to prove that people dining in a group are less likely to feel personally responsible for leaving an adequate or generous tip. They may think they've given enough.

ppmmssUID: 205288

39The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.

"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."

1. non-causal relationship
2. non-causal relationship 2
3. false analogy
4. whether or not solve the budget deficits

76The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine.

"A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin."

1. study
2. non-causal relationship
3. looked and felt

159The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.

1. study
2. false analogy
3. not only fan and air conditioners use electricity

230The following appeared in a recommendation from the planning department of the city of Transopolis.

"Ten years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program, the city of Transopolis adapted for industrial use a large area of severely substandard housing near the freeway. Subsequently, several factories were constructed there, crime rates in the area declined, and property tax revenues for the entire city increased. To further revitalize the city, we should now take similar action in a declining residential area on the opposite side of the city. Since some houses and apartments in existing nearby neighborhoods are currently unoccupied, alternate housing for those displaced by this action will be readily available."

1. false analogy to ten years ago
2. non-causal relationship
3. whether or not revitalize the city
4. are currently unoccupied

36The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

1. twenty years ago
2. more time talking with parents mean the Dr. Field’s conclusion false?
3. invalid of observation-centered approach

111The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc.

"A recent study of Dura-Sock wearers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented "Endure" manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. Dura-Sock has always advertised its use of the "Endure" process, but the new study shows that the average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, Dura-Sock customers surveyed in our largest market, northeastern United States cities, say that they most value Dura-Sock's stylish appearance and availability in many colors. These findings suggest that Dura-Sock can increase its profits by discontinuing its use of the "Endure" manufacturing process."

1. beg the question
2. equates purchases new as not endure process
3. surveyed in largest market

160As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating—and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.
1. restore memory for older
2. can this test have the same effect on people
3. therefore serious problems in school performance

238The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Mira Vista College to the college's board of trustees.

"At nearby Green Mountain College, which has more business courses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year's graduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors who informed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had found full-time jobs within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduates were employed in their major field of study. To help Mira Vista's graduates find employment, we must offer more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their resumés and interviewing skills."

1. false analogy
2. informed the placement
3. major field of study
4. can these measures solve problems?

11The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.

"Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."

1. twice
2. non-causal relationship
3. total amount of garbage in future

162A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.

1. non-causal relationship
2. false analogy
3. other possibility
4. disease-preventing

146The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.

"The librarians in our town's school system have reported that the number of trips that our students make to their school library on a voluntary basis has decreased significantly in recent years. For example, the average seventh-grade student visited the school library five times last year, but four of those visits were part of required classroom activities. This shows that our students are reading less than in the past. To address this problem, our town needs to improve the atmosphere of the libraries so that they will be comfortable places in which to work. If students view the libraries as uncomfortable, then they are unlikely to want to spend much time there."
1. time less than the past
2. equates number of trips as total time
3. example, required classroom activities
4. address this problem?

148The following appeared in the editorial section of Monroetown's local newspaper.

"Mayor Brown was recently re-elected by a clear majority of 52 percent of Monroetown's voters. Her re-election, however, does not show that most people in our town favored Mayor Brown's proposal for tax reduction over that of her opponent, Mr. Greene, who proposed raising taxes to improve education. It has been shown that voters nationwide tend to re-elect people already in office, regardless of candidates' proposals. In fact, a local survey after the election showed most people in Monroetown disagreed with Mayor Brown's proposal. Clearly most people in Monroetown favor improving education and therefore approve of Mr. Greene's proposal despite the fact that they did not vote for him."
1. national wide
2. disagreed with Mayor Brown’s proposal
3. favor improving education and therefore approve of Mr. Greene’s proposal

155The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.

"Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education."

1. audiocassette tape maybe another lonely activity
2. not their parents
3. make students more eager to read and to learn

181. From a letter to the editor of a city newspaper.

"One recent research study has indicated that many adolescents need more sleep than they are getting, and another study has shown that many high school students in our city are actually dissatisfied with their own academic performance. As a way of combating these problems, the high schools in our city should begin classes at 8:30 A.M. instead of 7:30 A.M., and end the school day an hour later. This arrangement will give students an extra hour of sleep in the morning, thereby making them more alert and more productive. Consequently, the students will perform better on tests and other assignments, and their academic skills will improve significantly."

1. more sleep could result in better performance?
2. total hour does not decrease
3. an extra hour of sleep in the morning could more productive?
4. satisfied
5. academic skills will improve significantly

184In the Bayhead Public Library, books that are rarely borrowed continue to take up shelf space year after year, while people who want to read a recent novel frequently find that the library's only copy is checked out. Clearly, the library's plan to replace books that are borrowed no more than once a year with sufficient copies of more recent books will solve this problem. The protest we have heard since this plan was made public has come from a small, and thus unrepresentative, group of some thirty people and so should therefore be ignored.

1. more choices
2. either or dilemma
3. group of thirty

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

第五次作业提纲:

ISSUE类：

61 "High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition." [05/14; 06/1]
最高荣誉比如诺贝尔奖实际上是在损害社会，因为这种奖项在暗示只有少数人才配得上这样的荣誉。(少数和多数，精英和大众)

TS: Although high-profile may neglect some significant feats made by a few people, however, such awards can incur social intellectual creation and efforts, by enabling examples for those who are in the same domain. In this way, high-profile awards won't damage to society but give out benefit.
ISSUE1: People are likely to adore and study from those who win high-profile awards.
ISSUE2: High-profile awards can create a trend for scientific research.
ISSUE3: Although only a few can win them, society can benefit from them during the progress.

72"One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."

TS: According to me, it is true that understanding some most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities, since the major cities can stand for a nation's most developed economic and industry, filled with its educational, cultural and other agencies. However, cities are only one side of a country, to understand other issues, including nutral condition, agriculture and so forth, more studies into other parts of a society are needed.

95 "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
众人拾柴火焰高。团队需要合作，这样才能比个体之间的竞争更能激发人们的激情

TS: It is important to learn to cooperate in nowadays society, because each of us has separated thoughts and abilities, cooperation can utilize those more effectively and do many things which can not be done by individuals. Nevertheless, such concerns should be carefully taken since cooperation may cause certain problems.

183 "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious." [05/18; 06/2]
随着我们获取的知识越来越多，事情不是变得更好理解，而是变得更复杂更神秘。

TS: I admit that we are facing more problems and mysteries after obtaining more knowledge, however, such knowledge is propelling us to comprehensive things more effectively.
ISSUE1: Knowledge can cause more questions.
Evidence: Before we know the structure of universe, we considered it as a simple one.
ISSUE2: We don't know questions does not mean we don't comprehensive things, contrastly, questions are the gate to know the world.
Evidence: Return to the universe
ISSUE3: Although learning more is likely to cause problems and confusion, human's history is still in progress.
Evidence: Our living qualities, entertainments, technologies

63 "To truly understand your own culture -- no matter how you define it -- requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."
为了真正地了解你自己的文化，不管你怎样定义它，你需要了解至少一种其他的文化，并且这种文化和你的文化完全不同。

TS: I admit that we can only truly understand our own culture by conparing it with at least one other culture, as our world today works as a global one, and study can only make sense when it finds a standard, which is based on the other samples.

235．"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force." [05/26; 06/4]
大多数人被教育说忠诚是一种美德。但是，忠诚－无论对于朋友、学校、受雇公司或任何机构来说，经常都是一种有害而非积极的力量

TS: I appreciate loyalty as a virtue, since it does mean credible, grateful and understanding. Loyalty is good for a group's stability and development. However, such virtue needs to be carefully taken as it may cause certain problems when it is made into zealotry and serves for unjust objects.

25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."

TS: It is proved that our world is a complex and infinite one, in that sense, every thing is complex, to solve problems, we need analyze it and generalize it as simple as possible.

46 "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation." [05/22; 06/1]
尽管一些政府领导，比如体育、工业和其他的领域的人把他们的成功归功于良好的竞争意识，一个社会还是应该给年轻人灌输合作的思想，这更有助于他们成为好的领导者。

TS: I agree with the assertion that young people need to be instilled in a sense of cooperation, since competition sense is not the only quality to success, cooperation is also an important quality which help leaders work in a group more effectively and correctly.

94 "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."
大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的最佳方式。

TS: I agree with the assertion that a variety of courses outside the stundent's field of study is necessary since such courses can help them know the knowledge which is now largely interacting with diversified subjects and make students of different fields more easily to communicate.

80 "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science." [05/12; 06/0]
所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。

TS: It seems to me that basical sciences knowledge is necessary for any one, because it can help us understand the world and deal with many daily issues. However, some advanced knowledge may be not needed.

108 "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-- trials, debates, meetings, etc -- that are televised, the more society will benefit."
在很多国家，从电视上看到政府人员办公的场景已是可能。观看这些过程有助于人们理解影响他们生活的问题。政府办公如审判、辩论、会议等的各个场景，转播得越多，对社会越有益。

TS: It is good for society to know government at work. But some problems should be considered and avoided.

161 "In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."
在媒体铺天盖地的年代，不可能树立英雄。任何人在媒体的“审视”下都会名声扫地。

TS: The true hero can be praised by his feats, though media may diminish him by revealing his defects. Heroes are not perfect.

197 "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries." [05/16; 06/0]
一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。

TS: Agree
EVIDENCE: East europe, mid-east

203"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."

TS: Partly agree
public are also important

119"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"

TS: Partly agree
Some results can not be seen directly.

ARGUE类：

39.

1, No evidence proves the decrease of expenditures for dormitory and classroom space is due to the long-distance degree.
2, Hasty genelization
3, Promoting enrollment may not solve the problem of budget deficits.

76.

1, Mild soap may be the reason
2, The sample is not detailed
3, The report may be not convincing

159.

1, The different conditions of those samples are not considered.
2, The rising costs of electricity may be due to other reasons.

230.

1 Wrong causal relation
2 hasty generalization
3 No evidence shows the opposite side is declining.

36.

1, Children talk about the parents more does not mean they are living with their parents.
2, 20 years have past.
3, Even Dr. F is wrong, observation is not proved useless.
4, No evidence shows the author's way is more accurate.

111.

1, Maybe endure does not cost much money.
2, People who by Dura-Sock may have been used to its steady quality.
3, The survey is not convincing.
4, Every three months buying a pair does not mean using them for only three months.

160.

1, Difficulty in concentrating may not be due to the enzyme.
2, Inborn poor memory
3, Hasty genelization

238.

1, The situation of GM's graduators' jobs is not detailed.
2, 70% may be a good rank
3, Hasty generalization
4, Computer technology is not proved to be helpful.
5, Job counselors may not be good at helping sutdents with their resumes and interviewing skills

11.

1, Prediction may not be accurate or had considered about the technology.
2, Two kinds are too few to stand for the situation.
3, Being willful to do does not mean will do.
4, More recycling does not mean less will be diposed into landfill.

162.

1, Unfair comparison.
2, The soy is not proved to prevent chronic fatigue.
3, Hasty generalization.

146.

1, Librarians may report a subjective situation.
2, Seventh-grade students do not stand for all.
3, Not going to library does not mean not reading.
4, Improving atmosphere may not lead to good results.
5, No evidence proves that stundents view the libraries as uncomfortable.

148.

1, It is not proved that voters nationwide tend to re-elect people already in office.
2, Nationalwide situation may be different from Monroetown's.
3, The survey is not convincing.
4, No evidence proves people are in favor of Greene's proposal.

155.

1, No evidence is provided to testify that students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork are poor readers.
2, Even if they are, they may not be interested in hearing, either.
3, Reading by parents is diversified from reading by any one.
4, The studies are not detailed.

181.
最近一项研究表明，很多青少年需要更多的睡眠，另外一项研究表明我们市很多高中学生对于自己的学习成绩不满意。作为解决这些问题的途径，我市的高中应该在早上8：30开始上课，而不是7：30，并且推迟一小时放学。这种安排将允许学生在早上多睡一个小时，从而使他们更加清醒和高效。因此，学生在测验和其他作业中将表现得更好，他们的学习水平将会显著提高。

1, Not evidence shows if the schools begin classes later will increase students' sleeping time.
2, Not evidence shows more sleeping time will result in more alert and productive.
3, Dissatisfaction may has other reasons.


184.
1, Which of new books are popular and which are not can not be foreseen, so well as the old ones, making this program unfeasible.
2, The potest is not proved to be unrepresentative.
3, No evidence can prove the situation that is stated.

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

ISSUE类：


164 "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to

imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and

attitudes."
想象力有时比经验更有价值。缺乏实际经验的人对可能性有更自由的想象空间，所以能够不受固有的习惯和思维的限制来完成

任务。

TS: In my view, experience and imagination are two indispensable qualities to approach a task, one as to

provides commonsense and feasible methods, while the other provides creation and improvement.

170 "The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but

the general welfare of all its people."
伟大国家最可靠的标志不是其统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是全体人民的福利。

TS: The general welfare of all a nation's people can stand for the economical level of it, therefore making it

indicator of the greatness of the nation, because people are the basis of a nation, all of advanced

acitivities are built on it. However, achievements of its rulers, artists or scientists are also indispensable

elements to assess a nation.

186 "Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not

obviously practical has little value in today's world." [05/21; 06/0]
实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的

。(当务之急和长远大计的关系)

TS: In my view, practicality is a necessary for our development, since the final object of development is to

put advances into use. However, it is too extreme to say anything that is not obviously practical has little

value, since sometimes practicality is not so obvious or even not easy to anticipate.

210 "Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy,

the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a

career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work." [05/13; 06/1]
大多数人找工作是基于实用性的考虑：经济需求、较易找到工作，希望拿到的薪水。很少有人自由地根据自己对某一份工作的

才能和兴趣出发去选择职业。

TS: According to Anthropologismus, people will need to serve their spiritual objects after obtain enough

material satisfaction. In that sense, a job with enough salary is admittedly good, however, interests will be

taken into consideration after the proper payment.

28 “Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help

explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们只有在学习了有助于理解事实的思想、趋势和概念后才可能记住这些事实。孤立学习事实是学不到东西的。

TS: Agree
ISSUE1: Facts are only surface
ISSUE2: Memorizing calls for understanding, or it will only be reciting.
ISSUE3: The final object of study is to solve problems, which must be analyzed.

176 "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."

[05/5; 06/4]
科学的目的是使人们安心，艺术的目的是使人们不安。这就是它们各自的价值。

TS: Agree
ISSUE1: By explaining many things, science can foresee results of phenominen, therefore making us reassure.
ISSUE2: Art is a way to express protential ideals and impulse of society, which make us upset and think about

current situation.
ISSUE3: However, other values also exist.

110 "When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know

the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative

enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers." [05/18; 06/0]
当我们研究历史时，我们变成了讲故事的人。因为我们无从直接知道过去发生的事情，必须通过一些证据来构建，所以历史研

究是一个有创造成分的领域，而并非一个客观的学科。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人（storyteller）。

TS: I agree that study history needs creative enterprise since the evidence can not always tell us all, and

sometimes history is subjective. However, such concerns do not mean telling history is telling a story, as it

can not be fiction.

112 "Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical

thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own

emotions."
一些教育机构强调培养学生的推理和逻辑思考能力，但是如果也教会学生认知自我的情感，学生们将受益更多。

TS: Both are important.

173 "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas

together in new ways."
创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。(新旧问题)

TS: Many new things can be thought as reconstituted by old ones.

195 "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and

reasonable consensus." [05/14; 06/0]
政治的目标不应是追求一个理想状态，而是寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。

TS: I agree, since ideal is always far and hard to reach. Common ground and reasonable consesus are particular. However, ideal should be remembered so that we won't be confused.

64 "Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it." [05/9; 06/1]
很多人懂得如何去获得成功，但是很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成功。(Attain and sustain打江山容易，保江山难)

TS: Agree.
ISSUE1: After success, many may be satisfied and fade out.
ISSUE2: Success can bring many problems.

171"People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit

the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."

TS: Partly agree.
ISSUE1: Try to act for public good can maintain an object.
ISSUE2: Personal reasons may cause certain problems.
ISSUE3: Both are impotant.

175 "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team,

but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual." [05/14; 06/0]
总是某个个人推动了革新；可能由团队完成细节，但是真正的革新来自于个人的进取心与不寻常的洞察力。

TS: Partly agree.
ISSUE1: Team can provide many good ideas, and individuals can be inspired.
ISSUE2: Innovation may consider many issues, which an individual may not notice.
ISSUE3: Individuals are important.

241 "An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective

evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time."
个体的伟大成就不能由同时代的人来评判；对于成就最客观的评价者是后来人。

243 "The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific

accomplishments."
文明真正的价值反映在它的艺术创作上，而不是科学成就上。

TS: Disagree.
ISSUE1: Scientific accomplishments are basic.
ISSUE2: Art is an important part.
ISSUE3: Other elements.

ARGUE类：

217.The following appeared in a brochure promoting the purchase of local
franchises for a national chain of gyms.



1, The evidence about Gyms' benefit is not convincing.
A, Popular does not mean benefit.
B, Nationalwide survey may not fit locational situation.
C, Weight loss and physical fitness may not be realized in PLG.
D, Sales may not be rised, so as it cannot stand for popular level.
2, The local conditions are not concerned.
3, Management and other information.

1, Other measures may be taken as well.
2, Not reported does not mean not happen. The crime may take place in other time.
3, Hasty generalization.

4.The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.

"
1, 40 real estate agents may be smaller than 25, and there are not detailed.
2, Revenue and sales do not mean benefit.
3, Ten years is a long time. And house's condition may be different.
4, All the evidence cannot prove A can sell home quickly and at a good price.

120.

1, Other reasons can cause accidents, vehicles growth and so forth.
2, Maybe number is larger but severity is reduced.
3, Educating and less may be useless.

1, First study's details are not stated.
2, Other methods of second study are not considered.

202
1, No evidence does not mean not happenned.
2, Affects may be indirect, significant contact is not necessary.
3, The mammals' bones can be deserted separatedly.
4, No evidence proves climate change or other other environmental factor are reasons.

61.1, The computers may located unevenly.
2, No evidence can prove the number in E is enough.
3, Hasty generalization.

185.
1, First five floors cannot stand for the situation of all floors. Higher floors will certainly need more

pressure.
2, No evidence can prove such measure will save money.
3, More complaints may come about.

192.
1, Police cannot stand for the whole situation.
2, Other confusion could be caused.
3, No evidence shows expenditure will decrease.
4, Investment is not illustrated.Hasty generalization.

210.1, no sick, but disfunctional.
2, Sometimes error.
3, robots may take place of workers and make them unemployed. No evidence shows workers are tired of work and

trend to change jobs.
4, Expenditure, employment, technoloy and so forth.

234.


1, Not reported, or their work time is less.
2, Less doctors doen't mean better health.
3, Avage ages can not be evidence, since other facts may result in this.
4, Health is not the only consideration.

126.
1, Not detailed, severity and other.
2, The study's sample, adults and location.
3, No evidence shows too little is better than too much.

128.
1, The assertion of improvements is not proved.
2, Car park can also bring benefits.
3, It may be not necessary to improve pedestrian plaza.

132.

1, Workville can not stand for all.
2, Other measures may be taken.
3, Unfairly compare.
4, Health is not the only reason of work.

136.

1, Hasty generalization
2, No evidence proves such measure can save money.

138.
1, The result is not convincing, students may not tend it.
2, Such survey cannot prove the public transportation is sufficient.
2, Five years students may increase.
3, Not only students use buses.

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

ISSUE全文写作：
38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." [05/57; 06/3]
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。
83 "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people." [05/47; 06/6]
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达。
ARGUE全文写作：
117.The following is a memo from the business manager of Valu-Mart stores.
"Over 70 percent of the respondents to a recent survey reported that they
are required to take more work home with them from the workplace than they
were in the past. Since Valu-Mart has not seen impressive sales in its
office-supply departments in the past, we should take advantage of this
work-at-home trend by increasing at all Valu-Mart stores the stock of home
office machines such as printers, small copy machines, paper shredders,
and fax machines. We will also increase stock of office supplies such as
paper, pens, and staplers. With these changes, our office-supply
departments will become the most profitable component of our stores."
最近一次调查超过70％的回应者报告说他们被要求回家完成的工作量比以前多。由于Valu-Mart在过去并没有发现办公用品部销量的显著上升，我们应该利用这种在家办公的趋势，在所有Valu-Mart商店增加家庭办公机器比如打印机、小型复印机、碎纸机和传真机的存货。我们也将增加办公用品比如纸笔和钉书机的存货。通过这些变革，我们办公用品部将会成为我们商店中盈利最多的部门。

提纲写作：
ISSUE类：
114，174，73，113，165，209，85，104，116，123，76，169，187，225，233
ARGUE类：
20，56，100，129，133，151，228，150，156，186，115，116，118，123，125

ISSUE类：
114 "Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."
人道主义在上个世纪并没有真正的发展。科技发展，但是人道主义的整体面貌并没有得到改善。战争、暴力、贫穷一直困扰着我们。科技不能改变人道主义状况。
TS: Although wars, hungers and other calamities have been taking place and demage our world in the last century, our society has devoted a lot to develop humanity. With the development of technology, our world will be better.
174 "Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
法律不应该太僵化、太固定。他们应该是灵活的，考虑到各种实际情况、时间和地点。
TS: I agree with the assertion, since different people will have different situations, making their condition diversified to obey laws. Therefore, law is a system changable, just strike balance in social interests.
73"In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge."
TS: I confess in certain fields, imagination is important, however, even in such fields knowledge are also important, as a foundation to obtain advances.
113 "It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."
定位自己，主要是通过定位自己所处的社会团体。
TS: It is true the social groups can reflect a social member's situation, in some ways. However, people will be different even they are in the same group.
165 "In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority."
在任何领域，最主要的声音来自于这些人，他们并不是由信念驱动，而是由希望表达和大多数人相异的观点和想法的意愿所驱动。
TS: The leading vocies are admittedly from people desiring to present opinions and  ideas from those held by the majority, which make them distinct. However, in certain domains, widely confessed voices are the leading ones.
209"Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view."
TS: Constrasting points of view can, but harmonious ones can also.
85 "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts." [05/10; 06/0]
政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的独立性。
TS: May be true. But good governments will protect integrity of the arts.
104 "It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."
一种文化要想保留它认为好的思想，消除它认为不好的思想，主要是通过正规的教育。
TS: The formal education is easy to control and well organized, therefore making it accessible to perpetuate the ideas in favors and discredit the ideas it fears. By contrast,
116 "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society -- including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences -- will benefit greatly from international influences."
随着经济和通讯等领域的全球化，毫无疑问，社会的方方面面，包括教育、政治、艺术和科学，都将从这种国际化影响中获益非浅。
TS: agree
Education: Global university
Art: International communicate
Science: International cooperation
123 "It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people -- their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat -- reflects their political beliefs."
和一个人相处很短的时间就有可能知道他的政治立场。所有与他们相关的如衣服、朋友、谈话的方式、所吃的食物都反映出他们的政治信仰。
TS: Partly agree
Some people may be direct, but some not. It is important to have a long time to accurately analyze one's political beliefs.
76 "Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."
真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家们总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致。
TS: They are outstanding, vanward, but anyway reflect the social spirit of their period.
169 "Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other."
认为政治和道德是两码事的人既不懂政治又不懂道德。
TS:Agree. Politics and morality can interact with each other.

187"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."
TS: Partly agree. Accept new ideas itself will be hard.
225 "People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else."
人们经常寻找相似处，不管两个事物有多么不同，即便这样做没有意义或是有害的。我们应该就事论事，避免把它拿去和其他事物比较。
TS: Comparing will be helpful, we cannot predict accurately whether it is useful. Don't agree.
233 "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."
尽管技术创新，如录像机、计算机以及因特网看似改善了学校的教学方式，但这些技术时常分散真实的学习。
TS: Don't agree. 同Issue38
ARGUE类：
20.
1, Increases population =/= increase mopeds.
2, Hasty generalization
3, increase mopeds =/= increase accidents
4, not only rentals
56.
1, Molds cannot exclude other methods, espacially only heads and hands are found.
2, No evidence proves little ones are not accurate.
3, Other values.
100.
1, No need to build a new factory. One season cannot stand for all.
2, Property taxes doesn't mean whold conditions.
3, Immediate purchase and residents are not warranted.
129.
1, The longer, healthier lives with pets are not proved to be caused by dogs. Other reasons are also possible.
2, Study may be not suitable for Sherwood.
3, reducing the number of these patients needing ongoing treatment is not warranted.
4, it may not encourage more people to adopt pets.
133.
1, Hasty generalization
2, The studnets may don't have choice and just reduced in arts.
3, Interest may be undermined.
151.
1, No evidence proves he broke the bridge.
2, Better design is not stated.
3, Other reasons may cause damage.
4, Why they are not excuse?
228.
1, Ways of deliveries may be enough.
2, Insufficiency is not proved.
3, Workers are not proved.
4, Hiring may not stimulate local economy.
150.
1, Other reasons. No polution is stated.
2, Hasty generalization.

156.
1, The survey is not detailed.
2, Other reasons.
3, Hasty generalization.
186.
1, Hasty generalization
2, Saying doesn't mean the truth.
3, Productivities are not compared.
115.
1, No other evidence is provided about the risk.
2, Other methods can be taken.
3, Survey is not reliable.

116.
1, Hasty generalization
2, Wrong causal relation.
118.
1, Whether these sources are convincing.
2, Maybe no one knows about the temperature and the temperature is still not high enough.
3, No evidence proves about the rooms.
4, The conference may do not have to consider about these tourists.
123.
1, 158 and 25 is not a large amount.
2, Sample details?
3, Increasing heart rate and blood pressure may not cause heart attack.
125.
1, Hasty generalization.
2, Other reasons.
20，56，100，129，133，151，228，150，156，186，115，116，118，123，125