满分网猴哥GRE阅读写作方法 [转贴]

angeikimUID：4857

看看不同的想法。
猴哥“阅读式作文备考法”

4．1阅读式作文备考法概论
4．2 Issue主题阅读法范例
4．3 Argument 主题阅读法范例
4．4 本方法的适用对象


4．1阅读式作文备考法概论
猴哥的“阅读式作文备考法”，就是先对ETS写的范文（4-6分）的，如同精读GRE阅读一样，进行仔细的、细致的阅读，以达到以下的要求：
1、        1、  了解文章的中心思想（作者观点）
2、        2、  能够对文章的自然段进行分段（我们小学、高中时代把戏），体会文章的结构布置
3、        3、  写出每一段的段义。
4、        4、  体会每一段中的论证方法。并进行记忆。
5、        5、  将文章中比较典型的好的结构句子，进行收集。

通过上面的工作，我们就可以先模仿，模仿ets的4-6分的范文。认真阅读一篇文章。我们从中间，可以学到三个方面。也就是训练要求的三个方面。
这三个方面，也就是本书前面介绍的评分时的三个方面。
1、        1、  文章内容（深刻性、完备性）
2、        2、  文章结构（条理性）
3、文章文采（准确性、多样性）

简单的背诵句子结构，是没有用的，背下来，不等于写作文的时候能用上。机械的背诵，不能理解这个句子结构、开头、结尾、联接词在什么时候使用，才算比较合理。很好的结构，如果使用的地方错了，也会成为败笔。



4．2 Issue主题阅读法范例

"In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly over-rated. We need more generalists — people who can provide broad perspectives."
“今天，各行各业的专家数量严重过剩；我们的社会，需要更多的拥有广泛知识的通才。”
专家和通才的关系，题目认为：“专家过多，需要通才”。
可以有的观点：
1、        1、支持“专家过多，需要通才”
2、        2、反对  “专家虽然多了，但还不够，真正有用的，还是专家。”
3、        3、都重要“不同行业，不同需要。需要一种平衡”

不管哪一个观点，只要能够充分论证自己所持的观点，就是好文章。
Issue 文章的写作，也要从三个方面入手：
1、        1、文章内容（完整性，观点明确，论证充足。多举例子）
2、        2、文章结构（条理性，
3、        3、文章文采（句子多样性）

细读下面的ets6分范文：

第一段：提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。
In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.
典型开头，摆明态度。一定要有一个态度。
句型收获：In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.（整句都应该背下，很有用）

第二自然段： 专家是必要的。
（本段中心句）Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. （开始引用名言）As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase): "I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." （下面是总结上面的引用）This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us.
句型收获：As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase) 引用
This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge


第三自然段：没有专家，我们的社会就不能发展。
典型的反过来说（ets认为这样可以使文章丰满），和上一个自然段是一个意思。上一段是“专家很重要”，这一段是“没有专家，我们的社会就不能发展。”字数就是这样写出来的。记住这个方法。
Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload. While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas that existed during their times, now, no one individual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the knowledge in any given area.
句型收获：Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload.反说经典。

第四自然段：过度专业化的危害1
（中心句）On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow focii in which people can lose the larger picture.（下面是用toe-nails类比论证） No one can hope to understand the human body by only inspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails, we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists. Simply throwing out various discoveries means we have a pile of useless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture.

第五自然段：过度的专业化的危害2
Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universal issues. Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment. With specialization, each person focusses on their research and their goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies are driven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existence in which true advancement may mean stifling individual specialists for the greater good of all.
句型收获：Not only。。。。，but it can also。。简单，但实用。

第六自然段：过度专业化的危害3：在生活和工作中容易产生人们的隔阂。
（中心句）Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization. （下面是举例）People are forced into pigeon holes early in life (at least by university) and must consciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuli and information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe. Not only does this make for narrowly focussed and generally poorly-educated individuals, but it guarantees a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.

第七自然段：总结
等于是把首段再反说一遍。首段：“专家和通才都关键”，末段“没有了通才，社会不行，没有了专家，社会也不行”。背诵下面一段，这种文体的结尾，肯定没有问题。
Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and fora a for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know what the stakes are.
句型收获：Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and fora a for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important.

本文结构的分析：

分段：题会文章的结构，给自己以后写作，打下良好的结构感基础。

第一大段：（第一自然段）提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。
第二大段：（第2、3自然段）专家是必要的。
第三大段：（第4、5、6自然段）过度专业化的危害，3个。
第四大段：（第7自然段）没有专家不行，没有通才也不行。


Reader Comment on 6
ETS的评价，可以看出，他们判分，是从前面我们注意的三个方面进行的。
1、文章内容（完整性，观点明确，论证充足。多举例子）
2、文章结构（条理性，
3、文章文采（句子多样性）

This outstanding response displays insightful analysis, meticulous development, impressive vocabulary and a mastery of the elements of effective writing. The writer disagrees with the stated opinions by arguing that specialists and generalists are both vital: specialists prevent us from becoming "bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload," while generalists provide help to see "the big picture" and, unlike specialists, protect our "greater good." 1、这些都是内容描述的完整性的评价
The essay is carefully constructed throughout, enabling the reader to move effortlessly from point to point as the writer examines the multi-faceted implications of the issue and provides compelling reasons and examples to support the premise and take the argument to an effective conclusion.2、文章结构的条理性。
Although other "6" responses may not be as eloquent as this essay, they nevertheless all display the test taker's ability to articulate complex ideas effectively and precisely. 3、文采流畅。


4．3 Argument 主题阅读法范例

Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour.  Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent.  But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the same six-month period.  Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.

翻译：
6个月前，Forestville地区提高了本地区公路上的最高时速限制，比原先提高了10公里。
由于这个变化的影响，本地区车祸的数量提高了15%。但是，Elmsford地区（和Forestville地区相邻）并没有改变最高时速限制，它的车祸数量在同样的6个月里，反而有少量的减少。因此，如果Forestville市民想要减少公路上的车祸数量，他们应该想办法将本地区的最高时速限制减少到改变前的状态。

分析题目：
1、        1、  找原题逻辑结构关系

论据：
F地区提高最高时速限制 10公里 ——————〉     车祸发生率增加15%
E地区（和F相邻）没有提高    ——————〉      车祸发生率没有增加

结论：                  
F地区如果想要减少车祸，就要恢复到原来的最高时速限制。


第一段，1、说明论点有问题。2、归纳论点，准备发起进攻

The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.  By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.
猴哥阅读式作文备考：
第一意群，The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.（常用开头句型，记住）。这个论证说的不错，但是，理由不是完全充分。
第二意群，By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical. 常用结构，将题目中的主要论点归纳出来。


第二段：第一轮攻击
攻击点：可能有其他原因，造成提高限速后车祸的增加。（不一定是限速引起的）（本段主题句）
论证结构：总——分——总  

However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit.  Such alternatives may include the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the age bracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely.  It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford.  In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas.  Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.  It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.  Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.

第一意群：However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit.（找他因，猴哥逻辑单题无忧中，常用的方法）可能有其他原因，造成提高限速后车祸的增加。（不一定是限速引起的）（本段中心句）
句型收获：However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit.

第二意群：Such alternatives may include the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the age bracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely.  It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford.  In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas.  Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.
有可能是因为F地区比E地区有更多的老弱和不熟练的驾车者；而且，人们可能忽略了两地地形地貌的差别；
（解释上一个意群，也就是本段中心句。这种首句题出本段论点，然后，展开解释的写作方法，实用简单，猴哥建议多使用。阅卷人最喜欢这样的句子结构，一目了然，很快就可以明白你要说什么）
（这种结构，在一段里面也可以用，不然，这么长的作文，如何写出来。）比如：（一个分观点）In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas.
（将分观点详细说，举例） Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.
句型收获：It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford.

第三意群：It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.  Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.
因此，人们应该更加关注以上的问题，而不是减少限速。E地区可能是一个行车条件比较好的地区，时速限制对它的影响不大。（总结，对上面的分论的总结。总-分-总，是个分段的基本结构）
句型收获：It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.

至此，第一轮攻击完成。
攻击点：可能有其他原因，造成提高限速后车祸的增加。（不一定是限速引起的）（本段主题句）
论证结构：总——分——总  

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
第三段：第二轮攻击
攻击点：
1、6个月的时间，并不具有代表性。（以部分时间内出现的问题为依据，认定整个过程都会是这样。）
2、人口统计学攻击 (有可能，E地区的人不用行车很远去上班，甚至不用上班；现在F地区的人口，是否比6个月前多？如果多，有可能是因为人口多了，导致F地区路上的车辆多了而造成事故增加，而不是由于提高限速。)
3、危险的时间是否外出的情况在不同地区的不同（也许F地区的人习惯在清晨、黎明等不安全的时间驾车外出。而E地区的人不用这样做。）
论证结构：分——分——分（三个分论点）
A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number of automobile accidents in the area.  It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsford accidents decreased during the time period.  This may have been a time, such as during harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number of accidents decreased.  However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced by employment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads.  Again, the demographics of the population are important.  It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have to travel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all.  Are there more people in Forestville than there were sic months ago?  If so, there may be an increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and not due to the increased speed limits.  Also in reference to the activities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight.  Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive during this time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.

第一意群：A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number of automobile accidents in the area. It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsford accidents decreased during the time period.
This may have been a time, such as during harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number of accidents decreased.  However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced by employment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads.
在6个月的时间进行判断，提高限速后，车祸的发生数量，时间太短。
这6个月，可能具有一个比较糟糕的天气情况，人们驾车外出减少，因此车祸减少（E地区的情况），但是，F地区，可能因为工作或者其他原因，被迫驾车外出。（因为天气不好，所以F地区车祸增加，而此时刚好提高限速，大家都以为是提高限速惹的祸）
句型收获： A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine…… （时间攻击中，经常使用）

第二意群：Again, the demographics of the population are important.  It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have to travel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all.  Are there more people in Forestville than there were sic months ago?  If so, there may be an increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and not due to the increased speed limits.
人口统计学也很关键，有可能，E地区的人不用行车很远去上班，甚至不用上班；现在F地区的人口，是否比6个月前多？如果多，有可能是因为人口多了，导致F地区路上的车辆多了而造成事故增加，而不是由于提高限速。
句型收获：Are there more people in Forestville than there were sic months ago?  If so, there may be  疑问句的形式，句型多变。

第三意群：Also in reference to the activities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight.  Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive during this time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.
参考人们一天的活动，也许F地区的人习惯在清晨、黎明等不安全的时间驾车外出。而E地区的人不用这样做。（危险的时间是否外出的情况在不同地区的不同）

第二阶段攻击结束
攻击点：
1、6个月的时间，并不具有代表性。（以部分时间内出现的问题为依据，认定整个过程都会是这样。）
2、人口统计学攻击 (有可能，E地区的人不用行车很远去上班，甚至不用上班；现在F地区的人口，是否比6个月前多？如果多，有可能是因为人口多了，导致F地区路上的车辆多了而造成事故增加，而不是由于提高限速。)
3、危险的时间是否外出的情况在不同地区的不同（也许F地区的人习惯在清晨、黎明等不安全的时间驾车外出。而E地区的人不用这样做。）
论证结构：分——分——分（三个分论点）


第四段：总论


Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety.  However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.

第一意群：Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety.
总之，论题中的关于降低F地区的限速似乎是合理的，因为市民们是出于他们的利益并且想要保证他们的安全。（让步，说论题似乎合理）
第二意群：However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.
但是，在做出最后的决定之前，F地区的市民和政府都应该考虑到所有其它的可能。

这最后一段，一定要背下。几乎所有的argument论题，都可以用这种方式结尾。
你的论点有道理，但是，在做决定之前，要仔细考虑各种情况。

句型收获：Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety.  However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.



最后总结：
从三个方面总结：
3、        3、  文章内容
4、        4、  文章结构
5、        5、  文章文采

a)        a)         文章内容：主要是论题的分析，找逻辑漏洞要“准”，攻击逻辑漏洞要“狠”、“准”、“全”

题目分析：
论据：
F地区提高最高时速限制 10公里 ——————〉     车祸发生率增加15%
E地区（和F相邻）没有提高    ——————〉      车祸发生率没有增加

结论：                  
F地区如果想要减少车祸，就要恢复到原来的最高时速限制。

逻辑漏洞：以偏概全（地理位置上、时间上、人口统计学上的不同）


攻击点：
1、有可能是因为F地区比E地区有更多的老弱和不熟练的驾车者；而且，人们可能忽略了两地地形地貌的差别；
2、6个月的时间，并不具有代表性。（以部分时间内出现的问题为依据，认定整个过程都会是这样。）
3、人口统计学攻击 (有可能，E地区的人不用行车很远去上班，甚至不用上班；现在F地区的人口，是否比6个月前多？如果多，有可能是因为人口多了，导致F地区路上的车辆多了而造成事故增加，而不是由于提高限速。)
4、危险的时间是否外出的情况在不同地区的不同（也许F地区的人习惯在清晨、黎明等不安全的时间驾车外出。而E地区的人不用这样做。）

b)        b)      文章结构
总——分——分——总
第一段，1、说明论点有问题。2、归纳论点，准备发起进攻
第二段：第一轮攻击
第三段：第二轮攻击
第四段：总结

c)        c)        文章文采

句型收获：
However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit.
It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford.
It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.
A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine…… （时间攻击中，经常使用）
Are there more people in Forestville than there were sic months ago?  If so, there may be  疑问句的形式，句型多变。
Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety.  However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.
（结尾的经典句型）

分析ets的评价，你会发现，他们也是从以上三个方面分析的：


This outstanding essay begins by noting that the argument "seems logical."  It then proceeds to discuss possible alternative explanations for the increase in car accidents and provides an impressively full analysis.  Alternatives mentioned are that

-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;
-- Forestville's topography, geography, cars, and/or roads might
   contribute to accidents;
-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining
   that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;
-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;
-- population and auto density should be considered; and
-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.

The points are cogently developed and are linked in such a way as to create a logically organized essay.  Transitions together with interior connections create a smoothly integrated presentation.  For the most part, the writer uses language correctly and well and provides excellent variety in syntax.  The minor flaws (e.g., using "less" instead of "fewer") do not detract from the overall high quality of the critique.  This is an impressive 6 paper.

1、        1、  文章内容：
Alternatives mentioned are that

-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;
-- Forestville's topography, geography, cars, and/or roads might
   contribute to accidents;
-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining
   that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;
-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;
-- population and auto density should be considered; and
-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.


2、        2、  文章结构
The points are cogently developed and are linked in such a way as to create a logically organized essay.  Transitions together with interior connections create a smoothly integrated presentation.

3、        3、  文章文采
For the most part, the writer uses language correctly and well and provides excellent variety in syntax.  The minor flaws (e.g., using "less" instead of "fewer") do not detract from the overall high quality of the critique.  This is an impressive 6 paper.




4．4 本方法的适用对象

包括两个部分

1、        1、  阅读ets到现在发表的范文，猴哥找遍所有地方，进行评分的，共有72篇。（1-6分）。
对这些文章的分析，可以提高自己的真正的写作能力。配合评分标准的研究，你就基本知道如何写作文了。
2、        2、  上面文章的阅读式复习法，量上是不够的。但是，从哪里找范文呢？
猴哥的满分校园gre班，组织版主进行“集体写作”。看那个里面的范文，使用本方法。


连接已修改