【Persistence小组】第1次作业提纲

欣馨之火UID: 2183210

Issue提纲：
121. "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
Take a balance piont of view
1. Admittedly, many species have become extinct by natural processes, and our human being can do nothing but accept this result.
2. All creature on our planet should live harmoniously, however, some species' extinction were caused by the action of human such as inordinate hunting, and human processes have deeply influenced the enviroment which is essential for those species to survisve. (As Alfred R. Wallace has said: "the most effective agent in the extinction of species is the pressure of other species.")
3. We should make necessary, not extrordinary, efforts to prevent the endangered species from the extinction.
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149. "The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."
Disagree:
1. Even during the enviromentally sensitive projects, attracting more tourists will give additioal pressure, which would probably be counterproductive to the initial goals, to the wilderness areas.
2. The most practical and effective way to protect the wilderness areas is to leave those areas to be as they used to, and pose less influences of human.
3. Moreover, posing less influences doesn't mean we should be careless about the enviromental problem of those areas.
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242. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."
Similar, or even the same, to Topic 121.
Addional:
1.
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145. "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."
Agree:
First sentence comes to my mind: "If you can't change yourself, change the world, and if you can't change the world, then, change yourself." (said by Kaifu Lee, the former vice-president of Microsoft Company)-------not very sure about this except the sentence, should check it on Internet later.
1. Social conventions have change a lot during the past long time. It is very difficult for a person to hold his/her principles when facing changing social conventions. Those who want to be success in a society must adapt himself/herself to the conventions, or he/she will be isolated by other person in that society.
2. It is also a dilemma for one to do a right choice when his/her own belief is conflicting with the social convention. As we all known, a person who has no belief, or had it transformed time to time will no doubt achieve nothing.
3. Only those who are able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing their principles can be proven that they can pass the crucial test of character, and have the potential capability to success.
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169. "Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other."
“把政治与道德分开来看待的人，本身既没有理解政治，也没有理解道德。”  （对题目的理解没错吧？）
Agree:
Politics is usually a majority morality, and moralities are often involved in political affairs.
1.





Argu提纲：
42. The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.
"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."
Viewpoint of the article:
... should hire the current director of Bellegea's National ... as a consultant for Paraterra's proposed campaign.
Precondition (Presupposition):
The current director of B's National ... can help Paraterra's advertising campaign to be successful, thus to provide more income for ... and preserve the ...
Evidence given by the author to support the precondition:
1. B began an advertising campaign ... last year, and the number of foreign visitors arriving at ... doubled.
Argue about this: no evidence indicate that all the increasing visitors have been to B's main airport just for a tour, or even just for the ecotourism B has promoted.
2. ... per capita income ... increased by ten percent.
Argue about this: it is entirely possible that industries or trades, not ecotourism, which earn B more money.
3. even if the 2 points above are convinced, however, no evidence incicate that the situation in P is similar to B.
4. even if their situation are similar, no evidence support that ecotourism has helped B to preserve B's natural enviroment.
Conclusion:
the precondition is unconvincing, and so the viewpoint is false.
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25. The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.
"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."
Viewpoint of the article:
The best way to improve ... economy, and ... additional tax revenues, is to built a golf ... in town of Hopewell.
Precondition:
the way of building a golf ... in H can ensure improving the H's economy, and ... additional tax revenues.
Evidence given by the author to support the precondition:
1. Ocean View have built a new ... and resort hotel.
Argue about this: O and H are not similar in touristy resources.
2. O's tourism has increased and new ... have opened.
Argue about this: even if the point above is true, however, no evidence incicate that the increase of the tourism and new business ... opening are the results of building a new ... course and resort hotel.
3. O's tax revenues has increased.
Argue about this: no evidence support that the increase is the result of tourism, or the building a .... resort hotel.
Conclusion:
The precondition is unconvincing, so, the saying of "best way" is even more unconvincing.
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156. The following is taken from an advertisement placed in a weekly business magazine by the Dickens Academy.
"We distributed a survey to senior management at International Mega-Publishing, Inc. The result of the survey clearly indicates that many employees were well prepared in business knowledge and computer skills, but lacked interpersonal skills to interact gracefully with customers. International Mega-Publishing decided to improve customer satisfaction by sending their newly hired employees to our one-day seminars. Since taking advantage of our program, International Mega-Publishing has seen a sharp increase in sales, an indication that the number of their disgruntled customers has declined significantly. Your company should hire Dickens and let us turn every employee into an ambassador for your company."
Viewpoint of the article:
Companies should hire Dickens and let them train the companies' employees in order to turn the employees into ambassadors for those companies.
Precondition:
the D's seminars can really turn the employees into ambassadors for the companies who hired D.
首先，前提不成立。没有任何证据表明IM公司的业绩上升是因为D的seminar，so， D的seminar有没有用是不确定的。
其次，文章提供的几个证据。
1.
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239The following appeared as an editorial in the local newspaper of Dalton.
"When the neighboring town of Williamsville adopted a curfew four months ago that made it illegal for persons under the age of 18 to loiter or idle in public places after 10 p.m., youth crime in Williamsville dropped by 27 percent during curfew hours. In Williamsville's town square, the area where its citizens were once most outraged at the high crime rate, not a single crime has been reported since the curfew was introduced. Therefore, to help reduce its own rising crime rate, the town of Dalton should adopt the same kind of curfew. A curfew that keeps young people at home late at night will surely control juvenile delinquency and protect minors from becoming victims of crime."

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67The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper serving the villages of Castorville and Polluxton.
"Both the villages of Castorville and Polluxton have experienced sharp declines in the numbers of residents who pay property taxes. To save money and improve service, the two villages recently merged their once separate garbage collection departments into a single department located in Castorville, and the new department has reported few complaints about its service. Last year the library in Polluxton had 20 percent fewer users than during the previous year. It follows that we should now further economize and improve service, as we did with garbage collection, by closing the library in Polluxton and using the library in Castorville to serve both villages."

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