【Persistence 小组】第五次提纲作业

欣馨之火UID: 2183210

Argument提纲：
71. Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.

论断：
我们能够指望用于铜提炼工业的电力会显著下降。
前提：
新的铜提炼方法已经大规模应用，且确实比旧方法能够省电。
驳论：
1. 前提的前半部分没有被证明。如果没有被大规模使用，那么整个铜提炼行业的用电量显然不会显著下降。
2. 前提后半部分，证明也无力。
（1）首先，新方法在提炼铜含量相同矿石的时候，用电量如何？没有说明。很可能比旧方法多！
（2）其次，铜含量比较低的时候，新方法耗电否？没说。如果同样耗电，加上旧方法也耗电，我们能期望用电量下降吗？
（3）最后，如果产量比以前增加很多，我们怎么能期望这个行业的用电量显著下降？
-------------------------------


190. The following is a letter to the editor of the Glenville Gazette, a local newspaper.
"Over the past few years, the number of people who have purchased advance tickets for the Glenville Summer Concert series has declined, indicating lack of community support. Although the weather has been unpredictable in the past few years, this cannot be the reason for the decline in advance ticket purchases, because many people attended the concerts even in bad weather. Clearly, then, the reason for the decline is the choice of music, so the organizers of the concert should feature more modern music in the future and should be sure to include music composed by Richerts, whose recordings Glenville residents purchase more often than any other contemporary recordings. This strategy will undoubtedly increase advance ticket purchases and will increase attendance at the concerts."

论断：
音乐会组织者应该更多选择现代音乐且保证有R的音乐，这种策略必然提高预售票销售和音乐会出席率。
前提：
1. 有一个隐含前提：音乐会出席率降低。这点是首先没有证明的。
2. 明说的前提：预售票降低不是因为天气原因，是因为音乐选择问题。
驳论：
1. 根据前提第1点来说。预售票低不一定代表出席率低，作者自己都说了天气不好还有很多人去，表明出席率还是很高的嘛。
2. 第2个前提：
（1）不是天气的原因没能有效说明。人们不买预售票可能是怕到时候有别的事情而产生浪费。还有别的原因，比如音乐会质量不好等原因。
（2）是因为音乐选择的问题。首先，没有证据表明人们更喜欢现代音乐。其次，R的唱片卖得好不代表R的音乐适合现场演奏，也没有证据表明人们喜欢在音乐会上听到R 的音乐。
3. 综合两个前提被推翻，则结论不成立，即策略不一定提高预售票销售以及音乐会出席率。
--------------------------


237. The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."

论断：
B刺激经济发展，由此而减少失业率的最快办法是提供税收以及财政激励以使私人公司去B再创业。
前提：
1. 隐含前提：B税收高，财政激励少，经济发展不好，失业率高
2. 文中论述的办法是最好的办法。
驳论：
1. 针对第一个前提。通篇没有证据证明B以前的税收高，很可能原本比D降15%还要低，也很可能B以前的财政激励已经很多了。再者说了，B的经济状况如何？失业率到底如何？没说呢！
2. 针对第二个前提：
（1）通篇以D城来举证，B和D的情况能相比吗？地理位置不一样，发展水平有差异，城市居民分布不同，太多差异了，D的例子能拿到B来说事儿吗？
（2）即便B和D情况类似。那么，那两家公司去D发展是因为D税收降低吗？这个作者没说。很可能D降税后还很高，但公司还是来了，人家是看重D的潜在市场呢！
（3）D雇佣了300人。这样忒少了点儿吧？再说，这300人就提高了D的就业率？很可能这300人以前还有工作呢，人家只是时髦，跳槽嘛！
（4）还有，来D的这两家公司是私人公司吗？反正作者没说，我很有理由怀疑！
3. 另外，作者还说这是最快的办法，这就一种办法呢！没有比较，哪儿来的“最”啊？
（天啦，这篇漏洞太多了。临场要注意层次结构就好了，大的结构完成，不一定每一点批到！除非我打字神速！）
-------------------------



209. The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company.
"In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably."

论断：
雇佣R，辞掉P，这样我们的利润会显著提高！
前提：
1. 隐含前提：肯定能把R挖过来。
2. 明说前提：R能让F公司的利润显著上升，而P不能。
驳论：
1. 对于第一个前提：F业绩这么差的，R愿意来吗？没准儿你付再多的薪水别人还不干呢！
2. 对于第二个前提：
（1）R是在S珠宝公司干的呢，她了解玩具行业吗？她了解F公司吗？这个作者没说。这没有证据表明R给F公司提供了很好的建议，那怎么能保证她有能力让F公司利润快速上升呢？
（2）R在S公司取得的业绩完全是因为她个人能力吗？作者也没说，很可能是S公司员工通力合作的结果呢。
（3）P在F不行。前三季度的业绩下滑能说明什么问题？一年都还没到呢，更没有说P有没有对此情况拿出可行的改善计划，没准儿人家有着很好的应对措施呢。
（4）F业绩下滑完全是因为P的能力吗？不一定吧？很可能是F以前基础也忒差了。
3. 另外，R的薪水是P的两倍呢！能不能提高收入还是见不着影儿的事情，这付出至少就一下多了一笔，凭什么说利润能显著提高啊？
--------------------------


18. The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.
"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."

论断：
我们应该像B城一样采取路况改进措施来提高P城道路安全。
前提：
1. P采取的限速措施无效。
2. B的路况改进措施对P有效。
驳论：
1. 对第一个前提：
（1）作者自己都说了，很多司机超速的情况下，P的事故还降低了一点点，怎么能说限速措施无效呢？要是大家遵守措施，结果会如何？
（2）还有，这个措施才采取了一阵，就武断的说无效。在最近的一段时间里，事故率已经slightly降低了，长期执行很可能就有效呢！
2. 对第二个前提：
（1）B的路况改进。那是B路况差才改进嘛，要是P的路况本身就很好，比B好，那么，改进措施对P有效吗？
（2）B的事故率降低了25％。那要是降低了25%还比P要高呢？这能说改进措施对B有效吗？这还只是报道了的事故，没报道的呢？恐怕还可能更多。
3. 另外，作者没有给出P城道路事故的主要原因。如果正好是因为大量高速行驶导致而不是路况原因，那么，还该按照作者的建议办吗？
-------------------------





Issue提纲：
154. "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
Agree:
We are now in a new great era of imformation, and education is becoming a system engineering which requires cooperative contribution of  the people relatived in.
1. Education is not only an intellectual training, but also a shaping of  morality. 身教重于言教，生活在父母身边、社区之中的小孩，会很自动的学习身旁的事物。所以，父母以及社区居民在教育中有着很重要的地位。
2. If education is left solely to a group of professional educators, we will take a high risk of pushing the education to a narrow direction. 一群专家的视野虽然很专业，但是也容易狭窄化，会导致过分强调某些方面而忽视另外一些方面。
3. Only when parents, communities, professional educators and even the people who are educated are all involved in, education will get significant progreess, and be prosperous.
(以下是抄的)
Educators, parents and communities can and should join efforts to create a healthy learning environment for children.
1. First of all, we should never look down upon the key role that professional educators play in fostering the younger generation.
2. Meanwhile, both parents and communities can make significant contribution to shool education.
3. Without a constructive family and community environment, it would be almost impossible for school education to fulfill its noble mission.
----------------------


223. "Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."
Disagree:
Education is a system engineering, not a personal matter, in a large sense, and it has a lot to do with school or college
1. 诚然，对于简单的教育来说，个人可以根据自己的兴趣选择方向，进行自学。
2. 然而，教育的目的不仅仅是简单的根据个人兴趣进行学习，从宏观上来看，它负责塑造着大多数人的思想、行为，要为推动整个社会的进步贡献力量，理所当然应该有学校或者高校的力量。
3. 而且，在知识爆炸、信息繁多的今天，一个人也不能完全靠自己的力量来教育自己。
(以下是抄的)
Education is not a personal matter in a large sense, and it certainly has a lot to do with school or college.
1. It is not difficult to understand that education directly benefits the individual receiver of education.
2. Furthermore, the education of an individual concerns the interest of the whole society.
3. With the dramatic incease in knowledge today, it is impossible to educate oneself without the involvment of school or college.
----------------------


32. "A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."
Disagree (or a Balance view):
1. 学校应该根据教师的能力、对教育学生的贡献来付教师的薪金。
2. 有些科目的教师，也许比其他教师更累、更辛苦，可相关的专业领域在校外反而薪金很低。这样的老师，学校在付薪酬的时候应该予以考虑，适当倾斜。
3. 当然，如果学校实行平均主义，一点儿不关注教师相关领域在校外的收入情况，那么，有可能就留不住学校的老师了。
(以下是抄的)
1. The salary rate a teacher receive should be related not to his/her discipline but his/her effort and contribution to the educational course.
2. Absolutely identical rate is unfair. Teachers of some discipline have to assume more harsh work under worse circumstances.
3. If the differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school or college are dismissed, schools and colleges may have to face the loss of its staff.
----------------------


232. "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."
Balance (or Disagree):
1. 对于某些学科和研究领域，确实需要为学生创造一个很好的学术环境，而不应该受到其他实用主义的干扰。比如有些基础理论，数学、物理难题等。
2. 然而，教育不应该孤立起来，它肩负着推动社会进步的责任，所以，同时应该关注社会现实的需要。
3. 只有两方面平衡发展，整个教育才不至于误入歧途，培养的学生才是能够真正肩负起推动社会进步的重任。
(以下是抄的)
It is near-sighted to isolate students from the outside world.
1. A common misconception about education is that the so-called "important ideas" students learn at schools have nothing to do with the practical world.
2. Actually, students' knowledge of the outside world contributions (这里居然用了名词？有问题吧？) to their academic studies.
3. Furthermore, the ultimate purpose of education is to train workers and citizens who can adapt themselves to and make contributions to the society outside the campus.
----------------------


128. "It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free."
Disagree (or a Balance view):
1. 诚然，教育的目的包含解放人的思想与精神。只有自由的思想与精神，才有创新性的成果，才能推动社会进步。
2. 然而，正规教育也是必要的。它不必然约束人们的精神。在现代社会中，任何有意义思想与精神都遵循一定的传统，这是正规教育能够给予人们的。只有充分领悟了正规教育里的东西，思想才能更加自由的飞翔。
3. 当然，我们应该注意寻求平衡，不能让正规的教育过于死板而在某种程度上真正的约束了人们的思想与精神。
(以下是抄的)
1. Some people might argue that the overwhelming curriculum of school would restrain our mind and spirit. However, if deficient in knowledge, absolute free mind will lead to total simplicity and naivety.
2. Formal education plays a very important role in process of freeing the mind and spirit. Basis knowledge, which can only be attained through formal education, is the prerequisite for freeing people's mind and spirit.
----------------------