所有ISSUE题目及翻译

amorzUID: 1

发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Tue Nov 19 00:44:09 2002)
感谢pleased的翻译以及SeizeMoon等人的订正

1  "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than fro
m people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and i
nhibit learning."
1． 我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到
的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。
2  "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
2． 竞争对社会的好处大于坏处。
3  "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social pr
oblems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generat
ions."
3． 我们应该把更多的钱用在当前的问题上，而不是用在可能有助于我们后代的长期的
研究项目上。
4  "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their
knowledge and experience to that field of study."
4． 如果没有失败者介绍自己的经验和知识，没有哪个领域的研究会取得长足的进步。
%%几乎没有任何领域能够取得具有重要意义的进步,除非结合其他行业的知识和经验到
该领域中来%%
5  "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curr
iculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts
of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
5． 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程，而不应该允许不同地
区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。
6  "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze
the trends of its youth."
6． 了解当代文化最有效的途径是分析它在形成初期的发展趋势。 %%%%%了解当代文化
最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。%%了解当代文化最有效的方式是分析其年轻
人的文化趋势"
7  "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of cont
emporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than
written records."
7． 数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。
8  "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold
information from the public."
8． 政治领导们在公众面前有所保留是必要的，甚至是必须的。
9  "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that sch
olars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider
audience, their ideas will have little use."
9． 今年来学术领域更加专业化，以至于学者门的研究只作用于很小范围内的人群。除
非学者们的研究能适合大范围的人群，他们的想法才有用。
10  "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial s
upport they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that
a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."
10． 政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在
这些主要城市。
11  "All nations should help support the development of a global university
designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persi
stent social problems."
11． 所有的国家都应该帮助建立起一个全球性的大学，用来培养学生们解决世界上最顽
固头疼的社会问题。
12  "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or
surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
12． 人们的态度更多情况下取决于当时的处境和环境，并非人们的性格特点。
13  "Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and
fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languag
es are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
13． 许多世界上鲜为人知的语言由于越来越少的人使用而逐渐消失。使用这些语言的国
家应该采取措施防止这些语言绝迹。
14  "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and othe
r types of imaginative literature."
14． 每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。 %%%%%每个人
都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。
15  "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes o
f human behavior."
15． 社会的安定取决于它对人们极端行为的响应和措施。
16  "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contem
porary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people fro
m developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
16． 尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培
养坚强独立的性格。
17  "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a soc
iety has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to d
isobey and resist unjust laws."
17． 有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要
的是，应该不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。
18  "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasti
ng views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."
18． 只有通过质疑某个观点，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理解那个观点
的价值。 %%%%%只有通过质疑某个观点，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理
解那个观点的价值。 只有被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并。。。
19  "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before t
he well-being of its individual citizens."
19． 一个社会要发展，必须先取得整体的发展，再去发展社会中的个人。 %%%%%%一个
社会要繁荣，其整体的发展应优先于个人的利益。 （我理解题目的意思是：整体的发展
和个人的利益发生矛盾的时候，出于对社会繁荣的长远考虑，个人的利益应让位于整体
的发展。）
20  "National governments should devote more of their social programs and se
rvices to children than to adults."
20． 政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多。
21  "Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their o
wn reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about ref
orming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be
willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."
21． 在乎自己声望和社会地位的人很少能带来改革。而那些真正想要改善一个政府、一
个教育系统或者其他机构的人却必须要接受世界上其他人的蔑视。
22  "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, fri
ends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and beha
ve in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us a
nd our attitudes, not a few individuals."
22． 很多人认为一些个人和小的群体（例如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）影响了他们的思
维和做法。其实是这个社会作为一个整体影响着人们的态度，而并非一些个人。
23  "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual in
formation. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragm
ented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues an
d overall perspectives."
23． 当前的科学技术提供的信息总是由很多小的信息片段组成。这导致了人们总是专注
于零碎的信息，而很少注意到大的问题和整体的框架结构。
24  "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caut
ion and restraint in the use of that power."
24． 当权者小心谨慎并且有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效。
25  "Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effo
rt and courage is to move in the opposite direction -- in other words, to ma
ke things as simple as possible."
25． 每个人都能把事情搞大搞复杂。而真正需要努力的却是相反的—-------即要把事
情越简单化越好。
26  "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of a
ny society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground
that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such
situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preserva
tion of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."
26． 很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利
用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现在的开发
者在规划时应该优先考虑到保留历史建筑。 %%%%%%%...在这样的情况下，现代的发展应
该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。
27  "No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conve
ntional practices and conventional ways of thinking."
27． 遵守传统经验和想法的人是不会成功的。
28  "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas,
trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learne
d only facts have learned very little."
28． 学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的
学生是学不到多少东西的。
29  "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect
people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role
, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
29． 公众人物，例如演员、政治家和运动员应该预料到人们对他们私生活的关注。当他
们决定成为公众角色时，他们应该知道自己的一些隐私将被公布于众。
30  "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase peo
ple's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
30． 技术进步的最主要的目标就是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间。
  
31  "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when t
he results of that research are controversial."
31． 花费在研究上的金钱总是很好的投资，即使研究结果是有争论的。
32  "A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all dis
ciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the wo
rld outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and
in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math spe
cialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the art
s."
32． 学校或者大学应该付给所有学科老师相同的工资，而不必理会校内外教师的薪水差
异。例如，入门级的数学老师和艺术老师应该拿到相同的薪水，即使在校外，数学专家
比艺术专家的平均薪水高出很多。
33  "Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary s
ociety than is the reality or truth behind that image."
33． 在当今社会，引人的表面现象比现象背后的本质重要得多。
34  "Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplin
es -- that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physi
cal and biological sciences -- colleges and universities should allow studen
ts to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in t
heir chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly
work-oriented society."
34． 学校与其让学生们学习种类繁多的课程------艺术、人类学到物理、生物科学，还
不如只让学生们学习针对以后工作而开设的有针对性的课程。这样的集中方式顺应了目
前工作为主的社会。
35  "No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's be
liefs than to adhere to them."
35． 不管在什么样的情况下，妥协总是没有坚持好。
36  "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live afte
r them, not by their contemporaries."
36． 只有后来人评价以前的人，而不应该同时代的人相互评价。
37  "In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a
positive effect."
37． 在大多数社会，通常情况下竞争总是起到消极的作用，而不是积极的作用。
38  "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once
was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading
books."
38． 在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫
不比从书本中学来的少。
39  "The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vast
ly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their
own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."
39． 人们对进入大学学习的获益总是评价很高：许多人通过四年的学习学到的东西要比
仅仅为了得到大学文凭学到的东西要多。
40  "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their wor
k makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they
pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those i
nterests may seem."
40． 对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而
应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多
么特殊。
41  "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and
psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying h
uman needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
41． 一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及偏执在社会中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们
满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要。
42  "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires colla
boration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if the
y work frequently in groups."
42． 因为学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一
个群体里工作，他们会在学术上获益非浅。 %%%%%...，因此所有年龄的学生如果经常以
群体的方式工作，他们会在学术上获益非浅。
43  "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest
ethical and moral standards."
43． 一个官员要想成为一个好的领导，他必须有极高的民族和道德标准。
44  "Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences,
either medical or ethical, are unclear."
44． 政府不应该去资助一个预期结果不明确的科学研究，不管它是医学还是道德伦理。
  
45  "Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unqu
estioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."
45． 政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该被群众的愿望所左右。
46  "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas att
ribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can
better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sens
e of cooperation."
46． 尽管一些政府领导，比如体育、工业和其他的领域的人把他们的成功归功于良好的
竞争机制和竞争意识，一个社会还是应该给年轻人灌输合作的思想。
47  "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect -- that is, on
reasoning and other cognitive skills."
47． 社会没有给予智力培养方面足够的重视，比如人的推理和认知。
48  "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most
significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famou
s few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."
48． 对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋
势不是由个别名人决定的，而可能是由那些已经被人们淡忘的人制造的。
49  "Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legend
s present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do
factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality r
ather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting signi
ficance."
49． 有想象力的作品，比如小说、戏剧、童话和传说向人们展示了过去人们经验的精确
且有意义的画面，而现实作品则稍逊。因为小说的作者重点刻画事实，而非文学本身，
他们的作品有更深远的意义。
50  "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and unive
rsity level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside th
e academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."
50． 为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相
关的工作。
51  "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed
to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
51． 只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。
52  "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore
does little to promote social harmony."
52． 教育鼓励学生们提问和批评，这样无利于社会的和谐。
53  "College and university education should be free for all students, fully
financed by the government."
53． 大学教育应该对所有学生免费，全部由政府来承担。
54  "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help p
eople to make important decisions today."
54． 历史只教会我们做一件事：了解过去并不能帮助今天的人们在重大的事情上做决定
。
55  "Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at
all levels of education."
55． 人们为了更高的学历而竞争，严重限制了人们各个阶段的学习。（好象不通？）
56  "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of toda
y rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
56． 政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的
问题中。
57  "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broad
er than what can be learned from direct experience."
57． 书本中学的到的知识远比实际经验中学到的知识多。
58  "The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it
solves."
58． 快节奏的生活导致了很多无法解决的问题。
59  "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others,
people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices
that are best for them."
59． 人们把太多的精力放在模型和范例上。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬
别人的东西，这样才能做出最好的选择。
60  "The media -- and society in general -- mistakenly expect an individual
to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly repres
ents the views of the entire group."
60． 通常情况下，媒体和社会都希望某个个人能代表一个特殊的群体，不管这个个人是
否能真正地表达整个群体的意思。
61  "High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to so
ciety because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."
  
61． 高回报的奖金，如诺贝尔奖实际上对社会是有害的，因为只有少数人才能获此殊荣
。
62  "The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary
goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrin
sically deficient."
62． 人们普遍认为应该把自我发展当作生命中一个重要的目标，这样的想法是值得怀疑
的，因为它假设人们本身就是有缺陷的。
63  "To truly understand your own culture -- no matter how you define it --
requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is disti
nctly different from your own."
63． 为了真正地了解你自己的文化，不管你怎样定义它，你需要了解至少一种其他的文
化，并且这种文化和你的文化完全不同。
64  "Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the be
st use of it."
64． 很多人知道怎样获得成功，但很少有人知道怎样很好地利用成功。
65  "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differen
ces that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals,
and groups."
65． 人们经常被鼓励去寻找事物之间的不同，以至于往往忽略了事物之间有意义的相似
之处。
66  "As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the abili
ty of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."
66． 人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却每况愈下。
67  "Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities
in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded educ
ation."
67． 大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到平衡全面的教育。
68  "People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust
, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."
68． 不管专家们的贡献有多大，人们总是错误地怀疑他们，不信任他们。
69  "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific researc
h and development"
69． 政府应该对科学研究和发展尽量少地加以限制。
70  "In any profession -- business, politics, education, government -- those
in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for
any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
70． 在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者应该在5年任期后下台。对任何公
司企业来说，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生的人担当领导。
71  "Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others."
71． 独处会使更好地与别人相处。（不通？比较别扭）
72  "One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society
by studying its major cities."
72． 一个人要想真正了解一个社会的最大的特点，只用研究一下它的主要城市即可。
73  "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important
than knowledge."
73． 在大多数学术专业领域，想象力比知识本身更重要。
74  "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups
of people is through the use of images, not language."
74． 如果想要和一大群人交流思想，最有效的方法是利用图形，而并非语言。
75  "The people who make important contributions to society are generally no
t those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at pe
rceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."
75． 为社会做出很大贡献的人往往不是利用自己的观点和成果，而是他们具有这样的才
能，就是感知和整理别人的技巧和发明。
76  "Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of s
tep with their time and their society."
76． 高深的思想家和具有创造力的艺术家们总是超前于自己的时间和社会的脚步。
77  "People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered
, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from wor
king for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whol
e."
77． 今天人们总是很个性化。人们需要认识和家庭、群体或者整个社会一起努力的快感
。而并非追求以自我和个人目标为中心的想法。
78  "Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of
all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other
forms of conflict."
78． 学校应该教给学生所有人类之间内在的互通性，这样就能有助于避免战争、文化抵
触和其他形式的冲突。
79  "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other g
overnment experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and p
erspective than do members of the general public."
79． 重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓更熟悉这些东西
，因此能有更好的判断力和远见。
80  "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even i
f they have no interest in science."
80． 所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。
81  "Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impe
de than to encourage progress."
81． 多国家历史的热爱和崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用。
82  "Government should never censor the artistic works or historical display
s that a museum wishes to exhibit."
82． 政府绝对不应该质疑博物馆要展览的艺术品和历史陈列。
83  "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their nat
ural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus acce
ssible to only a few people."
83． 政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地区，尽管这些地区人烟稀少。
84  "In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contri
bution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within t
hat field."
84． 如果在一开始没有一个研究领域以前的研究成果巨大影响，在这个领域不可能取得
有意义的成功。
85  "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."
85． 政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的完整性。
86  "Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals
rather than seek immediate fame and recognition."
86． 应该鼓励年轻人去追求长远、理想化的目标，而不要让他们贪图眼前的声望和名誉
。
87  "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to
make important discoveries."
87． 在调查咨询领域，新手比专家更可能有重大发现。
88  "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs a
nd ethics."
88． 科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和民族习惯。
89  "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them.
"
89． 领导人物的出现主要是由人民对他们的要求决定的。（不好理解）
90  "College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest
them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."
90． 应该鼓励大学学生学习他们感兴趣的课程，而不要为了以后工作而刻意学习某些课
程。
91  "Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of ratio
nal choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form value
s."
91． 大多数人认为他们所拥有的价值是理性选择的结果，但其实理性和人们创造价值并
没有多大关系。
92  "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to
recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire
new facts and information."
92． 在所有专业学术领域，认识到我们的不足和获取新的信息同等重要。
93  "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Alth
ough societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, peop
le's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
93． “个人职责”的概念根本就是虚构的。尽管社会需要个人来实施社会本身的行为，
但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人意愿。
94  "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses
outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various
academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."
94． 大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是
教育的真谛所在。
95  "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requ
ires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competiti
on does."
95． 众人拾柴火焰高。团队需要合作，这样才能比个体之间的竞争更能激发人们的激情
。
96  "Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence o
f any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsib
ility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged."
96． 尽管那些评价艺术作品的批评家企图否定在评价艺术作品时主观标准的存在，他们
还是有责任建立一套判断艺术作品价值的标准。
97  "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affe
ct all aspects of people's lives."
97． 尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决定和政治活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
  
98  "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, f
ilm, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much great
er relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."
98． 大学应该在流行音乐、电影、广告和电视上开设更多的课程，因为现代文化比过去
的艺术文化对学生更适合。
99  "In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or politica
l -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealist
ic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealisti
c views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."
99． 在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社会还是政治，要想成功，只能靠实际的观点而
并非空想。程序化的行为保证了基本的生存，而空想只会被更简单、更急迫的选择取代
。
100  "The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the qua
lity of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote mo
re genuine intellectual development."
100． 在学习里为高学历奋斗的角逐限制了学习的质量。没有学位等级制度的教育环境
也许更能开发人们的智力潜能。
101  "Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can fl
ourish and be available to all people."
101． 政府通过对艺术家的资助使得艺术更加繁荣，使得更多的人能够享受到艺术。
102  "For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the
ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."
102． 不论好坏，教育的过程包含了对人们原来普遍认为的想法、信念和价值观的修订
。
103  "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant
to our daily lives."
103． 只有当历史和我们的生活相关时，对它的研究才有扩展性和价值。
104  "It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpe
tuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."
104． 一种文化要想保留它认为好的东西，消除它认为不好的东西，最重要的是通过正
规的教育。
105  "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness
of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens."
105． 当政府的意愿要经受民众的挑战时，国家政权才得以淋漓尽致的表现。
106  "All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics,
even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects."
  
106． 学生们应该被要求至少学习一种道德规范课程，即使这样会影响学术课程的学习
。
107  "Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions
and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well
-reasoned points of view."
107． 实时通信系统鼓励人们在很短的时间内做出反应并确立自己的观点，而不是花费
较多时间去产生一个深思熟虑、近乎完美的观点。
108  "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and vie
w government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand
the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings
-- trials, debates, meetings, etc -- that are televised, the more society w
ill benefit."
108． 在很多国家，人们一打开电视就能看到政府人员办公的场景。观看这样的场景有
助于人们理解影响他们生活的决议。政府办公的过程，如日常事物、辩论、会议等，向
人们开放得越多，人们就越能从中受益。
109  "The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a
product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is e
ffective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel bette
r about themselves."
109． 很多广告的目的就是要让消费者购买某件产品，使得消费者拥有产品后“像”广
告中的人物。这样的广告是有效的，因为既销售了产品，又让人们的虚荣心（注：不知
道这样翻译是否妥当，请自己斟酌）得到满足。
110  "When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storyte
llers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by
interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise th
an it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."
110． 当我们把自己和历史关联起来时，我们变成了讲故事的人。因为我们无从知道过
去发生的事情，但是又必须要把她们表述出来，所以历史研究是一个非常有创造性的领
域，而并非一个客观的过程。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人（storyteller）。
111  "The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements i
s seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."
111． 全球性的电视节目和广告严重地减少了各个文化之间的差异。
112  "Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity ffor rea
soning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an educati
on that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
112． 一些教育机构强调培养学生的推理和逻辑思考能力，但是学生从教他们如何培养
个人情操的教育系统中获益更多。
113  "It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we
define ourselves."
113． 我们定义自己，最重要的是通过我们和社会群体的不同来实现的。（不太好翻）
%%%%%我们定义自己，最主要是通过我们对社会集体的参与和认识来实现的。 （一个孤
立的人只有参与到社会集体中去，才能够定义自己。）
114  "Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Te
chnological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of human
ity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology c
annot change the condition of humanity."
114． 人性在上个世纪并没有给社会的发展带来多大帮助。技术取得了革命性的发展，
但是整个世界的人性并没有得到改善。战争、暴力、贫穷一直困扰着我们。技术的发展
并不能带动人性的发展。
115  "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement tha
t we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference
points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
115． 通过逻辑思维和精确的测量使得我们把握了事物的进程。没有这些工具，我们就
没有参考点来知道我们进步了多少，退步了多少。
116  "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and comm
unication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society -- including educa
tion, politics, the arts, and the sciences -- will benefit greatly from inte
rnational influences."
116． 随着全球网络的增长，如经济和通讯，整个社会的各方各面，包括教育、政治、
艺术和科学，都从中获益非浅。
117  "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader t
han what can be learned from direct experience."
117． 我们从书本上学习知识的深度要比直接从社会实践中学到的更深更广。
118  "In any field of endeavor -- the sciences, the humanities, the social s
ciences, industry, etc. -- it is not the attainment of a goal that matters,
but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the
goal."
118． 任何领域的努力，科学、人性、社会科学、工业等等，我们最大的收获是成功路
上的经验和发现，而不是成功本身的获取。（本句不太有把握）
119  "When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any
other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's li
ves will be improved if the results are successful?"
119． 当考察一些领域的优势时，比如科学、教育等，最需要考虑的问题是：现在的人
们有多少会从中获益？
120  "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understandin
g of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
120． 现在的生活日新月异，对过去的研究学习没有实际的指导意义。
121  "At various times in the geological past, many species have become exti
nct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no
justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a gre
at cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
121． 在过去不同的时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以
，现在我们花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种是没有多少价值的。
122  "We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to
people who have disagreed."
122． 我们把我们的知识归功于和我们意见不同的人，而并非和我们意见一致的人。
123  "It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short tim
e of meeting him or her. Everything about people -- their clothes, their fri
ends, the way they talk, what they eat -- reflects their political beliefs."
  
123． 和一个人相处很短的时间就很可能知道他的政治立场。所有与他们相关的，衣服
、朋友、走路的姿势、所吃的食物都反映出他们的政治信仰。
124  "Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of the
se recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instea
d of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed
to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever b
efore."
124． 快餐、实时通讯、快递，所有的这些最新发明都是为了节省人们的时间。但具有
讽刺意味的是，这些发明非但没有给人们带来更多的闲暇时间，反而让人们的生活节奏
越来越快。
125  "The past is no predictor of the future."
125． 过去并不是预示着将来。
126  "Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True succes
s can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself."
126． 社会对成功的额外奖励并不能代表成功的价值。真正的成功的价值只与成功者为
自己设立的目标有关。 %%%%%社会所给予额外的奖励不是真正成功的衡量标准。真正的
成功只能通过自己所设立的目标来衡量。
127  "Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our i
nclinations, or the dictates of our passions."
127． 事实是不容改变的。它不会由于我们的希望、偏好或者个人的情感而改变。
128  "It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind
and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our
minds and spirits rather than set them free."
128． 人们经常说教育的目的是释放人们的心灵。但实际上，正规的教育束缚了人们的
心灵。
129  "Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern li
fe."
129． 科学技术对现代生活是必须的，但并非任何时候都能起到积极的作用。
130  "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. U
nfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bri
ng about a better society."
130． 孩子们的成长决定着社会的命运。不幸的是，我们还不知道怎样抚养孩子才能使
他们对将来的社会有用。
131  "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidd
en ideas and impulses of a society."
131． 艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）展现了一些隐含的想法，对社会起到了刺激和推动
作用。 %%%%%艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）展现了那些隐藏的观点和社会的脉动。
132  "The university community consists of three different worlds -- the sci
ences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates
on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is
there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the so
cial sciences."
132． 大学包含了三种不同的领域：科学、人性和社会学。因为每种领域都有自己的前
提条件和特殊的思维习惯，所以三者之间少有互通。
133  "The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We l
ive in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to
live in any other time."
133． 现代社会中的问题使很多人抱怨：“我们生活得很糟糕。”但如果让他们来选择
，没有人会愿意过原来的生活。
134  "Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rheto
rical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of thei
r own beliefs."
134． 必须鼓励学生们意识到：敏捷的智力和修辞技巧必须准确无误地来自于自己的信
仰。（本句不确定）
135  "While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use o
f technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these
problems."
135． 既然我们面临的大多数环境问题都来源于科技，我们应该依靠科技本身来找到解
决问题的方法和途径。
136  "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
136． 人们放弃做出选择的情况很少见。
137  "What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for anothe
r."
137． 我们认为的进步只不过是把一个问题转化成了另一个问题。
138  "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."
138． 不犯错误就不会有发现和进步。
139  "Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own
terms and according to the conditions of its own time."
139． 每一代人都需要根据自己所处的时代重新定义“对”与“错”。
140  "What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and ind
ividual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."
140． 社会认为最大的社会成就、政治成就和个人成就往往导致民众极大的不满。（不
通？）
141  "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is t
hat personal economic success requires conformity."
141． 大多数人只意识到个体的利益，但实际上个人的成功需要集体合作。
142  "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people questi
on authority."
142． 当很多人都质疑权威的时候，社会才能更安定。（不通？）
143  "Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends
to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity."  *those who evaluate w
orks of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
143． 艺术家应该对人们的批评毫不理会。批评者们总是曲解限制艺术家的想象和发挥
。 *那些人经常评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等。
144  "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of last
ing value."  *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, mu
sic, paintings, etc.
144． 是艺术家而不是批评家，给了社会一些永久的价值。*批评家指经常评价艺术作品
，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。
145  "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changin
g social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."
145． 性格测试最重要的一点就是看一个人能否适应在不牺牲个人原则的基础上改变社
会传统的做法。
146  "People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the
most critical of it."
146． 对某个想法或策略最执着的人往往对那个想法或策略最挑剔。
147  "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between
them."
147． 传统和现代是不相容的。人们必须在二者之间做出选择。
148  "Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or
trouble."
148． 很多人追求理想，当这样往往导致失望或麻烦。
149  "The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to
attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive proj
ects."
149． 保护未开发地区最实际有效的方法就是通过环境宣传手段吸引更多的观光客到那
些地方去。（好像有点矛盾，请自行斟酌）
150  "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can n
ow become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As
a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."
150． 通过电视和全世界联网的计算机，人们得以了解很多他们没有去过的地方。所以
，旅游事业会越来越不景气。
151  "High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail an
d television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
151． 高速的电子通讯媒介，如电子邮件和电视，阻止了人们有感情的交流。（不妥？
）
152  "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay wi
thin the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
152． 对于公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚尽可能
多的钱。
153  "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. The
y should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
153． 学生们应该带着怀疑的态度对待他们所学的任何东西。他们应该质疑老师教给他
们的东西，而不是消极地接受。
154  "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Ed
ucation is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educator
s."
154． 家长和社会都应该参与到当地的教育中来。教育太重要了，不能把教育单独交给
一群专业的老师。
155  "Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading book
s is no longer very important."
155． 当代的社会提供了很多学习的途径，读书学习这种方式已经不再重要了。
156  "Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the soc
iety in which we live."
156． 选择只是假象。实际上，我们每个人的生活都是由社会支配的。
157  "There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observatio
n is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desir
es."
157． 没有哪件事情是客观观察的结果。所有的观察都是主观的；它们在很大程度上决
定于观察者的期望和偏好。
158  The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to stu
dents' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematic
s, science, reading and other mainstream subjects."
158． 艺术（音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等）对学生的教育都是很重要的，因此它们应该得
到和数学、科学、阅读还有其他主干课程一样的重视。
159  "The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines ar
e only tools of human minds."
159． 人总是比机器聪明，因为机器只不过是人类的工具而已。
160  "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re
main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any lea
der who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will a
ccomplish little."
160． 一个好的领导最主要的品质就是对某些特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导，如果
他很容易受到大众化观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
161  "In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for
a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who
is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."
161． 在媒体覆盖率很大的当今社会，人们不可能把一个人当作英雄。任何有威望的人
在媒体强烈的“关注”下都会名声扫地。
162  "One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility
for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves
have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus
, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unreal
istic than is often assumed."
162． 我们经常听到某个人说为了生活他需要些什么。但是，很多情况下人们早已创造
了条件，只是很多人很久以后才会意识到。所以个人责任比我们想象的要复杂虚幻得多
。
163  "Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted
circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available t
o them until they face a great problem or crisis."
163． 大多数人，不管是肉体上还是精神上，都生活在一个有限的圈内。直到他们遇到
很大的问题和危机的时候，他们才会发现，自己只不过利用了可用资源的很有限的一小
部分而已。
164  "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People
who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can appro
ach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."
164． 有时侯想象力比实际经验更有价值。缺乏实际经验的人有很自由的想象空间，他
们知道了什么是可能的，然后就会去找到一个完成的方法，而不受固有的习惯和态度的
限制。
165  "In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motiva
ted not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that d
iffer from those held by the majority."
165． 在任何领域，领导作用总是来自于这些人，他们并不为传统的观念所动，而是极
力渴望表达那些和主流思想不同的观点和想法。
166  "Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology
has been to make people's lives more comfortable."
166． 上个世纪大多数的科技贡献都使人们的生活更舒适。
167  "It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth a
ll the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician."
167． 一个好的政治领导在任何时候都能告诉大家事实的真相是可能的。但是对于政治
来说，太诚实并不见得是一个美德。
168  "Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless i
t comes from someone who is an expert in that field."
168． 在任何领域，只有那个领域的专家做出的批评和判断才是有实际价值的。
169  "Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate rea
lms fail to understand either the one or the other."
169． 任何认为政治和道德是两码事的人是既不懂政治又不懂道德的。
170  "The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its
rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."
170． 一个富强的国家最有力的证明不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家，而是全体人
民的福利。
171  "People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal
reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people wh
o try to act for the public good."
171． 那些出于个人目的追求自己兴趣的人是得益于那些肯牺牲自我为大众造福的人的
。
172  "Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attac
ks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."
172． 真正的真理一开始都是不讲道理的，至少是令人不舒服的，并且是和那个时代的
名人相抵触的。
173  "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought be
fore; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
173． 创意不是指想人们没有想过的东西；而是指把旧的观点放在一起形成新的观点。
  
174  "Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible en
ough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
174． 法律不应该太严格、太固定。他们应该根据实际情况而有伸缩性。
175  "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the deta
ils may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterp
rise and unique perception of an individual."
175． 总是某个个人推动了革新；由团队完成细节，但是真正的革新却来自于公司和某
个个人独到的见解。
176  "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset
. Therein lies the value of each."
176． 科学的目的是打消疑虑，艺术的目的是颠覆。只有这样，它们才有价值。
177  "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the wor
ld. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with
different eyes."
177． 对学术的研究改变了我们观察世界的方法。研究了这些学术定律之后，我们看到
的世界还是和以前一样，但是却换了一个视角。
178  "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's b
ehavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what
is in people's hearts and minds."
178． 控制、限制人们行为的法律很可能通过，但是立法不能改变人们的本性。法律也
无法改变人们所思所想。
179  "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but cer
tainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind op
en -- but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the comple
x and often unsettling truth about anything."
179． 人类真正需要的不是知识，而是对事物的确定性。真正地获得知识是需要冒险的
，并且要有开放的思想，但是大多数人寻求的只是一个安定，而不是去学习复杂的，甚
至未解的真理。
180  "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal
system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
180． 现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的，因为立法不能左右人的道德
行为。
181  "The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with i
n their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Di
fferent interpretations come about when people with different personalities
look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different t
hings."
181． 学生和学者们表达他们研究领域的工作时，更多的是和听众本身有关，而不是简
单的培训。当不同的人看待完全相同的物体、事实、数据或者事件时，他们的看法都不
尽相同，这时就需要不同的演讲者来表达。（有点别扭）
182  "It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."
182． 只相信聪明是危险的。
183  "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible
, but more complex and more mysterious."
183． 随着我们的知识越来越多，事情不是变得更好理解，而是变得更复杂更神秘。
184  "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."
184． 在没有数据之前就下结论是大忌。
185  "Scandals -- whether in politics, academia, or other areas -- can be us
eful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reform
er ever could."
185． 丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，可能是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意
力，而这点，是任何发言人和改革家都办不到的。
186  "Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must
serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's
world."
186． 实用性是我们最大的追求，所有的力量和聪明才智都应为其努力。任何显然没有
实用性的东西对当今社会来说是没有价值的。
187  "It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most peopl
e find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into
practice."
187． 人们很容易接受改革和新的观点。但是，人们难以接受的是把新的观点运用到实
际中来。
188  "Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to surv
ive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it."
188． 成功，不管是学术上的还是专业上的，都有在新环境中适应并最终改变新环境的
能力。
189  "If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these w
orks no longer answer the needs of the present."
189． 如果人们忽略了过去的伟大成就，那就是因为这些成就不再能满足现在的需要。
  
190  "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the b
asic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the ar
ts is inappropriate -- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all th
e potential uses of such money."
190． 当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生活最基本的技能时，用来支持艺术的公众资源
就显得很不合适了，或者更残忍一些，还有人妄图独吞这些资金。
191  "Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of
students and to training students to be productive workers."
191． 教育还应该把这两件事看得同等重要，丰富学生的个人生活，把学生培养成能干
的工人。
192  "Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or r
isks than from careful and cautious planning."
192． 各个领域的成功更多是来自机遇或者冒险，而不是深思熟虑的计划。
193  "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported
social tranformations that have the most lasting significance."
193． 更具有持久意义的不是头版头条的政治事件，而是很少报道的社会变革。
194  "The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be compet
itive, but learning to be cooperative."
194． 为生活和工作做的最好的准备，不是学会具有竞争精神，而是学会具有合作精神
。
195  "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather
the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."
195． 政治的目标不应该是追求一个想法，而是寻找普遍合理的大多数人的意见。
196  "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or d
amage the quality of life."
196． 科学技术产生了许多不能解决的问题，对人们的生活质量构成威胁。
197  "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily co
nnected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."
197． 一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会
安定密不可分的。
198  "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreci
ation of individual differences."
198． 社会应该关注赞赏个性差异，而不是鼓励一致统一。
199  "Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from in
dividuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to c
ompromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more
conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."
199． 真正的有改革性的观点不是来自群体，而是来自个人。当一个群体想要有创造性
，群体中的成员就会相互强迫妥协，最终扼杀集体的创造性并形成更多的惯例。大多数
有创造性的想法来自于独立工作的个体。
200  "The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquir
ed through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."
200． 最难的莫过于对自身的了解，通常只能通过自己了解，而不是通过和他人合作了
解。
201  "The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value sy
stem, a standard, a set of ideas -- not to prepare them for a specific job."
  
201． 教育的目的应该是给学生提供一个价值系统，即一套标准理念，而不是只为了工
作。
202  "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political
leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sak
e of compromise."
202． 和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最好的政治领导应该经常听从民众的意愿，并且
愿意为了妥协放弃原则。
203  "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine th
e character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or i
ts heroines."
203． 理解一个社会特征的最好的方法就是研究那个社会所认为的伟大人物。
204  "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experie
ncing it is to learn nothing at all."
204． 我们通过实践学习；没有通过实践而接受一个理论是根本学不到什么东西的。
205  "As societies all over the world have more and more access to new infor
mation, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."
205． 全世界的人越来越多地获取新的信息，所以人肯定是活到老学到老的。（不确定
）
206  "People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think
of the possible consequences of what they might do."
206． 人们行动太快了；他们应该停下来想一想他们这样做会得到什么结果。
207  "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies
or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
207． 典礼和仪式有助于给一种文化下定义。没有典礼和仪式，人们就无法很好地了解
自己。（不太通顺）
208  "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and intere
sts. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the a
ppearance and behavior of its people."
208． 人们的眼神、衣着和行动表现了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以通过观察人们的外表
和行为来获知这个社会的想法和价值。
209  "Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contras
ting points of view."
209． 进步/进展产生于持不同意见的人们的讨论。
210  "Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerati
ons as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the
salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career ba
sed on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."
  
210． 大多数人找工作是基于钱这种很实际的考虑，费多大的劲找到工作，就希望拿多
少薪水。很难得有人能从自己的潜质和兴趣出发去找一份特殊的工作。
211  "Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an in
dividual person-must take into account future conditions more than present c
onditions."
211． 一个决定，不管是政府、企业还是个人做出的，都应该更多地考虑到将来的条件
而不是眼前的条件。
212  "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.
"
212． 只要一个目标是值得去实现的，那么任何努力都是有理由的。
213  "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challeng
e the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with
others -- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a maj
or goal in every school."
213． 太多的重点放在教学生怎么挑战别人的主张上。实际上，培养妥协能力和与他人
共同工作的能力，也就是促成社会和谐的能力应该被作为每个学校的教育目标。
214  "Society should identify those children who have special talents and ab
ilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually
excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to rema
in undeveloped."
214． 社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和特殊能力的孩子，并在他们小时候就训练他们
，这样他们最终就能超越他们的同龄人。否则他们的特殊的潜能和可能就被浪费掉。
215  "The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effec
t of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single is
sue over a long period of time."
215． 当今社会大规模的视觉冲击使得人们在将来很长一段时间都不能对某个问题有清
晰全面的看法。（不确定）
216  "Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually
while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to a
nother."
216． 重大的发现和发明都是偶然的：通常情况下人们为了某个问题寻找答案，但往往
通过这个答案发现了另外的东西。
217  "In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists
must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions r
emain to be made."
217． 为了能有更成功的作品，科学家和学者必须首先研究那些别人已经取得的成功，
然后确定哪些成就是未做的但是需要做的。
218  "In order for any work of art -- whether film, literature, sculpture, o
r a song -- to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
218． 艺术作品要有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须能让大多数人们理解。
  
219  "Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of
large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to th
ink deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with -- much less cont
ribute to -- the quantity of information that is now available electronicall
y."
219． 现在计算机技术已经能快速地访问大量的信息，人们已经没有以前想的深了。他
们感觉根本无法，也没有意义去和现在电子设备的信息量相比。
220  "The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result
, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that spec
ialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."
220． 不断增长的信息迫使人们将其专业化。这样导致了不同领域之间的专业跨度太大
，以至于不同领域的专家很少能够彼此沟通。
221  "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusio
n that people in one period of time are significantly different from people
who lived at any other time in history."
221． 研究历史最明显的好处就是完全消除了这样的错觉，某个时代的人们与历史上另
一个时代的人有很大的差别。（不确定）
222  "Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education
must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."
222． 为了学习而学习已经是完全过时的理念。现在的教育是面向未来的并且有明确的
目标。
223  "Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with sch
ool or college."
223． 教育是个人的事情，与学校或者大学基本没有关系。
224  "Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."
224． 审查制度即使曾经公平过，也是很少见的。
225  "People often look for similarities, even between very different things
, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should
be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to ssomething else."
225． 即使两个事物有多么不同，有时甚至不知道这样做是有用的还是有害的，人们也
经常寻找它们的相似点。我们应该就事论事，避免把它拿去和其他事物比较。
226  "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront a
re more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessor
s. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experi
ence."
226． 人们错误地认为他们碰到的问题要比他们前辈碰到的问题更复杂、更具挑战性。
这个错觉最终会随着知识和经验的积累消失的。
227  "To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly indepe
ndent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challeng
e long-standing assumptions."
227． 为了保持活力，任何学术领域都需要有独立的思想家，这些人无视传统的已经确
立的边界，敢于挑战根深蒂固的思想。
228  "The best way to teach -- whether as an educator, employer, or parent -
- is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."
228． 最好的教育方法，不管是作为一个教育工作者、雇主还是父母，应该是表扬积极
的行为，忽视消极的行为。
229  "The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segment
s or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sens
e of the whole."
229． 学习新东西最好的方法就是研究很深的细节问题，而不是从一开始就试着要了解
全部。
230  "College students -- and people in general -- prefer to follow directio
ns rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminat
e as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."
230． 大学生和普通人都更喜欢跟随别人，而不是做出自己的决定。因此，大学应该尽
可能多地减少学生的选择面，提供给他们更明确的方面。
231  " 'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one shou
ld say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern requi
re or at least profit from intense focus."
231． 对所有事情的克制都是未经深思熟虑的。尽管有人会说：“大多数事情都要适度
。”因为人们关心的很多领域需要或者至少得益于高密度的关注。（不确定，很别扭）
  
232  "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment t
hat is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal be
cause it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back
by practical concerns."
232． 教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境。这种环境是很理想的，因为这
样学生们就可以不被外界干扰地研究重要的理论。
233  "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem t
o offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologie
s all too often distract from real learning."
233． 尽管技术革新，如录像机、计算机还有因特网好像给学校提供了更好的方法来指

243． 文明真正的价值反映在艺术家的创作上，而不是科学成就上。
244  "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even whe
n they claim to admire them."
244． 很多社会并不重视思想家，即使社会宣称很景仰这些思想家。

mniahUID: 118015

为什么有的有两个以上的解释，是翻译者也不确定吗，如第6题，its youth怎么理解