ISSUE之惊喜连连~

deerwishUID: 2209036

2.23

关于政治家需要遵守道德的方面很好论证，但政治家不道德的必要性就难论证了。
本文恰好供参考！
观点为Machiavelli's book: The Prince ——政治界历史上经典著作
文笔浅显易懂，格式贴近GRE作文（例如每段第一句TS），且出自老外手笔，原汁原味！
原文链接如下：
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/machiavelli.html

说明：Machiavelli's treatise on government was rejected with horror by almost all early readers, but it accurately describes the means which rulers have always used to remain in power.

Everyone understands how praiseworthy it is for a prince to remain true to his word and to live with complete integrity without any scheming. However, we've seen through experience how many princes in our time have achieved great things who have little cared about keeping their word and have shrewdly known the skill of tricking the minds of men; these princes have overcome those whose actions were founded on honesty and integrity.

It should be understood that there are two types of fighting: one with laws and the other with force. The first is most suitable for men, the second is most suitable for beasts, but it often happens that the first is not enough, which requires that we have recourse to the second. Therefore, it is necessary for a prince to know how to act both as a man and as a beast. This was signified allegorically to princes by the ancient writers: they wrote that Achilles and many other ancient princes were given to be raised and tutored by the centaur Chiron, who took custody of them and disciplined them. This can only mean, this trainer who was half beast and half man, that a prince needs to know how to use either one or the other nature, and the one without the other will never last.
用古代神话（半人马的Chiron掌管众神）说明，作为一个君王，必须半人半兽。

Since it is necessary for the prince to use the ways of beasts, he should imitate the fox and the lion, because the lion cannot defend himself from snares and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Therefore, it is important to be a fox in order to understand the snares and a lion in order to terrify the wolves. （这是一句在政治领域众人皆知的至理名言！）Those who choose only to be a lion do not really understand. Therefore, a prudent leader will not and should not observe his promises, when such observance will work against him and when the reasons for making the promise are no longer valid. If all men were good, this precept would not be good; but since men are evil and will not keep their word with you, you shouldn't keep yours to them.（不能总是遵守诺言的原因） Never has a prince lacked legitimate reasons to break faith. I could give you an infinite number of examples from modern times, and show you numerous peace treaties and promises that have been broken and made completely empty by the faithlessness of princes: these knew well how to use the ways of the fox, and they are the ones who succeed. But it is necessary to know how to hide this nature and to simulate a good character and to dissimulate: for the majority of men are simple and will only follow the needs of the present, so that the deceiver can always find someone he can deceive.
具体说明君王为什么不能太moral，因为周围坏人很多，而且大部分群众还是好骗的。

I'm not going to pass up（拒绝） a specific example from recent history. Alexander VI never did or thought about anything else except deceiving people and always found some reason or other to do it. There was never a man who was better at making assurances, or more eager to offer solemn promises, or who kept them less; yet he always succeeded in his deceptions beyond his wildest dreams, because he played his role in the world so well.
本段为上一段的例证，举Alexander VI的例子

Therefore, a prince doesn't need to have all the qualities mentioned earlier, but it is necessary that he appear to have them. I'll even add to this: having good qualities and always practicing them is harmful, while appearing to practice them is useful.（好的对比句） It's good to appear to be pious, faithful, humane, honest, and religious, and it's good to be all those things; but as long as one keeps in mind that when the need arises you can and will change into the opposite. It needs to be understood that a prince, and especially a prince recently installed, cannot observe all those qualities which make men good, and it is often necessary in order to preserve the state to act contrary to faity, contrary to mercy, contrary to humaneness, and contrary to religion. And therefore he needs a spririt disposed to follow wherever the winds of fortune and the variability of affairs leads him（大概可以翻译成见风使舵吧）. As I said above, it's necessary that he not depart from right but that he follow evil.
因此君王不必具有那些好品质，但是要看起来像是很道德。

A prince must take great care never to let anything come from his mouth that is not full of the above-mentioned five qualities, and he must appear to all who see and hear him to be completely pious, completely faithful, completely honest, completely humane, and completely religious. And nothing is more important than to appear to have that last quality. Men judge more by their eyes than by their hands, because everyone can see but few can feel. Everyone can see how you appear, few can feel what you are, and these few will not dare to oppose the opinion of the multitude when it is defended by the majesty of the state. In actions of all men, especially princes, where there is no recourse to justice, the end is all that counts. A prince should only be concerned with conquering or maintaining a state, for the means will always be judged to be honorable and praiseworthy by each and every person, because the masses always follow appearances and the outcomes of affairs, and the world is nothing other than the masses. The few do not find a place wherever the masses are supported. There is a certain prince of our own time, whom it would not be wise to name, who preaches nothing except peace and faith, and yet is the greatest enemy of both; and if he had observed one or the other, he already would have lost both his reputation and his state many times over.
继续论证上一节——要看起来道德，这样能让大多数人相信你，少部分真正知道你底细的就寡不敌众了。

感想：
好词好句真多！
大多数群众：the multitude; the masses
另外看上去简直就像是写GRE的人写的~~~这么规整~~~hoho

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2.24
ISSUE127，Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.
出处为John Adams——美国第一任副总统和第二任总统的名人名言，原话为：

Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence.
         John Adams, 'Argument in Defense of the Soldiers in the Boston Massacre Trials,' December 1770
         US diplomat & politician (1735 - 1826)  

所以立论时最好是positive的哦~
用处嘛~~~至少可以把这句话背下来，作为例证，也可以用在别的类似issue中作名人名言使用~

John Adams，约翰亚当斯，不是什么知名人物。
Learned and thoughtful, John Adams was more remarkable as a political philosopher than as a politician. He penned his Thoughts on Government (1776), the most influential of all political pamphlets written during the constitution-writing period.

Ironically,  he made the comment, according to the conservative Heritage Foundation (a source I'd normally double-check), in defense of the British soldiers on trial for the "Boston Massacre," Dec. 4, 1770. ("The Founders’ Almanac," by Matthew Spalding, Heritage Foundation, 2002, p. 204)
（具体我也不太懂的美国历史。。。）


详见以下链接
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-adams

[ 本帖最后由 deerwish 于 2007-2-24 23:16 编辑 ]

森林116UID: 2272614

太感谢了!!!!

chongxinlaiUID: 2235209

不错,收下了

welcomebsUID: 2235250

3x

aunknownUID: 2173661

挺不错的,帮楼主顶起来,让更多的人看到:handshake

britcow123UID: 2272376

有价值
谢谢

hecrazyUID: 2230858

不错啊，楼主
好像Issue8，167，169 都是“政治与道德”方面的题目

liupsychologistUID: 2306117

3x

iq28UID: 2152875

正好我这方面类似于文盲哈哈
顶了

siyuandingUID: 2154137

这篇文章的确很不错，帮顶！

deerwishUID: 2209036

自己顶个，嘻嘻~

UnremittingWayUID: 2303563

good item, up