〖TOEFL 2009上半年-Dark_Tournament听力组〗m2zhy的听力备考日志贴

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1989-01-p2:

We are rapidly nearing the end of this course in the history of classical music.

We have covered several centuries in a very short time.

Much too short to do the music justice, of course, but then this is a surface course.

From now until the end of the term, we'll be talking about and listening to electronic music.

You probably already know (that) it was in the 1950s that musical computers and synthesizers first appeared in universities.

The first commercial synthesizers were(was) sold about this time too.

The sophistication and complexity of these instruments has now increased to the point that they can produce almost any kind of sound.

Some alarmists believe these new instruments will(would) bring an end to classical music or they've already have.

You know I don't share this view, though(nor) I agree we(with) are in the midst of(mistera) revolution in instrument design.

This, however, is not the first such revolution in musical history and probably not the last one either.

Remember we've already studied(started) a(the) similar case in the early 19th century.

When the piano replaced the harpsicord and modern brass and(in) wind instrument came into being(live).

One of the most important reasons for(with) the great popularity of (the) electronic instruments is, of course, their relatively cheap price.

Well, just look at it.

Only about 400 dollars for an electronic key board, compared to nearly 3000 dollars for a piano.

Naturally, this has done a lot to(is on the l) increase sales of electronic instruments.

But I don't think even the most ardent supporters of electronic instruments expect them to completely replace acoustic instruments.

1989-05-p3:

Let's look back in(the) history to an(the) earlier way of life.

At(And) one time children didn't have to learn any more than how to cope with their physical environment.

They have to learn to be careful around moving objects to draw(grow) back when they got too close to something dangerous.

They didn't need a special school to learn these(new) things other than the school of(the) experience, nor was(with) the school necessary for them to learn how to survive.

Because their parents taught(told) them all they need to know about how to hunt and to till the soil(into the til soil).

But as the society became more complex, people depended more on others who were living far away.

So it (Some) became important for children to learn, to read, and write.

When money was created, they need to learn to count and calculate.

Children had to(has) know these(this) things in(and) order to survive in this(these) new expanded(expected) environment.

Because such skills could not be learned simply from(to) first-hand(first tend) experiences, schools became necessary, so that(the) children could be taught what(but) we now called the three Rs(are):
reading, wirting and arithmetic.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1990-05-p3:

Today, I will be talking about the invention of the camera and photography.

The camera is often thought to be a modern invention.

But as early as 1727, a Geman physicist discovered that light darkened silver salt, a chemical compond.

Using as a camera, a big box with a small hole to let the light in, he made temporary images on the salt.

Silver salt is still the base of(basic) film today.

Then a French scientist made the first permanent picture by using a special piece of metal sensitized(sythetized) with silver salt.

A photography he made in 1826 still exists.

The painter Dagera(they gare) improved on the process by placing common salt, the kind we eat, on the metal.

This was in 1839, the official date of the beginning of potography.

But the problem was the printing of the potographs.

And it wasn't until other scientists developed the kind of paper we now use that good printing was possible and photography became truely modern.

In 1860s, M R was able to take his famous pictures of the American Civil War, thus making portrait poses very popular.

In the 20th century, George Eastman of United States, simplified(simply find) film developing and Edwards Land(dra with land) invented so called instant camera with self-developing(soft developing) film.

If we say(said) that the photography came into existence in 1839, it follows that it has(is) taken more than 100 years for the camera to reach its(the) present condition of technical refinement.

1990-08-p3:

Today I would like to talk about the early days of movie making in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Before the pioneering films of
D.W. G, film makers were limited by several misguided conventions of the era.

According to(the) one, the camera was always fixed at a(the) view point(viewpoint) corresponding to that of the spectator(espectator) in the theatre, a position now known as the long shot.

It was another convention that the position of the camera never changed in the middle of a(the) scene.

In last week's films, we saw how G ignore both these limiting conventions and brought the camera closer to the actor.

This shot now know as a(the) full shot was considered (a) revolutionary at the time.

"For love of gold" was the name of the film in which we saw the first use of the full shot.

After progressing from the long shot to the full shoot, the next logical step for G was to bring in the camera still closer, in what is now called the close up.

The close up had been used(a news) before though(the) only rarely and merely(nearly) as a visual stunt(vision start), as for example, in Edqaed Asport's( and end s porters) "the Great Train Roggery(Tree O)" which was(is) made in 1903.

But, not until 1908 in G 's movie called "After many years" was the dramatic potential of the close up first exploited.

In the scene from "after many years" that we are about to see, pay special attention to the close up of Any Lee's worried face as she awaits her husband's return.

In 1908, this close up shocked everyone(shot e won) in the Biogress Studio.

But G had no time for argument.

He had another surprise even more radical to offer.

Immediately following the close up Any, he inserted a(the) picture of the object of her thoughts: her husband cast away on a(the) desert isle.

This cutting from one scene to another without finishing either of them brought a torrent of criticism on the experimenter.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1991-05-p2:

Mark Twain, who wrote the story we are going to read, travel quite a lot often because circumstances usually financial circumstances forced him to. He was born in C M in 1835 and move to H M with his family when he was about four years old. Most people think he was born in H, but that(the fact) isn't true. After his father died when he was about 12, Twain worked in H for a while and then left so he could(can) earn more money. He worked for a while as a typesetter on various newspapers(Very Need Papers) and then got a job as a river pilot on the Mississippi. Twain loved this job and many of his books show it. The river job didn't last however, because the outbreak of the Civil War.

Twain was in the federate(confederay) army for just two weeks and then he and his(the) whole company went west to get away from the war and the army.

In Nevada(the V) in California, Twain prospected for silver and gold without much luck, but this succeed him as a writer.

Once(When) that happened, Twain travel around the country giving lecture and earning enough money to go to Europe. Twain didn't travel much the last ten years of his life and he didn't publish much either.

Somehow his travel even when forced(went foest), inspired(and spired) his writings.

Like many other popular writers, Twain derived much of his materials for his writing from the wealth and diversity(wild and versity) of his own personal experence.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1992-08-p3:

Today I would like to begin by discussing early European settlement along one of our well-known rivers---the H, which empties(jumps) into the Atlantic to form New York bay(today).
The H river has a couple of interesting physical features that made it very attractive for settlement by the Europeans. The first is that the river extends inland from the Atlantic Ocean for more than 150 miles with no water-falls or rapids. Its surface is virtually flat for(within) that entire distance with no obstacles. Second, the whole 150 miles strench is influenced by tides from the Atlantic Ocean. Roughly every six hours the river reverses the direction. Flowing north(noise) when the tide is rising and south toward the ocean when the tide is going down. Obviously, there were no obstacles to prevent settlers from moving further upstream on(upstraight along) the H river, and this explained why the Douch penetrated so far inland. They were the first Europeans to settle in the H velley. Of course, to go upstream(upstraight), the Douch settlers needed the right kind of boat, and so to navigate the river, they designed
a(the) sloop with only one mast but with two sails, one rigged in front of the masst and one behind. The mast was very tall, in many cases over 100 feet tall, so that the large sales could catch winds blowing above the shore line hills. H river sloops carried passengers and cargo. The cargo ranging(range in) from coal, lumber, and hay to fruit, vegetables and livestock. Traveling only ten miles an hour in a good wind, the sloop was not too speedy by modern standards, but was ideally suited to the Douch settlement. And in fact when the steam boat eventually was introduced, it could't keep up with the sloop.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1993-01-p2:
To play their music well, jazz musicians don't really need to know a lot about rules of harmony(pa) and rhythm. Of course, they might have a knowledge of both harmony and rhythm, but that kind of knowledge isn't what make them good jazz musicians. What does make them good is having an intuitive feeling for how the music works. For artists in(and) the medium of jazz, the music comes naturally. It flows almost spontaneously through them. Their music performance is not planned in advance. As they play, they don't monitor themselves in term of a formal theory of(serious) performance. As a result, jazz is a natual expression of the moods and feelings of the artists, a moment by moment expression of the self(itself). Now you are in for a treat(infer treat). I brought some recordings of my favorite jazz artists. We'll spend some time listening to some examples of really good jazz.

1993-10-p2:

Three developments in the United States higher education that you are benefiting from today, started more than a century ago following the Civil War. The first of these was(is) the rapid growth of technological and professional education, to lead the urgence(?????)
of complex industry and urban society, new schools of technology, engineering, architecture, law, and medicine. Second was the provision for graduate study, such as what had long existed in France and Germany. Harward and John H university quickly took the lead in this field, but the states universities did not lag far behind. Third was the increased provision for the education of women. This included the estalishment of new women's colleges such as
W, W and S, and the adoption of co-education in the all the new states universities up side the sile(????), as well as in many private institutions. This development, the growth of technological and professional education, the provision for graduate study, and the increased educational oportunities for women, begun over a century ago, continue to this day, well over ten decades since the end of the Civil War.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1995-08-p5:

To us, the environment in which fish dwell(do well) often seems cold, dark and mysterious. But there(they) are advantages to live in water. And they've played an important role in making fish what they are. One is that (the) water isn't subject to sudden temperature changes. Therefore it makes (it) an excellent habitat for a cold blooded animal. Another advantage is the water's ability to easily support body weight. Protoplasm has approximately the same density as water. So a fish in water is almost weightless. This weightlessness in turn means two things: one, a fish can get along with a light weight and simple bone structure. And two, limitations to a fish's size are pratically removed. Yet, there is one basic difficulty to live in water, the fact that it is incompressible. For a fish to move through water, it must acturally shove it aside(the side). Most can do this by wiggling back and forth in snake-like motion. The fish pushes (the) water aside by the forward motion of its head and with a curve(curving) of its body and its flexible tail. Next, the water flows back along the fish's narrowing size, closing at(end) the tail, and helping the fish propel itself(to propeler side) forward.

1995-12-p5:

So why did what is now called modern dance begin in the United States? To begin to answer this question I'll need to back track a little bit and talk about classical ballet. By the late 1900s, ballet had lost a lot of its popularity. Most of the baleet dancers who performed in the United States were brought over from Europe. They performed using the rigid(to use the riched) techniques that had been(and then) passed down through the centuries. Audiances and dancers in the United States were eager for their own contemporary dance form. And so around 1900, dancers created one. So how was this modern dancer so different from classical ballet. Almost(Were most) notably, it wasn't carefully choreographed. Instead, the dance depended on the improvisation and free personal expression of the dancers. Music and scenery were little of importance to the modern dance. And lightness(likeness) of movement wasn't important either. In fact, modern dancers made no attempt at all to conceal(consume) the effert involved in the dance step. But even if improvisation appealed to audiances, many dance critics were lest enthusiastic(????) about the performances. They questioned the artistic(they are tisticly) integrity of dancers who were not professional trained and the artistic(they are tisticly) value of works that had no formal structure. L F, after performing "fire dance", was described as doing little more than turning round and round like an eggbeater. Yet, the free personal expression of the pioneer dancers is the basis(base) of the controled freedom of modern dance today.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1996-01-p3:

In 1871, the first passenger elevators were used in office buildings and allowed(a lot of) architects to build higher than people could comfortably walk. Another innovation was in building technique. In 1885, the steel skeleton was introduced and allowed for(to) the construction of tall building that could withstand high winds. We take for granted some of the other inventions(extentions) that enable people to live and work in skyscapers. For example, few people realized that the telephone was necessary for vertical communication and that flush toilet and vacuum incinerator made waste disposal possible. Now, as we entered the age of the super skyscraper, some with more than 200 floors, we see the need for even more technological innovations. In(Take) the aera of heating and cooling system for example. For all their benefit, these super tall buildings do cause problems though. For one thing, they place enormous(the normouse) train on parking and traffic row in urban areas. So let's leave behind these(the) technical concerns and move on to consider some of the design elements that come to characterize the age of skyscraper.

1996-01-p5:

If you flew over certain parts of Nebraska Texas by plane, you might notice some large areas appearing as bright green circles many hundreds of feet across. This green is unsusal in the high plains area where the climate is very dry. These green patches are the result of a new technique for(from) mining undergroud water. In this technique, miners bore deep hole in the ground until they reach a special geological formation called aquifer. The water which is collected in these aquifers for(were) hundreds of years is called fossil water or ground water. It's pumped up through the bored hole and sprayed over the land to irrigate the crops. Raising crops such as cotton and wheat watered in this way creates the fertile(fetal) green areas that contrast vividly with the natural brown(ground) of the plain. Crop yields have increased dramaticly. However, they've created a serious environmental problem. The problem is that the water is(was) being removed from many aquifers faster than it can be replenished naturally. Ground water level has dropped rapidly and it's becoming more difficult and expensive to get this water. In some parts of Texas, water levels in some of the(these) aquifers have declined by more 400 feet in 25 years. This process of using water faster than it can be replaced is wide-spread and serious.

1996-05-p3:

As the beginning of the century, the railroads were used to haul(hold) everything. Powerful(Half of the) railroad barons made fortunes without having to be accountable to(acomfortable) the public or considering the customers. But cars and trucks changed all of that(the bet). And by 1970, the rail industry was beset with problems. Trucks were taking all the new business. And even so, the rail industry remained indifferent to(was named in different) customers. Also, many regulations kept the rail industry from adjusting(the justing) to shifting market. But in 1980, the rail industry entered(at) the modern era when a(the) deregulation bill(build) was passed that allowed railroad companies to make quick adjustment to fees and(fit these) practices. Companies reduced their lines by one third and used fewer(usual) employees. They also took steps to minimize the damage to product. And to increase their shipping capacity by stacking free containers on railroad cars. To accomodate these taller loads, underpasses and tunnels were enlarged(than tenal very larged). The image of the rail industry has changed dramatically. Today, companies are very responsive to customers and are gaining(again) increasing (a) market shares in the shipping industry. The railroad safety record is also strong. Freight(Free) trains have an accident rate(accidently) that is only one third that of the truck industry. Trains also come out ahead of trucks on (the) environmental grounds, because they give off only one tenth to one third pollution that is emitted(needed) by trucks. And railroading does not wear out high ways as(that) truck do.

1996-N01-p5:
In the late 1400s, when C C returned to Spain from the western hemisphere, he brought with him a sample of what the native Amecans called maze or as we call it more often today corn. The corn that C introduced to Europe was a distant descentent of a grass native to Mexico. The people of the Americans probably started to domesticate this grass as early as 5000 B.C.. After about a thousand years, they had developed a highly productive strands of corn which later became the basis for the great pre-C civilization. Figuratively(To figuerly) speaking, both the city of Incas and temples of the Mayas were built on corn. Domesticated (the) corn and people who cultivated it developed together. Without human to care for it, domesticated corn could not survive. The kernels are crowded together beneath the strong protective(protected) husk and silk. And young corn shoot is not strong enough to break through the husk on its own. If people did not strip away the husk and plant (the) individual kernels, the corn would die out.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1997-08-p5:

You may remember that a few weeks ago, we discussed the question of what photography is. Is it art? Or is it a method of reproducing images. Do photographs belong museums or just in our homes? Today, I want to talk about a person who try to make his professional life an(and) answer to such questions. A S went from the United States to Germany to study engineering. While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most potographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in (the) windows. When he returned to the United States, he continued these revolutionary efforts. S was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an(the) airplane. What S was trying to do in his(these) photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life, make photography an art. He thought that photography could be just as a good form of self expression as painting or drawing. For S, his camera was his brush. While(For) many photographers of(in) the late 1800s and early 1900s thought(lots) of their work as a(were) reproduction of identical images, S saw(thought) his as a creative art form. He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment. In fact he never retouched his prints(prince) or made copies of them. If he were(was) in this classroom today, I'm sure he'd( will) say:"Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do(still) they?"

1997-10-p5:

I'm glad you brought up the question of(over) our investigations into the makeup of the earth's interior. In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these last few minutes of class talking about it. There were several important discoveries in the early part of this century that help geologists develop a more accurate picture of the earth's interior. The first key dicovery has to do with the seismic waves. Remember they are the vibrations caused by earthquakes. Well, scientists found that they travel thousands of miles through the earth's interior. This finding enabled geologists to study the inner part of the earth. You see, these studies(the study) revealed that these vibrations were two types: compression or p-waves, and shear or s-waves. And researchers found that p-waves travel through both liquids and solids while s-waves travel only through solid matter. In 1906, a British geologist discovered that p-waves slowed down at a certain depth but kept traveling deeper. On the other hand, s-waves either disappeared or were reflected back. So he concluded that the depth marked the(must be a) boundary between a(the) solid mantle and a liquid core. Three years later, another boundary was discovered, that between the mantle and the earth's crust. There are still a lot to be learned about the earth. For instance, geologists know that the core is hot. Evidence of this is molten lava that flows out of volcanoes. But we are still not sure what the source of the heat is.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1998-01-p3:
By the end of the term, I hope you will be(can) convinced, as I am, that fomal writing always requires revision. Sometimes it requires a fairly major rewriting of the paper. Some students have the (has a) mistaken idea that revision means(revisioning) simply making corrections in(and) spelling and(in) grammar. I call that proof reading. What I expect you to do with your revise is to evaluate and improve the overall effectiveness of your paper. But can you tell if your paper is effective? Well, for example, start(stop) by asking youself these questions. Is the topic restricted enough to be fully(follow the) discussed within the given length(lank)? Are the main ideas clear? Are they supported by specific details and examples? Do they move smoothly from one idea to the next? You need enough time for a possible major overhaul. That is you may have to make a lot of changes before your paper becomes really clear to the reader. So I'll expecte a preliminary draft of each paper two weeks before the final due date. That way, I can criticize it and get it back in time for you to revise it. Then you can submit a final draft for grading. This process may seem like a great deal of trouble at first, but I think you'll find it valuable. In fact, after you finish this course, I doubt that you'll ever turn in a term paper without first revising it carefully.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1998-05-p4:

I'm going to introduce two current points of view about the motivation for writing the United State Constitution back in 1787. The first one is called the idealist view. The idealists basically believed that the writters of the Constitution were motivated by ideas. Which ideas? The ideas of the revolutionary war, such as liberty and democracy(market safe). The idealists reminded us that the young coutry had a lot of problems: an(the) ntatives needed to control these problems in order for the United States to survive. The other point of view is the economic depression, a large war debts(death), (the) lawlessness and trade barriers between the states. They argued that the represeeconomic view. The economic view is(was) that the writters of the Constitution were concerned about their own financial interests(anciecous). According to them, most of people were living wealth(well), but the weathiest people were afaid of losing their money. The writters wanted a(the) strong central government that would promote (the) trade, protect private property, and perhaps most of all collect taxes to pay off the United States' large war debts(death). Because a number of those who wrote the Constitution had loaned money to the government during the revolution. Which view is correct? Well, historians who worte during the calm and prosperous 1950s foudn(five) reasons to believe the idealists view. Those who wrote during the trouble of(in) 1960s, found support for the economic viewpoint. I'd say that neither of the views is complete, both the idealist and economic perspective contribute a part to the whole picture.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1999-01-p5:

Ok, in the last class, we talked about the classification of trees and we ended up(about) with a basic description of angiosperm. You remember that those are plants with true flowers and seeds that develop inside fruits. The(A) common broad leaf trees we have on campus fall into this category. But(Er,) our(a) pines don't. Now I hope you all(you'll) followed my advice and wore comfortable shoes because as I(I've) said today we are going to do a little field study. To get started, let me describe a couple of broad leaf trees we have in front of us. I'm sure you've all noticed that this big tree next to Breet Hall. It's a black walnut that must be 80 feet tall. As a matter of fact, there is a plaque( it is a plank) identifying it is the(a) tallest black walnut in the state(sit). And from here, we can see the beatiful archway of the trees at(of) the commons. They are American elms. The ones
along(belong) the commons were(was) planted when the college was founded 120 years ago. They have (the) distinctive dark green leaves that look lopsided because the two sides of the leaf are(is) unequal. I want you to notice(know) the elm right outside the Jackson Hall. Some of its leaves have withered and turned(into) yellow, maybe due to (the) Douch elm disease. Only a few branches seem affective so far, but if this tree is sick, it'll have(it has) to be cut down. Well, let move on and I'll describe what we see as we go.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

1999-05-p4:

It was an Italian inventor who created the first wireless device for sending out radio signals in 1895. But not until the American inventor L Df build the first amplifying(applified) vacuum tube(too) in 1906 did(that) we get the first radio as we know it. And the first actural radio broadcast was made on Cristmas Even of 1906. That's when(one) someone working from an experimental station in Brand Rock, Massachusetts, arranged the program of two(to) short musical selections of poem and brief(bring) holiday greeting. The broadcast was heard by wairless operators on ships with a radio through several hundred miles. The following year, Df began regular radio broadcast in New York. These(This) programs were(was) similar to much of what we hear on the radio today in that Df played only music. But because there was(they were) still no home radio recievers, Df's audience consisted only of wireless operators on ships in New York harbor. There is no doubt that radio broadcasting was quite(called) a novelty in those days. But it took a while to catch on commercially. Why? Hmm, for(But) the simple fact (is) that only a few people, in fact, olny those who tinkered with wireless telegraphs as a hobby owned recievers. It wasn't until the 1920s that someone envisioned mass appeal for radio. This was radio pioneer D S, who predicted that one day there would be a radio reciever in every home.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

2000-01-p3:

It may seem strange that we'll be discussing music from a Broadway production in this class. and the Lion King especially, since it's based on a popular Hollywood movie. I mean music preformed for(from) Broadway theater in the heart of New York city, surely would seem to be in the western tradion of popular music, and not have much in common with music we've been studing in this course, such as gamelan music of Indonesia and Zulu chants of south Africa, music developed outside of the western tradition of Europe and(European) American. But in fact, musicans have a long standing tradition of borrowing from one another's cultures. And this production's director intentionally included both western and non-western music. That way, some of the rhythms, instruments, hamonies, typical of non-western music contrast with and complement popular music more familar to audiences in North American and Europe, music like rock, jazz and broadway style show tones. So, I want to spend the rest of this class and most of next one on the music from the show "the Lion King" as a way of summarizing some of the techonical distinctions between typical western music and non-western music that we've been studing. Now, the Afican influence on the music is clear, the story takes place in Africa. So the director got a South African composer to write songs with a(that were) distinctly African sound. And songs even include words from African language. But we'll get back to the African influence later. First, let's turn to the music with written for the shadow puppet scenes(sing) in "the Lion King", music based on the Indonesian music used in the shadow puppet theater of that region.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

2000-01-p4:

In anciet times, many people believed the earth was(is) a flat disk. Well(For all) over 2,000 years ago, the anciet Greek philosophers were able to put forward two good arguments proving that it was not. Direct observation of heavenly bodies was(with) the basis of both these aruguments(designment). First, the Greeks knew that during the eclipses of the moon, the earth was(is) between the sun and the moon, and they saw that during these(the) eclipses, the earth's shadow on the moon was alway round. They realized that this could(it g) be true only if the earth was spherical. If the earth was a flat disk, then its shadow during the eclipses would(was) not be a perfect circle, it would be streched out into a long ellipse. The second argument was based on what the Greek saw during their travels. They noticed that the North Star or Polairs appeared lower in the sky when they traveled south, in more northerly(they more n) regions the North Star appeared to them to be much higher in the sky. By the way(That way), it was also from this(there were also found) differences in the apparent position of the North Star that the Greek first calculated the approximate distance around the circumference of(sun and) the earth. A figure recorded in(Of a figura recuted) ancient documents
says(said) 400,000 stadia, that's the plural of the word stadiam. Today, it's not known exactly what length one stadium represents, but let's say it was(it's) about 200 meters, the length of many athletic statiums. This would make the Greek's(It made a great) estimate(estimatement) about twice the figure accepted(set) today, a very good estimate(estimatement) for those writing so long even befoer the first telescope was invented.

m2zhyUID: 2440721

2000-05-p3:

Ok, er, you remember I've mentioned that it's important to read the assigned poems aloud, so you can develop an appreciation of the sounds of the poetry. The rhymes, the rhythm, the repitition of the words or(you) sounds, and to get a sense of the interplay between the sounds of the words and their(the) meaning. This is really ciritical as we move into(moving to) modern poetry, especically by writers who place(play) so much importance on sounds that the meaning becomes all better relavant. Like(Write) this line by G S that I'd like to quote. Listen, listen as I say the words. "Rose is a rose, is a rose, is a rose." Taken literally, this would seem to be an empty statement, one which gives us no information. But the porpuse of a poem need not be to inform the reader of(reviewer) anything, but rather to evoke feeling. To create a sensual as well as phonically pleasing experence.(???????) Now, G S was better known for her prose than for her poems. But I'd like to quote this line becasue of its musicality and because I think it helps open up our awareness to the unconventional lyricism of contempary poets. You'll see this in your homework tonight as you read the poetry of John A especially if you read it out loud(aloud) which I recommend you do. Poets like A don't rely so much on any(the) formal rhyme scheme(write skills) or meter as on the musical quality of the individual words themselves. As I said, S was better known for her non-poetical works. And now I'd like to touch briefly on her essay entitled "composition and explanation". This work(will) deals with her theory of writing and will help to explain some of the things we've been taling about.