【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

miki7catUID: 2533330

*Topic sentences reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

*Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

*TS的形式
:Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long.
:There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take.

1.复合句contains both subordinate and independent
2.提问 Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
3.桥接 Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."
4.Pivots. Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."

nvligreUID: 2689384

很好很实用谢谢斑竹

nvligreUID: 2689384

nvligre的学习笔记[/img]
topic sentence and signposting
一. topic sentence
Topic sentences  reveal the main point of a paragraph.Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long, If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further.
Forms of Topic Sentences
1.Complex sentences(复合句）。可以起过渡作用，也可进行转折。还可构成并列。根据所写的句子来起到不同的作用。
２．Questions.根据提问对作者的观点进行反驳。
３．Bridge sentences，与上文形成关联。承上启下的作用。
４．Pivots.转折，与上文观点形成对比。
二.Signposts
the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.

leo_lionUID: 2672679

谢谢

kulewy531UID: 2603031

Topic Sentences and Signposting


        Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences  reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.  

        Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How do the phenomenons you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

１．Complex sentences.  Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

     Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.  
Jan Vermeer：巴洛克时期的荷兰画家，由于当时奢华风的风靡。维梅尔的朴素之风不被认可，以致大多数的画都是在死后卖出的，但他善于利用光影的色彩细微变化作画，可谓与现在的光学照相机相比，代表作有《倒牛奶的女人》，《戴珍珠耳环的少女》等等，可惜英年早逝，还欠下了一大笔债留给了妻儿，直到很久以后才被人发觉他的画的艺术价值。
This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.  The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps（翻新） information from previous paragraphs; The independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Realistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").  

２．Questions.  （提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).  Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

３．Bridge sentences.  Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."  

４．Pivots.  Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Narcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug（the color purple中的两个主人公）"); After following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

Questions和pivots的方法还没有试过，下次争取试试

Signposts

Signposts（路标、点题） operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.  

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of（支持） direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:
Zola 法国作家和批评家，他在小说中是自然主义的主要倡议者，作品包括二十本的系列小说《鲁贡玛卡家族》 （1871-1893年），还有一封为阿尔弗列德•德雷福斯辩护的公开信“我控诉”(1898年）
     It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif（主题） fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.  （最后这一句真是长啊，看了半天才似懂非懂）

体会：段落的TS要时刻注意“点题”的使用，以使文章更紧凑

橄榄娃娃UID: 2735202

7.Topic Sentences and Signposting

文章的三层次模型（有意思）

First--------thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure

Middle-----Topic sentences and signposts

Last-------- sentence-level editing and polishing

TS定义

Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They argue rather than report.

Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction.

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long

you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take（要注意使用多种形式的TS）

１．Complex sentences.
（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

应用在：always move from old to new information

２．Questions.
（提问---开头提出问题后文解答）

Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

３．Bridge sentences.

４．Pivots.

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph.

When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."

信号词："but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face.

Signposts

Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay.

Blithe0404UID: 2738704

Thank you,moderator first and then comes my note in this text.

Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.



Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

１．Complex sentences.
Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）


Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.


This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.
The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Ôrealistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").


２．Questions.
（提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).
Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
３．Bridge sentences.
承上启下
４．Pivots.
Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). （需转折指示词："but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence）. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

Signposts
Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.


Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:


It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

rushtosummer的学习笔记（7）
Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. They occupy a middle ground in the writing process.
Topic sentences

They reveal the main point of a paragraph and show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.
Forms of Topic Sentences
Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?
1.
Complex sentences.

Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）Complex sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.

2.
Questions.（提问）
Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts). Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
3.
Bridge sentences.

Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses.
4.
Pivots.

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence. The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.
Signposts
Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed within the claims of the thesis.
Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

复习留名~~

城市逐风UID: 2828344

看看哦，好像很有用

张寄托UID: 3647480

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