【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors

草木也知愁UID：2487572

适量的比喻对于行文的明晰很有帮助 同时，还能增加文章的亮点 ETS在对官方范文的comments中也多次指出这点 大家学习一下这些 争取能在自己的文章中应用一些 但是，注意，一定要适量 always remembering that: from GRE reading passage Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned. Using Metaphors in Creative Writing What is a metaphor? The term metaphor meant in Greek "carry something across" or "transfer," which suggests many of the more elaborate definitions below: a comparison between two things, based on resemblance or similarity, without using "like" or "as" most dictionaries and textbooks the act of giving a thing a name that belongs to something else Aristotle the transferring of things and words from their proper signification to an improper similitude for the sake of beauty, necessity, polish, or emphasis Diomedes a device for seeing something in terms of something else Kenneth Burke understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another John Searle a simile contracted to its smallest dimensions Joseph Priestly

Related terms extended or telescoping metaphor: A sustained metaphor. The teacher descended upon the exams, sank his talons into their pages, ripped the answers to shreds, and then, perching in his chair, began to digest. implied metaphor: A less direct metaphor. John swelled and ruffled his plumage (versus John was a peacock) mixed metaphor: The awkward, often silly use of more than one metaphor at a time. To be avoided! The movie struck a spark that massaged the audience's conscience. dead metaphor: A commonly used metaphor that has become over time part of ordinary language. tying up loose ends, a submarine sandwich, a branch of government, and most clichés simile: A comparison using "like" or "as" Her face was pale as the moon. metonym: The substitution of one term for another with which it is commonly associated or closely related. the pen is mightier than the sword, the crown (referring to a Queen or King), hands (referring to workers who use their hands), synecdoche: The substitution of a part for the whole or vice versa (a kind of metonym). give us this day our daily bread

Why use metaphors? They enliven ordinary language. People get so accustomed to using the same words and phrases over and over, and always in the same ways, that they no longer know what they mean. Creative writers have the power to make the ordinary strange and the strange ordinary, making life interesting again. They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation. When readers or listeners encounter a phrase or word that cannot be interpreted literally, they have to think--or rather, they are given the pleasure of interpretation. If you write "I am frustrated" or "The air was cold" you give your readers nothing to do--they say "so what?" On the other hand, if you say, "My ambition was Hiroshima, after the bombing," your readers can think about and choose from many possible meanings. They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words. By writing "my dorm is a prison," you suggest to your readers that you feel as though you were placed in solitary, you are fed lousy food, you are deprived of all of life's great pleasures, your room is poorly lit and cramped--and a hundred other things, that, if you tried to say them all, would probably take several pages. They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary. There are many gaps in language. When a child looks at the sky and sees a star but does not know the word "star," she is forced to say, "Mommy, look at the lamp in the sky!" Similarly, when computer software developers created boxes on the screen as a user interface, they needed a new language; the result was windows. In your poems, you will often be trying to write about subjects, feelings, etc. so complex that you have no choice but to use metaphors. They are a sign of genius. Or so says Aristotle in Poetics: "[T]he greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor." It is "a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars." Creative ways to use metaphors Most books give rather boring examples of metaphors such as my father is a bear or the librarian was a beast. However, in your poetry (and fiction for that matter) you can do much more than say X is Y, like an algebraic formula. Definitely play with extended metaphors (see above) and experiment with some of the following, using metaphors... as verbs The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile. as adjectives and adverbs Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion. as prepositional phrases The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye. as appositives or modifiers On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge. Examples Scratching at the window with claws of pine, the wind wants in. Imogene Bolls, "Coyote Wind" What a thrill--my thumb instead of an onion. The top quite gone except for a sort of hinge of skin....A celebration this is. Out of a gap a million soldiers run, redcoats every one. Sylvia Plath, "Cut" The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes. Robert Frost, "Once by the Pacific" Little boys lie still, awake wondering, wondering delicate little boxes of dust. James Wright, "The Undermining of the Defense Economy"

资源来源地http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
推荐大家可以去看看
恩...要是想省事的话，我每次做的都是一个帮大家整理分析的过程

i2000sUID：2108019

Eg：
This tip is a lamp for my feet, ever shining on my path to GRE exam.

berninaUID：2503038

我喜欢metaphors

米饭袜子UID：2532172

额。。。这个对米饭还很难，慢慢学习~

cicialiceUID：2594855

from GRE reading passage

Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned.

ETS同时指出了修辞的优点和缺点，合理的使用可以使观点入木三分，但是若使用不恰当，必会削弱议论文的可信度~

3W分析：
什么是metaphors？
blabla的定义~。。。。。。

我们为什么要用metaphors呢？这里是重点！
They enliven ordinary language. 与那么多人，包括英语是母语的人竞争，要想取得高分我们当然要避免平庸~语言要高级而非花哨~They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.与平铺直叙相比，使用了修辞方法的语言更能引起readers的注意；合理使用赢得readers的欣赏！They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words. 最核心的原因！They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.在强调客观公正的文章里适当加入点主观的元素，文章更加有血有肉~They are a sign of genius.哈哈~~~
我们怎么用？

as verbs	The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile.
as adjectives and adverbs	Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.
as prepositional phrases	The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.
as appositives or modifiers	On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.

QuincySMUID：2162088

Date: 11/14/2009
Topic: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors
Reference:  https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-942609-1-1.html

开头那段从GRE阅读里摘录的话很有思考意义。过分的修辞和议论文似乎不那么统一。但是我觉得一个恰当的比喻是我们这些非母语作者进行良好说理的较好方式之一。

Why use metaphors?

They enliven ordinary language.
They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.
They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.
They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.
They are a sign of genius.

海王泪UID：2673613

16 Metaphors

from GRE reading passage
“Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned.”

呵呵··长难句，真是消极的观点，修辞的艺术从被人质疑其价值到被完全的谴责否认。。。
的确是，很多人就滥用类比抨击社会问题，居然有人还跟着觉得有道理。。
不过，也未必就那么消极，用得好··肯定是亮点。

灵机一动，借题发挥，还望指证：

语言的灭绝 赞成保留：
1语言间的替代就像自然界的生物一样是物竞天择，没必要政府人为干预它的消亡或发展。
2失去一种动物仅仅失去一道动人的风景，但是失去一种语言就永远失去一种美丽的文化。
3我们可以像保留动物基因一样，保存语言，不阻止人们放弃它，但在技术上要MAKE it Available

语言的灭绝 反对保留
有人提出“We would spend an awful lot of money to preserve a very old building, because it is part of our heritage. These languages are equally part of our cultural heritage and merit preservation”
我们可以把这当成假想敌：建筑客观存在，是超越语言的存在，大家愿意去欣赏它的艺术价值和文化，工具是眼睛
语言本身不是用来被欣赏，它和眼睛一样是工具，是用来欣赏寄托于语言上的一些literature等等。学习语言的个人成本极高，很少有人愿意去学。看建筑带双眼睛即可，语言可是要花大时间大精力去学。所以为了让人欣赏而花过多的钱去保护语言未必值得。对于要欣赏的Literature，翻译即可）

当然，我是支持保留语言的。。。反对的那个纯粹瞎写。。不过有个小感想，即：
比喻，不仅仅用来支持自己，而且还可以用来充当假想敌（拿来反驳）！
所以如果突然萌生了相关的比喻，不管他合理与否可以先记下来，对的就拿来用，不对的也考虑一下看是否能充当被你反驳的反方观点。 ^_^
我认为，GRE作文中的比喻NOT ONLY为了让文章漂亮，BUT ALSO为了让文章显得更思辨。
但是我觉得也不用可以追求，总觉得这是Gift。如果不适合，还可能用得很诡辩，阅卷人不喜欢。

转载李笑来老师的这一个笑话：
发现涉及“整体与局部”的话题，可以试试拿建筑做比喻
“语言中真的有“闪光词汇”存在么？我不相信。我们从来不会遇到一位建筑师带着朋友参观他的建筑，而后突然伸手一指，大喊：“看！那块儿砖头……前无古人、后无来者啊！”我们也无法想象可能遇到这样一位著名作者，朗读他自己作品的时候，突然兴奋地停下来，大喊“看！这个词汇……前无古人、后无来者啊！”要是真的有哪个词“前无古人后无来者”，估计除了他自己之外，谁都看不懂。”


好了，进入整体，笔记时间。
结果发现全都是说METAPHOR 怎么好怎么好。。
不过这个很好笑～～很深刻

·
They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.

By writing "my dorm is a prison," you suggest to your readers that you feel as though you were placed in solitary, you are fed lousy food, you are deprived of all of life's great pleasures, your room is poorly lit and cramped--and a hundred other things, that, if you tried to say them all, would probably take several pages.

·
They are a sign of genius.

Or so says Aristotle in Poetics: "[T]he greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor." It is "a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars.验证了我之前的关于METAPHORS是GIFT的其中一个分论点


下面这个宝藏啊～～赞···感觉变成了英美文学欣赏。。。。

as verbs	The news that ignited his face /snuffed out her smile. 很喜欢Ignited的说，高中的一个英语老师教的
as adjectives and adverbs	Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.
as prepositional phrases	The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.
as appositives or modifiers	On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.

海王泪UID：2673613

Effective Writing终于结束了。。。

下周要交两篇5000字论文啊。还让不让人活。。。
其中一篇还完全没开始动笔。。另外一篇才还要一两天才能完工。。

AW INTRO。。。再读多一次！！！

miki7catUID：2533330

Creative ways to use metaphors

Most books give rather boring examples of metaphors such as my father is a bear or the librarian was a beast. However, in your poetry (and fiction for that matter) you can do much more than say X is Y, like an algebraic formula. Definitely play with extended metaphors (see above) and experiment with some of the following, using metaphors...

as verbs	The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile.
as adjectives and adverbs	Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.
as prepositional phrases	The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.
as appositives or modifiers	On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.

这个只有多读多写，才能灵活掌握。

nvligreUID：2689384

Creative ways to use metaphors
使用比喻是文章变得饱满而且语言显得变化多样。
1.相似的物种和事物之间的比喻。
2.不同事物之间的比喻。
3.要选择恰当的比喻。
4.采用不同的表达方式来进行比喻

kulewy531UID：2603031

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors
（学习笔记）
适量的比喻对于行文的明晰很有帮助

同时，还能增加文章的亮点

ETS在对官方范文的comments中也多次指出这点

大家学习一下这些

争取能在自己的文章中应用一些

但是，注意，一定要适量

always remembering that:
from GRE reading passage

Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned.





Using Metaphors in Creative Writing


What is a metaphor?

The term metaphor meant in Greek "carry something across" or "transfer," which suggests many of the more elaborate definitions below:

•        a comparison between two things, based on resemblance or similarity, without using "like" or "as"         most dictionaries and textbooks

•        the act of giving a thing a name that belongs to something else         Aristotle

•        the transferring of things and words from their proper signification to an improper similitude for the sake of beauty, necessity, polish, or emphasis         Diomedes（[希神]狄俄墨得斯）

•        a device for seeing something in terms of something else         Kenneth Burke（
(May 5, 1897 – November 19, 1993) was a major American literary theorist and philosopher. Burke's primary interests were in rhetoric and aesthetics.
）

•        understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another         John Searle（John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932 in Denver, Colorado) is an American philosopher and presently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. ）

•        a simile contracted to its smallest dimensions         Joseph Priestly（Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 (Old Style) – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. ）

duo


Related terms

extended or telescoping metaphor: A sustained metaphor.
        The teacher descended upon the exams, sank his talons（手, 爪） into their pages, ripped（撕,） the answers to shreds（碎片, 破布）, and then, perching in his chair, began to digest.

implied metaphor: A less direct metaphor.
        John swelled and ruffled （滋扰）his plumage (versus John was a peacock（孔雀)

mixed metaphor: The awkward, often silly use of more than one metaphor at a time. To be avoided!
        The movie struck a spark that massaged the audience's conscience.

dead metaphor: A commonly used metaphor that has become over time part of ordinary language.
        tying up loose ends, a submarine sandwich, a branch of government, and most clichés

simile: A comparison using "like" or "as"
        Her face was pale as the moon.

Metonym（换喻词）: The substitution of one term for another with which it is commonly associated or closely related.
        the pen is mightier than the sword, the crown (referring to a Queen or King), hands (referring to workers who use their hands),

Synecdoche（提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般）: The substitution of a part for the whole or vice versa (a kind of metonym).
        give us this day our daily bread



dead metaphor 用起来比较保险，适合GRE考试，还可以show下自己的英文水平。其他的感觉还是不要乱用，意思表达如果不准确，很影响文章的客观性


Why use metaphors?

•        They enliven ordinary language.
People get so accustomed to using the same words and phrases over and over, and always in the same ways, that they no longer know what they mean. Creative writers have the power to make the ordinary strange and the strange ordinary, making life interesting again.


•        They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.
When readers or listeners encounter a phrase or word that cannot be interpreted literally, they have to think--or rather, they are given the pleasure of interpretation. If you write "I am frustrated" or "The air was cold" you give your readers nothing to do--they say "so what?" On the other hand, if you say, "My ambition was Hiroshima, after the bombing," your readers can think about and choose from many possible meanings.


•        They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.
By writing "my dorm is a prison," you suggest to your readers that you feel as though you were placed in solitary, you are fed lousy food, you are deprived of all of life's great pleasures, your room is poorly lit and cramped--and a hundred other things, that, if you tried to say them all, would probably take several pages.


•        They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.
There are many gaps in language. When a child looks at the sky and sees a star but does not know the word "star," she is forced to say, "Mommy, look at the lamp in the sky!" Similarly, when computer software developers created boxes on the screen as a user interface, they needed a new language; the result was windows. In your poems, you will often be trying to write about subjects, feelings, etc. so complex that you have no choice but to use metaphors.


•        They are a sign of genius.
Or so says Aristotle in Poetics: "[T]he greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor." It is "a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars."



Creative ways to use metaphors

Most books give rather boring examples of metaphors such as my father is a bear or the librarian was a beast. However, in your poetry (and fiction for that matter) you can do much more than say X is Y, like an algebraic formula. Definitely play with extended metaphors (see above) and experiment with some of the following, using metaphors...

as verbs
        The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile.

as adjectives and adverbs
        Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.

as prepositional phrases
        The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.

as appositives or modifiers
        On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.



在小处（个别用词）用比喻比较适合GRE作文，这样可以给文章增加一点灵动，又不破坏整体的严肃性。
Examples

Scratching at the window with claws of pine, the wind wants in.
        Imogene Bolls, "Coyote Wind"

What a thrill--my thumb instead of an onion. The top quite gone except for a sort of hinge of skin....A celebration this is. Out of a gap a million soldiers run, redcoats every one.
        Sylvia Plath, "Cut"

The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes.
        Robert Frost, "Once by the Pacific"

Little boys lie still, awake wondering, wondering delicate little boxes of dust.
        James Wright, "The Undermining of the Defense Economy"

kulewy531UID：2603031

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors（学习体会）
适量的比喻对于行文的明晰很有帮助

同时，还能增加文章的亮点

ETS在对官方范文的comments中也多次指出这点

大家学习一下这些

争取能在自己的文章中应用一些

但是，注意，一定要适量

always remembering that:
from GRE reading passage

Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned.





Using Metaphors in Creative Writing


What is a metaphor?

The term metaphor meant in Greek "carry something across" or "transfer," which suggests many of the more elaborate definitions below:

•        a comparison between two things, based on resemblance or similarity, without using "like" or "as"         most dictionaries and textbooks

•        the act of giving a thing a name that belongs to something else         Aristotle

•        the transferring of things and words from their proper signification to an improper similitude for the sake of beauty, necessity, polish, or emphasis         Diomedes（[希神]狄俄墨得斯）

•        a device for seeing something in terms of something else         Kenneth Burke（
(May 5, 1897 – November 19, 1993) was a major American literary theorist and philosopher. Burke's primary interests were in rhetoric and aesthetics.
）

•        understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another         John Searle（John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932 in Denver, Colorado) is an American philosopher and presently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. ）

•        a simile contracted to its smallest dimensions         Joseph Priestly（Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 (Old Style) – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. ）

duo


Related terms

extended or telescoping metaphor: A sustained metaphor.
        The teacher descended upon the exams, sank his talons（手, 爪） into their pages, ripped（撕,） the answers to shreds（碎片, 破布）, and then, perching in his chair, began to digest.

implied metaphor: A less direct metaphor.
        John swelled and ruffled （滋扰）his plumage (versus John was a peacock（孔雀)

mixed metaphor: The awkward, often silly use of more than one metaphor at a time. To be avoided!
        The movie struck a spark that massaged the audience's conscience.

dead metaphor: A commonly used metaphor that has become over time part of ordinary language.
        tying up loose ends, a submarine sandwich, a branch of government, and most clichés

simile: A comparison using "like" or "as"
        Her face was pale as the moon.

Metonym（换喻词）: The substitution of one term for another with which it is commonly associated or closely related.
        the pen is mightier than the sword, the crown (referring to a Queen or King), hands (referring to workers who use their hands),

Synecdoche（提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般）: The substitution of a part for the whole or vice versa (a kind of metonym).
        give us this day our daily bread



dead metaphor 用起来比较保险，适合GRE考试，还可以show下自己的英文水平。其他的感觉还是不要乱用，意思表达如果不准确，很影响文章的客观性


Why use metaphors?

•        They enliven ordinary language.
People get so accustomed to using the same words and phrases over and over, and always in the same ways, that they no longer know what they mean. Creative writers have the power to make the ordinary strange and the strange ordinary, making life interesting again.


•        They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.
When readers or listeners encounter a phrase or word that cannot be interpreted literally, they have to think--or rather, they are given the pleasure of interpretation. If you write "I am frustrated" or "The air was cold" you give your readers nothing to do--they say "so what?" On the other hand, if you say, "My ambition was Hiroshima, after the bombing," your readers can think about and choose from many possible meanings.


•        They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.
By writing "my dorm is a prison," you suggest to your readers that you feel as though you were placed in solitary, you are fed lousy food, you are deprived of all of life's great pleasures, your room is poorly lit and cramped--and a hundred other things, that, if you tried to say them all, would probably take several pages.


•        They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.
There are many gaps in language. When a child looks at the sky and sees a star but does not know the word "star," she is forced to say, "Mommy, look at the lamp in the sky!" Similarly, when computer software developers created boxes on the screen as a user interface, they needed a new language; the result was windows. In your poems, you will often be trying to write about subjects, feelings, etc. so complex that you have no choice but to use metaphors.


•        They are a sign of genius.
Or so says Aristotle in Poetics: "[T]he greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor." It is "a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars."



Creative ways to use metaphors

Most books give rather boring examples of metaphors such as my father is a bear or the librarian was a beast. However, in your poetry (and fiction for that matter) you can do much more than say X is Y, like an algebraic formula. Definitely play with extended metaphors (see above) and experiment with some of the following, using metaphors...

as verbs
        The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile.

as adjectives and adverbs
        Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.

as prepositional phrases
        The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.

as appositives or modifiers
        On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.



在小处（个别用词）用比喻比较适合GRE作文，这样可以给文章增加一点灵动，又不破坏整体的严肃性。
Examples

Scratching at the window with claws of pine, the wind wants in.
        Imogene Bolls, "Coyote Wind"

What a thrill--my thumb instead of an onion. The top quite gone except for a sort of hinge of skin....A celebration this is. Out of a gap a million soldiers run, redcoats every one.
        Sylvia Plath, "Cut"

The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes.
        Robert Frost, "Once by the Pacific"

Little boys lie still, awake wondering, wondering delicate little boxes of dust.
        James Wright, "The Undermining of the Defense Economy"

mikestoneUID：2734495

拜读了
这个和刚才的那个逗号的问题，感觉都比较抽象，需要慢慢消化

rushtosummerUID：2735551

Rushtosummer的学习笔记（16）Metaphors
The art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth to the status of being wholly condemned.
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What is a metaphor?
The term metaphor meant a comparison between two things, based on resemblance or similarity, without using "like" or "as".
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Related terms
1.
Extended or telescoping metaphor: A sustained metaphor.
2.
Implied metaphor: A less direct metaphor.
3.
Mixed metaphor: The awkward, often silly use of more than one metaphor at a time. To be avoided!
4.
Dead metaphor: A commonly used metaphor that has become over time part of ordinary language.
5.
simile: A comparison using "like" or "as
6.
Metonym: The substitution of one term for another with which it is commonly associated or closely related.
7.
Synecdoche: The substitution of a part for the whole or vice versa (a kind of metonym).
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Why use metaphors?
1)
They enliven ordinary language.
2)
They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.
3)
They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.
4)
They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.
5)
They are a sign of genius.
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Creative ways to use metaphors
Using metaphors

as verbs
as adjectives and adverbs
as prepositional phrases
as appositives or modifiers