【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-4

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读能力基础自测（速度、难度、深度、越障、真题、RAM）
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=910464&highlight

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】汇总贴
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982020-1-1.html


规则：

我每天贴出1000字左右的一篇文字（从我平时看的书或者paper里摘的）

没有别的要求，只要大家坚持读完就可以

如果你能坚持一个月，你会发现自己的阅读进化了~

[注]
1、直接在电脑屏幕面前做，虽然GRE阅读是在纸上考，但是这个过程会遏制你做笔记，同时给你的阅读造成视觉障碍，也就是把难度训练和抗干扰训练同步结合，增加效率（初期会很累，但是既然大家想要成为高手，那么就别对自己太温柔）
2、不用苛求速度，看完即可

How to fix a broken heart?
Clues about how human hearts form hint at routes to cell-based therapies.

Heart disease kills more people than any other condition, yet cell therapies for it remain frustratingly elusive. On page 113 of this issue, Kenneth Chien of the Massachusetts General Hospital, in Boston, and his colleagues report a finding that could move this treatment closer to reality: human ‘progenitor’ cells that generate various types of heart tissue as they develop. Chien’s work remains a long way from the clinic, however, and clinical trials of other cell types for heart ailments have yielded mixed results. “Even the most ardent advocates are calling the long-term benefit modest,” says Christine Mummery, a stem-cell researcher at Leiden University in the Netherlands. That leaves open the question of what cell types, if any, could turn stem-cell research into reality for patients with heart disease. Chien’s team had previously identified, in mice, heart progenitor cells that expressed a transcription factor called Isl1 (A. Moretti et al. Cell 127, 1151–1165; 2006). Their latest paper finds that these cells also exist in humans.
After identifying cell populations in human fetal tissue, the researchers produced them from human embryonic stem cells. They also showed that the cells were multipotent — they could generate more progenitors as well as the major heart cell types of heart-muscle, smoothmuscle and blood-vessel cells. The work provides an explanation for how heart cells differentiate. Although the cells exist for just a couple of days in mice, they persist for weeks in human fetuses. This implies that cells do not immediately differentiate into the major types of heart tissue, but that the heart is built from a pool of multipotent cells that persists and differentiates as the heart grows. The findings suggest that an effective approach to cell therapy might be “to put heart progenitors in, because that’s the way the heart is built in the first place”, says Chien. Philippe Menasche, a cardiac surgeon at the Georges Pompidou European Hospital in Paris, has some doubts. He calls the work “a very interesting basic research paper”, but says that “when you are identifying progenitors like this, the first question is, ‘is it possible to isolate these cells selectively and use them [to treat patients]’?” And that isn’t possible, he says, because the telltale Isl1 is a protein that turns genes on and off and so must lie deep within the nucleus of the cell. Most robust technologies to purify cells do so through proteins that are found on the cell surface.

Early stages. At the moment, Chien has to use genetically engineered fluorescent tags to identify cells that produce Isl1. Wariness over using genetically engineered cells, plus the fact that his cells are not genetically matched to patients’, make them less suitable for clinical trials. But for now, he says, they could be used to help screen potential heart drugs, and to help model childhood congenital diseases in which the heart is malformed. Chien hopes that researchers will eventually identify a set of surface markers that can isolate his cells reliably without genetic engineering. Raj Makkar, a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, adds that researchers should look at the effects of Isl1 on other cells, including damaged heart tissue in situ. Adding or activating Isl1 could make some of the cells being tested in clinical trials more effective, he suggests. Current trials for heart-disease therapies use cells collected from bone-marrow, heart and skeletal-muscle biopsies (see ‘Selected heart cell-therapy trials’). Much of the focus has been on cells that are easy to collect — mainly bonemarrow cells taken from the patients who will ultimately receive them. These cells do not seem to be able to generate heart-muscle cells, called cardiomyocytes, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t helpful, argues Menasche. “It doesn’t imply they don’t have any effect,” he says. Several large-scale trials are under way to determine whether bone-marrow cells might instead benefit patients through the ‘paracrine’ effect: secreting growth factors that encourage hearts to grow new blood vessels and thereby preserve existing heart tissue. So far, says Mummery, the results have been ambiguous: the cells seem to be safe, but are not particularly effective. But others think that the efficacy of the cells has not yet been tested properly. Cells delivered too soon after a heart attack are unlikely to survive, for example, and their effects in very sick patients might be masked if healthier patients are also included in a trial, says Makkar.
Approaches using skeletal-muscle cells have also been mixed. In 2002, Menasche led a large clinical trial studying whether injecting skeletal muscle into the heart could restore heart function. In 2006 that trial was stopped early because of a lack of efficacy, and Menasche has since decided to work on cells derived from embryonic stem cells. These readily generate beating cardiomyocytes in laboratory dishes, but are difficult to integrate productively into damaged heart tissues. Problems include purifying cells, getting enough of them, making sure they are not attacked by the immune system and controlling for the possibility of unwanted growth — to say nothing of making sure that the introduced cells beat in time with the motion of the failing heart. Most bone-marrow trials focus on blood-forming stem cells, but another cell type found in bone marrow, called mesenchymal stem cells, is also being studied. Joshua Hare, of the University of Miami in Florida, says his team will soon report results from a phase II trial of mesenchymal stem cells, run by Osiris Therapeutics of Columbia, Maryland, showing that the cells both engraft as new cardiomyocytes and help through the paracrine effect. Indeed, Hare believes that doctors might eventually use a variety of cell therapies to treat heart disease. Mesenchymal stem cells could be used as a first-generation therapy, followed perhaps by cells derived from cardiac biopsies, followed by other cell types that have not yet entered clinical trials. He predicts that cardiac cell therapy will follow the same path as antibiotics. “Just because we have third-generation cephalosporins now,” he says, “doesn’t mean that penicillin
didn’t work.”

Monya Baker
NEWS NATURE|ol 460|2 July 2009

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

SF！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

很好 >.<

继续看草草平时看的东东。。。嘿嘿。。。坚持3个月会不会有点bio的思路啊~【偷笑ing】

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

看完了，今天这篇感觉比前两天难一点耶。。大概是因为有几个词汇好专业。。现在返回去再查一下应该就通了

>.<

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

下次给你们看abnormal psychology的

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

=0= abnormal。。。。>.<

fiefuytUID: 2303116

我是怎么看完滴，大脑现在一片空白······
期待abnormal psychology!:)

Mason.PDUID: 2592013

胚胎干细胞治疗。。。
这中间是不是漏了一句话
Most robust technologies to purify cells do so through proteins that are found on the cell surface.
' |7 n9 s8 C7 a* B* E, m/ {  m8 F: h, B. n# n, T7 s. G: R
Early stages.
还有乱码。。。累死我了，我不喜欢大段的英语。。

dairymanUID: 2683905

7# Mason.PD
似乎不是胚胎的说，我看到了有造血干细胞，从血液中提取的那种有分化性的细胞，还有心脏细胞？后者似乎是更先进的一种方法，也是没进入clinic的方法
呃，草木mm应该贴下中文翻译才好呀

lghscuUID: 2552043

在刚才CET的影响下
这篇的阅读速度比较快

并且在学会跳过“无用专有名词”，就像中文阅读一样

理解程度需要提高！

ieyangj08UID: 2743219

速度很快地看完了，但是大脑一片空白

solosandraUID: 2889127

同LS啊
前半篇看的还稍微认真一些，后半篇边看边走神。。
看到最后才想起来第一段讲这篇研究的是治疗heart disease的。。囧
中间被文章的讲各种cell的方法给弄混乱了
考试的时候一定要记得记住TS的意思去看下文~