【加州阳光】 提纲作业开帖了，请大家多提宝贵意见！

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新东方课老师的勉励，我们大家也共享一下！

献给受苦、奋斗、而必战胜的自由灵魂：
真正的光明决不是永没有黑暗的时间，只是永不被黑暗所掩蔽罢了。
真正的英雄决不是永没有卑下的情操，只是永不被卑下的情操所屈服罢了。   
所以在你要战胜外来的敌人之前，先得战胜你内在的敌人；
你不必害怕沉沦堕落，只消你能不断的自拔与更新。
战士啊，当你知道世界上受苦的不止你一个时，你定会减少痛楚，而你的希望也将永远在绝望中再生了罢！

愿我们每一天都能进步，在希望中成长！

教育类：
50 "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."
50．为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。 (69)

I basically agree the speaker’s view that teachers should spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the coursed they teach. Nevertheless, I disagree that all faculty should be required to do this activity. Several factors below account for my conclusion.

1. It’s necessary and important for teachers to take part in some projects relevant to their courses, because one part they can make themselves popular among students due to their high capability in practice. The most important part is that this kind of teacher can help students learn more practical skills through teaching cumulated experience to them and thereby improve the quality of instruction.

2. However, we would never ask all faculty to go outside the academic world in professions for several reasons. First of all, limited society resources force them. Secondly, that action would disturb normal teaching activities and have negative impact on the quality of instruction. Furthermore, some subjects are not so practical, such as liberal art major.

3. What is more, only all faculty take part in the movement in order to improve the quality of instruction is not far enough, students should play a significant role in it.

130 "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
130．孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。 (89)

1. I broadly agree with the speaker’s point in terms of how children are socialized today determines the destiny of society, because how children are socialized, to some extent, reflects the education level of a society which dominates the direction of the development of a society.

2. Admittedly, we cannot deny that, due to complicated situation throughout the whole society, we cannot realize the aim to help all children to accept the education which may make them superior to others with critical thinking and accumulated knowledge.

3. However, I don't support the speaker's view that we have not learned to raise children who can help bring about a better society. First of all, we have been aware of the importance of education to children. Secondly, we have learned how to raise children under general circumstances through education.

154 "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
154．家长和社会都应该参与到当地的学校中来。教育太重要了，不能只靠专业教育者。 (74)

1. First of all, due to the importance of education, professional educators-teachers play a significant role in imparting knowledge and intelligence during an individual life.

2.  Nevertheless, it would not adequate that only teachers take part in all activities of one’s education, parents and communities also are obliged to involve in education mission. On one hand, parents and communities can help school and teachers to supervise children both in and out of school.  On other hand, under the scrutiny of parents and society, school administration can be better to serve for improving the quality and efficiency of teaching.

3. Admittedly, parents and society would do favor of improving the quality of teaching and schools’ management, however, they risk disturbing normal teaching order and destroying students’ harmony learning atmosphere, when they are so imprudent to interfere with school life of students.

214. "Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."
214．社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子，并在小时候就训练他们，这样他们最终能在此领域表现出众，否则这些潜能可能得不到发展。 (38)

I generally disagree the speaker’s viewpoint regarding training the children with special talents and abilities. But I cannot deny that, to a great extent, we should cultivate our children with respect of their needs and interests.

1. First of all, we have no such a particular standard to measure what kind of children gifted with talents and abilities.

2. Even if we have found such a balanced standard, to realize the goal that those children can eventually excel in their areas of ability would depend on how they engage in these areas.

3. It would lead to many other negative impacts not only on these children with talents and abilities but also on those who are not selected as talents, and may neglect a great number of children who may be potential talents when they eventually grow up.

4. However, admittedly, every child have their own interests or intelligence in some special areas, we should respect their reasonable needs and interests and thereby encourage them to do well in those fields.

5 "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
5．一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的国内课程，而不是允许不同地区的学校决定自己的教学课程。 (30)

I basically agree the speaker’s view in respect to require all students of the whole nation to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. However, under some particular circumstances, the nation would have to adjust educational policies according to objective situations.

1.It can facilitate realizing equality for every student throughout the country.
2.It would be more convenient to communicate with each other and have a great significance to inherit our racial culture.
3.Nevertheless, due to complicated conditions among different races or regions, it is necessary sometimes to allow schools in different areas determine their own academic courses, such as the minority, some rural area.

80 "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."
80．所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。 (26)

I broadly agree the speaker’s view that all students should be required t take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science, because we can attain great benefits from the learning of science. But it does not mean that the students who major in the liberal art and have no interest in science must learn sciences deeply and thoroughly.

1. Sciences bear close relationship with our daily life.
2. It is import to apply methods of sciences to other subject learning, such as history, philosophy.
3. It can help us to form correct value system, such as keeping away from superstition.
4. However, such students as liberal art are not necessary to put to much emphasis on the learning of sciences, because it would influence the grades in their major.

104 "It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."
104．一种文化要想保留它认为好的思想，消除它认为不好的思想，主要是通过正规的教育。(

I basically agree with the speaker concerning the attitude to formal education. But other forms of education may contribute a lot to perpetuate culture.

1.Formal education such as university, possesses many favorable conditions, like professional educators, advanced equipments, modern library and network.
2.Excellent learning atmosphere
3.But other informal education also plays an important part, such as community services, parental education.

[ 本帖最后由 joey.liu 于 2006-6-6 16:37 编辑 ]

joey.liuUID: 2207101

38．"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。（103）
现代技术之电视和读书

1. First of all, books possess the attributes which television cannot substitute. On the one hand, the knowledge in books has been classified into many subjects which are well systemized but television not.
2. Secondly, books contain larger and wider content that television may not have. It is true that with the progress of TV technology and society, there will be more and more enthralling programs appearing on TV.
3. Nevertheless, television possessed its own advantages, such as animated pictures, vivid scenarios, live broadcast, which have made it the most popular recreational tool from last century to nowadays, although many experts have alarmed that it would bring harmful influences to children if they watch too much.

4. "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。（83）
Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group
闭门造车，旁观者清

Position:
I basically agree with the speaker’s viewpoint, but, in my opinion, only bringing knowledge and experience to that field of study seems to be not adequate, they must work together to make this field forward.
1. In history, a great number of scientists in one field, from science to liberal art and from astronomy to geology, brought up many new theories which used to make considerable contributions to other fields. The example of Newton can best illustrate my conviction.
Isaac Newton was the first scientist to marry physics with astronomy,

2. In nowadays, with the development of new technology and approaches, many problems appeared which the traditional disciplines are unable and unwilling to address. In order to make progress in these fields, we need bring some outside knowledge and experience into them; Interdisciplinary programs thereby arise from this shared conviction and can adequately explain my view.
3. However, it’s not enough only to bring outside knowledge and experience, we should well combine them together.

184. "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."
在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误。(36)
theorize

Generally disagree with the speaker’s viewpoint
1. First, we should define the data correctly. In my opinion, the data can be defined as some specific information which has been gained through testing, measuring or experimenting rather than some discrete experiences information.
2. we would not make grave mistake based on the correct reasoning and thinking method.
3. we may do wrong thing without verification or practice after we get enough data. Once we bring up a new theory, we should test it in practice and then rectify, then practice again and modify repeatedly. This is a spiral process.

153. "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受。(26)
教育问题之学而好问

I basically agree with the speaker.
1. First, students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. Only through this method can they make quick progress in learning.
2. Otherwise, they would be instilled with some useless stuff and ultimately lose the interests of studying or result in lacking of innovation and initiative.
3. However, students should not question some knowledge which much exceeds their actual ability or some unreasonable question.
Therefore, we expect that students and teachers can affect each other.

183. "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
当我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。(25)
We should strike a balance, different fields show different characteristics.
1.  In physics. atom
2.  In astronomy. Black hole
3.  In history and society.


94. "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."
大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科，因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正教育的最好途径。(22)
教育之必修课和选修课

Basically agree
1. First of all, students should learn their major well.
2, Secondly, students is supposed to take a variety of courses outside the student’s field of study.
3. Nevertheless, beside learning, they should be encouraged to take part in various activities or practical programs which can cultivate them the ability to enter society.

28. "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。(16)
局部和整体之触类旁通

Basically agree
1. we should first learn the relevant concepts, or the relationship with other models or ideas. In my practice, take learning the order management module and the whole ERP system for the example.
2. Only learning facts would gain little knowledge. For example, various test or examination
3. However, we cannot deny that, sometimes, especially at the beginning of our learning something new, we need to remember some concepts first, then we can understand the knowledge in that field better. If we refuse to rote some fixed items, we would not learn new things.

233. "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."
尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网这样的发明似乎给学校教育提供了进步的手段，但是所有这些技术往往也是在偏离真正的学习。(10)
技术对人类的影响之多媒体教育

Broadly disagree
1. network on campus can help students to share resources of the internet and help them learn more which cannot be acquired by normal ways.
2. TV in school. Lecture from famous professor.
3. Nevertheless, we admit that it would bring about adverse influences on students to use this resources unlimitedly. Computer games, porn books and films.

1. "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。(5)
统一与分歧之（与我们）持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用
意见相同可以鼓励人们学习的积极性，人们更愿意从和自己意见相同的人身上学习；使人们盲目自信，看不到自己的缺点而阻碍进步，和自己相同的人知识面有限制
意见不同可以找出学习中的不足；打击人们的信心，带来压力阻碍进步

Broadly disagree, but exist exception
1.we learn much from teamwork which accords with our views. Correct composition for each other.
2.we learn much from our opponents. Build dam or do a controversial research.
3.However, excess disagreement would result in enmity. Individual and country.

[ 本帖最后由 joey.liu 于 2006-6-12 01:17 编辑 ]

joey.liuUID: 2207101

行为类：38. "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。（103）
现代技术之电视和读书
http://www.gter.edu.cn/bbs/viewt ... &extra=page%3D1

141. "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."
141. 大多数人都意识到个性的益处，但实际上个人经济上的成功需要一致（64）
个人和整体
http://www.gter.edu.cn/bbs/viewt ... e%3D1#pid1768693742

212. "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。(45)

I basically disagree with the speaker’s viewpoint.
1. In order to realize one’s goal, it would be unreasonable sometimes if his health were impaired. Study or work too hard.
2. With the purpose of social prosperity, it would never justifiable if the nature and environment are destroyed. Air pollution.
3. Admittedly, to some extent, in order to gain success both for an individual or a nation, it is necessary and even “must” to sacrifice some present interests and use all kinds of method to realize it. For example, our human being have never stopped probing the universe, although we have lost much in money, energy and even astronauts.
Therefore, we should look into the goal that we are pursuing and our attitude to life first, and then find the optimum way to realize our goal.
If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.

只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。
1)为了达到目的不能不择手段，必须不损害社会整体的利益，也最好不要危害他人。比如说一个城市想大力发展经济，盲目的建设各种工厂，它们不仅污染了环境，对城市居民有很大的危害，另外对生态环境的毁灭性的破坏，很不利于可持续发展。还有更不能通过不法途径，比如为致富去抢老俞。
2)为了达到目标不惜牺牲健康是十分不值得的。我们知道，健康是我们拥有的最好的也是最重要的财富，一旦我们失去它，它就不会再回来。
3)我们必须审视一下我们追求的目标和我们的生活态度，我们应该学会最优化我们的方法去获得我们为之奋斗的目标。

59. "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
太多的注意力被放在了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己的选择。(42)
模式化和独立思考
有的时候人们善于使用前人创造好的模式，有的时候也喜欢静下心来去思考自己的工作学习方法，但是事实上最好的方法是将二者结合，我想这就是为什么杰克。韦尔奇的书为什么能拿么畅销的原因了，他肯定是希望用自己在通用的经验告诉我们一种工作方法，但是不是全部按照他的方法去做，因为我们不是他，而且我们也不是通用的CEO,总之，通过总结别人的工作经验来做出适合自己的工作方法是最好的

1. We should utilize some models which has been created and practiced successfully. Our knowledge from books and teachers, Free market, some experience from elites with prestige.
2. Besides, we also need learn to think and act independently. Otherwise, there would be no innovation and progress both for individual and society. Edison and bulbs.
3. The optimum way to make the choices that are best for us is the combination of models and individual conditions. Newton’s achievement.

60. "The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."
媒体和整个社会错误地希望某个人的发言就是代表了某一个特定的群体，无论这个个人是否代表了整个群体的意见。(42)
少数和多数之发表意见
1. spokesman
2. candidate
3. CEO’s presupposition in his blog.

226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。(41)
现在和过去
1. Admittedly, an increasing number of people complain the complexity of modern society, they would rather live in the past due to pollution, pressure of working and crowed city.
2. At the first glance, it is the fact, however, the modern society bring us much more resolutions than ever before.
3. As we master more and more knowledge and accumulate experience, the subjects are more detailed, and specialist can only need to dedicate one special area, generalist also only need to link them together. Hence, this makes problems more simple than before.
4. We use advanced tools or equipment, such as communication, internet and transportation, to make things resolved easily and quickly.

138. "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."
失败是成功之母(38)
I broadly agree the speaker’s point.
1. Admittedly, from the practical view, we don’t like failure.
2. Failure tells us what doesn’t work and Failure gives us an opportunity to try a new approach.
Edison, Columbus, 666
AIDS, SARS, Three Mile Island
3. In addition, Not only can we learn from the mistakes we made, but also from the ones others have made.

93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
个人责任的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。(32)
少数和多数之个人责任
1. individual rights, daily life
2. individual obligation, tax, law
3. the relationship of rights and obligation

95. "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
人们在团队中工作比独立工作要更加有效率。团队协作需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加激励人们。(28)
竞争和合作之效率

1. Cooperation can bring great improvement in today’s technological advanced society. People always regard the cooperation as the convergence of different people each of whom excels several aspects in the solution of problems. Under this circumstance, such kind of synergic make it possible for one team to produce much more effects and fruitions that outweigh the total sum made by people’s respective effects.
2. But the above statement is under the premise of the communication has been effective and friendly. However, no all the association between various persons can gain such a good result. Resentment rose from different opinions upon one issue would result in conflicts between members and eventually rendered the whole tam disunited.
3. Compared with cooperation, the competition among individuals also has much to be said in its favor. As a fundamental rule of the nature, competition which is based on the conception of the survival of the fittest can compel people to try their every effort in solving the issue no matter how hard it is. One example that aptly illustrates this point is the market economy. Before the concept of competition had been induced in economic realm, most of the merchandize, as well as the demands and supply, had planned by the government. Such regulation not only diminished people activity to invent more innovated products and facilities but also limited the numbers of products in the market place. With the advent of market economy, most the factory begin to strive for profits rather than complement the regulations of the government, and all people’s performance have directly connected with the wages that he can receive. In this circumstance, the workers’ positivities in the employments has been enhanced greatly and enabled the mass products in industry.
4. Nevertheless, as is so often pointed out, the competition is a two-edge sword which can lead equally to good and evil results. undue competition would eventually breed jealousy which might hamper the progress of the solution of the problems.

We must be especially careful not to understate the role of teamwork in scientific innovation, especially today. Important scientific innovations of the previous millennium might very well have been products of the epiphanies and obsessions of individual geniuses. When we think of the process of inventing something great we naturally conjure up a vision of the lone inventor hidden away in a laboratory for months on end, in dogged pursuit of a breakthrough. And this image is not entirely without empirical support. For example, Thomas Edison's early innovations--including the light bulb, the television, and the phonograph--came about in relative isolation, and solely through his individual persistence and commitment.


29. "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
像演员、政治家和运动员这样的公众人物应该预料到大众会对他们的私生活感兴趣。当他们希望受人瞩目的时候就应该至少预期到会失去一些隐私（被大众得知一些隐私）。(28)
少数和多数之公众人物的隐私

In today’s mass media age, though some public figures have capability to gain something that are not available for the common persons, such as wide influence and high living standard, it also needs to give up some private interest. While, theoretically all the behaviors which infringe other rights should be prohibited, it would further provoke people’s curiosity to learn the personalities’ personal lives. And ultimately it would result in negative impact on these personalities. This is why I fundamentally agree with the speaker’s contention that the public figure should expected that they may loss some of their privacy in the daily lives.

1. For most ordinary individuals, public figures have a utter different life style from them. They wonder how these public figures live and regard this kind of life as their own dreams.
2. For these public figures, it’s a controversy for them whether they should expose their personal lives to the public or not. In the one hand, they want to draw the audience’s attention to enhance their fame. In the other hand, they would not like to disclose the privacy in order to not be disturbed by the media or the public.
3. For the government, they should instruct and utilize the effects of these public figures to benefit the public. Like publish some books of elites to encourage people to work and study hard, appoint some elites as deputy of philanthropy, charity.

46. "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
当政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成归因于一种高度的竞争意识时，一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。(26)
竞争和合作

I broadly agree with the speaker’s viewpoint
1. The main reason I support the view is that with the economy globalization, we should cooperate to resolve many issues in the global range. Such as Ozone hole, the global climate of warming, epidemics like SARS, Bird Flu. International crime.
2.The second compelling reason is that in leadership, cooperation is more important than competition. For example, a leader should show that he or she values the input of subordinates--for example, by involving them in decisions about matters in which they have a direct stake. From my own experience, my leader should show that she values the input or reasonable demand of her subordinates including me. Otherwise our subordinates might grow to resent our leader, and become unwilling to devote ourselves wholeheartedly to the leader’s mission. In extreme cases, it is highly possible to hamper or sabotage the mission.

3. However, good leaders would not leave the spirit of competition behind, outside the team, they still need competition to encourage team member to enhance themselves and thereby make the team strong. For instance, as a class monitor in school.

235. "Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."
大多数人被告知忠诚是一种美德。但是无论是对朋友、对学校、对单位还是对任何机构，忠诚时常都是弊大于利的。(23)
统一和分歧之忠诚

1. loyalty is a virtue. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.
Relationship between spouses requires some degree of trust in order to endure. Employment relationship needs loyalty, otherwise, would result in rampant job attribution. And, without some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state and its citizenry there can be no security or safety from either revolt or invasion. The world would quickly devolve into anarchy or into a despotic state ordered by brute force.
2. Furthermore, in science field, it still needs loyalty. For example, the case of fabricating stem cells by Hwang in Korea.
3. But undue loyalty would lead to negative impact. For employment, break law or harm themselves. For country, from patriotism to jingoism.   

175. "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."
革新的动力往往来自于个人；革新的细节可能来自于团队，但是实质的革新都是个人努力和独特思维的结果。(18)
199. "Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."

The speaker asserts that individual is the impetus for innovation, for each member in a team tend to compromise the mainstream idea and hence forgo  the innovative attempt. While I fundamentally disagree with the statement above, in my opinion, it is the group, rather than the individual, who ultimate implement the creative works.

1. Admittedly, no one can deny the significant role that individual plays in the pursuit of innovation. most of the people can cite thousands of paradigmatic examples to prove the above statement, for instance, it is the Galileo's law of free fall  that overthrowing the Aristotle’s deplete principles; Edison's 6,000 experiments ultimately leads the invention of lamp; the hard efforts of Bill Gates eventually contributes to the development of operation system in the personal computers.
2. Ostensibly, most of the original ideas stem from individual alone, however, it is just the superficial view, underneath the surface, all the innovative works in the world are created by the group.

First of all, with respect to the achievement made by the efforts of an individual, most of the greatest innovations were fulfilled on the basis of the probing or experience of others. Return the example mentioned above.

Secondly, the above circumstance becomes much more evident in the modern age. Internet, search information.

Some material:

We must be especially careful not to understate the role of teamwork in scientific innovation, especially today. Important scientific innovations of the previous millennium might very well have been products of the epiphanies and obsessions of individual geniuses. When we think of the process of inventing something great we naturally conjure up a vision of the lone inventor hidden away in a laboratory for months on end, in dogged pursuit of a breakthrough. And this image is not entirely without empirical support. For example, Thomas Edison's early innovations--including the light bulb, the television, and the phonograph--came about in relative isolation, and solely through his individual persistence and commitment.

210. "Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."
大多数人选择职业是基于诸如经济需求之类的实用考虑(18)
I partly agree with the speaker’s assertion that many people choose a career on the basis of pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job and the salary they can expect to make…. While, when it comes to the people who are rich or not struggling for life, they tend to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest.

First, the people who have poor ability and is hard to earn a living for their family must choose a job with high salary. Such as laborer in some public projects around cities.

Second, the students who have ambitions but lacking of money to realize them are inclined to select a job taking the needs of the economy into consideration.

Thirdly, with respect to the people who have possessed a solid economic basis, they would filter all jobs that are not suitable for them and choose the one they interest in.

165. "In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are
motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and
ideas that differ from those held by the majority."
165. 在任何领域，领先的观点或思想来自于这些人，他们并不是由信念所驱动，而是由想表达不同于大多数人的观点和思想的欲望所驱动。(12)

I agree the speaker’s viewpoint insofar as our leading voices tend to come from the people whose ideas depart from the status quo. However, I don’t agree that it is their desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority rather than their convictions. Supporting examples abound in all areas of human endeavor-including politics, entertainment, science and so forth.
1. Admittedly when it comes political power, sometimes it is the desire of power that drove some politicians to be leading voices. For instance, some astute presidential historians have described Hitler as a man motivated more by a desire to be great than to accomplish great things. And many psychologists attribute Napoleon's and Mussolini's and insatiable lust for power to a so-called "short-man complex"--a need to be noticed and admired in spite of one's small physical stature.
2. However, the politicians driven by desire of power were destined to fail, only the people who driven by the conviction of the public well-being would be the real leading voices forever. For example, Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Yet, no reasonable person could doubt that it was the conviction of their ideas that drove these leaders to their respective places.
3. Turning to entertainment, Mavericks as Michael Jackson.
Turning to arts, Mavericks as Vinci.
4. As for the physical science, Newton and Einstein
Newton and Einstein, for example, both refused to blindly accept what were perceived at their time as certain rules of physics. As a result, both men redefined those rules.

164. "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."
有时候想象力是比经验更有价值的财富。缺少经验的人得以的想象任何可能性，并且由此可以达成一个目标而不受既定习惯和态度的限制。(12)
想象力和经验
1. First, I admit that the importance of imagination.
Art, Mozart.
2. It is true that people can realize their goals without experience, but more cases indicate that experience play a more significant role in people’s daily life.
In many instances, experience did not fetter one’s imagination, instead, it can help imagination find a more reasonable and feasible direction.
For example, Newton, Bill Gates
3. Imagination and experience are indivisible, on the one hand, the experience served as the foundation of the meaningful assumptions and imaginations, while, on the other hand, the imaginations expend the experience into a much broader scope and eventually add to the experience. Hawking theroy

[ 本帖最后由 joey.liu 于 2006-6-23 00:33 编辑 ]

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185. "Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could." (104)
丑闻——无论是政治、学术还是其他领域——可能会是有用的。丑闻可以用演说家或者改革家无法使用的手段让我们注意到某些问题。

Position:
In politics, academia areas, scandals are useful. In other area, it depends on.
1.politics scandal, Watergate scandal
2.academia scandal, stem cells
3.entertainment scandal, Michael Jackson molestation
http://www.gter.edu.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=482395&extra=page%3D1
121. "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species." (50)在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。
人类和自然——当务之急（资金、工作）和长远考虑（物种）
不是人类造成的并不代表人类不必保护物种
过去不是人类的作用，现在不然

1. The main reason why I advocate saving endangered species why are at the edge of extinction is that human race has resulted in the extinction of most of them and thereby should save them at the expense of money and jobs. crocodile skin
2. The second factor that must be taken into consideration is that many valuable species that face extinction, though not by human hand, are so important to humanity that we are obliged to save them. Panda
3. However, I cannot deny that we should refuse to save some particular cases with limited economical and social resources. Natural selection.

226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience." (226)
人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。
现在和过去
1. A increasing number of people begin to complain the hectic pace and complexity of life. Working pressure. Pollution, crowed city.
2. Ostensibly, it is the case, however, modern society has brought us more convenience and benefits than ever before. From material life. Life standard.
The most obvious one is the change of transportation. Communication. Automation.
3. spiritual life. Film, computer game. TV, internet.

99. "In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." (39)
在任何生活领域中——无论是学术、社会、商业还是政治——获得成的唯一道路就是采取现实的而不是理想化的观点。实用的行为确保了生存，反之理想化的观点正在趋于被更简化的和更直接的选择所取代。
理想和现实
186. "Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world." (23)
实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。
当务之急和长远大计的关系

1. First of all, no one can deny the fact that people in daily life have much more inclination to learn about practical aspects than they used to do. Such as economical car, apartment. Disposable chopstick.
2. In commercial area, students tend to choose a major which can help them find a good job. Employers try every effort to save cost and create profits.
3. However, excessive practical purpose without long-term plan would lead to negative impact on an individual and a society. Like greedy mine owner. Pollution.  Desert.
4. idealistic can lead to us to an new era of society.
In history, airplane, spaceship, land on moon.

142. "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority." (29)
当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会才会繁荣昌盛。


190. "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money." (23)
It might be tempting to agree with the speaker’s insofar as most persons take the arts are not the fundamental needs for human beings. However, the author overlooks the certain economic and other societal benefits that accrue when government assumes an active role in supporting the arts.
1、在特殊情况下降低艺术的优先级，或者推迟对于艺术的部分资助是有必要的，因为没有人愿意在缺乏生活基本条件的前提下来欣赏音乐或者是著名的油画。首先，公众资源中的大部分来自公民的税收，但是政府没有能力解决人们的生活问题，人们也没有能力同时也不愿意交付税金的。其次，艺术的发展应当和国家经济、政治等方面保持同步，如果艺术过于超前经济和其他方面，减少艺术的资助放到发展经济上来是完全正确的
2、表面上看，艺术和人们生活距离很远，但其实，人类的生命和追求并不只是为了避免挨饿，人类在精神上的需求同样必不可少，艺术同样是组成人类社会中不可缺少的
3、首先，艺术能够帮助社会的稳定和政府宣传他的政策
4、其次，艺术作为人类精神的寄托，还可以给人们带来灵感，并帮助人们化解压力以及焦虑的情绪。
The implicit rational behind the speaker’s statement seems to be that culture enrichment pales in importance comrade to food, clothing, and shelter.

2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。 (4)
竞争对于社会的优点和缺点

I basically agree with the speaker’s assertion, but we should caution that it would jeopardize both individual and society for excessive competition.
1. Nowadays, competition pervades in almost every field. Students compete for high grade in education. In business world, companies compete for more customer and profits.
2. Without competition, everything would be in trouble. Such as monopoly.
3. Excessive competition also would result in detrimental or deleterious influence.
Pollution, greedy employers, students only compete for high grade rather than acquire knowledge.

[ 本帖最后由 joey.liu 于 2006-6-26 00:21 编辑 ]

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