issue110

maylUID: 2162549

issue110
"When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."

1.        有时候的确学要推测历史
2.        但可以从历史遗迹中推测历史
3.        不要把历史研究和历史剧混淆

The speaker claims that history research is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit for we can never know the past directly. In my view, although we can not know the history directly, we can realize the main event in history from the evidence preserved and should set creation of chronicle play apart from history research.

Under some circumstances, for lack of evidence and witness, people have to construct history on the basis of little clue. As the speaker implies, we do not know the history that we do not experience first hand.  And without enough evidence, it is impossible to construct the history same to the reality. We can understand this just consider that how can we imagine the life of a person live in ancient Roman. And it is also hard for us to display the glory of the Roman Empire. Another example that aptly illustrates this point is Plato’s The Republic. There is no evidence to show there was one country called Atlantis in the history besides the book. So we can only construct the country by imagination.

However, with enough evidence, like records, architectures, or paintings, we can reveal the history similar to the reality. Because they bring some information of the history to us and they provide a perspective to the daily life of ancient people, to the psychological motivation of some giants, and to the real cause of some important event. For example, from the book The Commentaries of Caesar, we know the course that the Roman Empire conquered the Western Europe. We can also realize the military talent of the founder of the Roman Empire. From the Forbidden City, we can imagine the daily life of the Chinese emperor and the fortune he possessed.

We should also be careful not to confuse history research, which contributes meaningfully to our understanding of history, with art creation. The later should be reserved for dramatists, novelists, and poets. It is one thing to attempt to explain historical evidence; it is quite another thing to invent evidence for the sake of creating a more interesting history. For example, one of the magnum opuses Dumas, the Tree Musketeers can only be recognized as a legend but not history record. The story in the book was imagined by the author, not on the basis of history, although the name of the dramatis personae was true.

In sum, we can not live in history time, do not experience the events directly and can not describe the history as participator. So, to some extent, we can only construct the history but not reveal it. However, we can learn the reality of history from records, relics and so forth. So, history research should be objective on the basis of evidence but not subjective like drama creation.

argumentation0
The University of Claria is generally considered one of the best universities in the world because of its instructors' reputation, which is based primarily on the extensive research and publishing record of certain faculty members.  In addition, several faculty members are internationally renowned as leaders in their fields.  For example, many of the faculties from the English department are regularly invited to teach at universities in other countries.  Furthermore, two recent graduates of the physics department have gone on to become candidates for the Nobel Prize in Physics.  And 75 percent of the students are able to find employment after graduating.  Therefore, because of the reputation of its faculty, the University of Claria should be the obvious choice for anyone seeking a quality education.
1.        接受邀请并不代表成员素质高
2.        获得提名不代表教育质量高
3.        75％ 的比例和他人相比不一定高
In the analysis the arguer claims that the University of Claria should be a good choice for anyone looking for a quality education, because of the reputation of its faculty. To justify the conclusion, the arguer points out that the university has extensive research and good publishing record. In addition, the arguer also points out that several faculty members are internationally renowned as leaders in their fields. However, a careful examination would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.
First of all, the invitation of the faculties from the English department to universities in other countries does not equate to high quality of the education of the university. Maybe the Claria University locates in an English speaking country, and then it is very common for the faculties to teach in universities in other countries where English is foreign language. Also, as communication, more and more universities begin to invite members of other universities to teach their students. So, the invitation can not show the reputation of the member in the university.
Secondly, the candidates for the Nobel Prize in Physics can not display that the university could develop every students to the winner of the Nobel Prize. Perhaps, the two students did not take part in the daily courses but learned by themselves and finally win the reputation for the hard work of them, without relation to the education of the university. Then, the education the university provides does not contribute to the success of the two students.
Finally, without the comparison with other universities, the fact that 75 percent of the students are able to find employment after graduating can not show that the graduates of the university are more likely to find jobs than other universities. It is possible that the average rate of all universities in the country is 90％, then the graduates of the Claria University would not be popular in the job market.
In sum, the arguer does not convince us the conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, the arguer should point out that the members in Claria University are better than those in other universities. To better evaluate the conclusion, the arguer should also prove that the graduates of the university are more easily to find jobs in the market.
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