argument48,141 issue59,70,74<aspire互改小组>第一次作业

襄王有梦UID: 2297975

<aspire互改小组No.9成员襄王有梦>第一次作业
Argument48  The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.
"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."
A: whether the fitness levels have changed is kept unknown since no evidence shows that the standards used by the board equate that used twenty years ago.
B: There is no evidence to show that the quantity of the citizens do not change
C: The author makes a false assumption that low expenditures lead to lower physical fitness, also there is no evidence to show economy has relationship with the expenditures on fitness-related products and services.
argument141  The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.
"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."
A: The argument lacks evidence that the action of purchasing the land will result in pollution and environmental disaster. This land may be for other use rather than mining copper. Also , there is possibility that CCC will take some measure to prevent pollution and disaster.
B: It is cause of environmental disaster that West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species, but   not pollution.
C: The author makes a false assumption and fails to consider the feasibility of the conclusion.
59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
Position: Role models are successful ways of solving problems which have been used by many people. However, in some research fields, what really matters is how to break the old theory’s obstacle and set up a new system of theory to illustrate the mysterious problems. This can not be reached just by copying role models.
A: Admittedly, role models do play an important role in most fields, because from them we can require a large portion of valuable experiences of how to approach the truce and a good understanding of the knowledge we have learned. So it is necessary to take time to learn the role models before deeper research.
B: Research needs breaking out rules, which has been proofed by many great achievers of science.
C: If we take a deeper look into these giants, it is easy to find that the reason why they can break out rules easily and actively with broad knowledge based on these rules is they have the habits of thinking and acting independently.
Conclusion: Without the habit of independence, scientists can not make great achievements in their research, after gaining valuable experiences of how to approach true from role models, we should not copy the process of ancients any more.
70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
Position: Whether it is a surest good way to operate a enterprise through leadership changing every five years is a question which needs more discussion. For some sensitive profession such as government and politics, it is necessary to alter the leader regularly. Others such as education and business should have a relatively stable leadership.
A: For the professions of politics or government, leader is a representative of majority’s will and interests. Altering leaders regularly is a way to show equality and democracy.
B: However, for the professions of education and business, things become opposite. In these enterprises, the existence of long –time-policy requires a leader being in power for long time so that the policy can be carried on smoothly and stably.
Conclusion: To sum up, the alternation of leadership should be considered thoroughly and practically. According to different situations, there are different solutions. Whatever kind of changing is to reach one goal: Making more contributions to the enterprise.
74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
Position: To communicate an idea or value to large groups of people, the most effective way is through the use of both images and language.
A: In some situations, images can make the idea or value more active and vivid, such as scientific lecture or production exhibition.
B: In some situations, language will have unexpected effects. Such as general mobilization before battles
C: Images and language are usually both used in most situations.
Conclusion: Admittedly, each way has its limits, so we should learn the art of comprehensive use of the images and language.