〓DIES IN FLAMES〓组 NO题 分析研讨——NO.2-1-A-L

米饭袜子UID: 2532172

NO.2-1 SECTION A--L

The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (in the form of: 以...的形式) geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.


As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.


The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.


The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)


Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.
21.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR’s
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy
22.
The passage would be most likely to appear in a
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems
23.
According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth can be used to
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States
24.
It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the
(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area
25.
According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in order to allow
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs

(E) transfer of heat
26.
According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃ per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?
I.
The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity.
II.
Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.
III.
Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
27.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?

汇总统计
第一组：A B(done~) C D E F . p& t. i! F: o' g1 T8 o! Z+ Y# Q
第二组：A B(done~) C D E F
第三组：A B(done~)C D E F

vidyaUID: 2599950

The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source,but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (in the form of: 以...的形式) geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.（这句话应该算是文章的主题句。）

As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed.In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.（细节，可能出题）

The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. （这句话后半句没有出现一个否定词，却表达出了否定的意思，能够用在AW上一定增色不少！）Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.

The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists（首字母提取，下面的题目中可能会出现）
suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)

Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States.（这两句话我觉得是最可能出题的）

The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.

看了楼上的帖子，我都不好意思把自己的分析贴出来了！！！:L
第一次做NO题分析，不知道哪些方面才是重点，而且就我做过的几篇长阅读来看，这篇貌似难度是最低的，基本不存在什么很难的句子或是很晦涩的表达，所以我做出的分析不是很好，希望能为后面的板油做到抛砖引玉的作用。

米饭袜子UID: 2532172

STEP ONE 题目分析（划线部分标号对应后面题目的答案来源）




The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (in the form of: 以...的形式) geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.


As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed.（25） In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.


The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. （26）Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.


The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. （24）Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)


（23）Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.
21.
The primary purpose of the passage is to（主旨大意题，文章读下来就能选出答案，而且做的时候可以提取每个选项中的首个动词，节省时间~）
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR’s
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy
22.
The passage would be most likely to appear in a（这种题应该不陌生啦~高考中都有~偶举着快速做法还是选项中的关键词，以A为例，抓出history基本就能把这个选项pass掉啦~因为只要读懂了文章就知道讲的根本不是什么history~）
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems
23.
According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth can be used to（这个应算是一个考察找TS能力的题，找到TS，后面的就是围绕它来展开滴~答案来源已标出，很明了，不赘述~）
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States
24.
It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the（这个应属细节题再加上一点自己的分析概括加同义句改写能力，文中划线部分就是B的意思~）
(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that are
25.
According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in order to allow（细节题~关键词是fluid，老实说，做这个题嘞时候我木有回头找，是推理出来滴，其实想想也知道fluid的作用肯定是E。所以捏~是不是遇到这种题不用慌着回头，先看看选项再说，说不定自己根据常理推断一哈就能得出答案，节省时间哦~）
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs
(E) transfer of heat
26.
According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃ per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?（这个题偶不是真正会做，是用了排除法，因为Ⅱ根据文中所标肯定不对，然后就排除了所有有它的选项。。。。。好心滴童鞋给偶讲讲这道题吧吧吧~）
I.
The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity.
II.
Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.
III.
Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
27.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?（偶认为这题呀和主旨题本质上是一样滴，只要理解了文意，这题是比较简单滴~）
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?


STEP TWO 出题点猜想与AW借鉴（橙色蓝色为文章分析出题点猜想，绿色为AW值得借鉴滴~）




The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust (地壳）represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems（前半句基本概括了全文内容，可以说是文章中心句，后半句的转折则是引出本段下文，也即是本段的TS). These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (in the form of: 以...的形式) geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR)（本文中心词出现，注意主旨题TITLE题） reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.


As a result of recent energy crisis（能源危机）, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to（用在AW里喽~） retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate（词汇扩充）the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.


The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although（转折词后面的内容要小心~） wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.（这一段出现很多数据，细节题易发地，可标出关键词方便回查~）
至此，上面是一层意思，主要概述HDR及commercial retrival

The geothermal gradient（提出了一个新概念，可能是出题点）, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in （小细节啦~写作时注意介词用法~）the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated（词汇扩充~） from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across（遍布~多好的表达）the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)


Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large（TS，出题点） If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion（这个大家了解一哈啦~是十的十五次方） B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that（保守估计） only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.
以上两段说的是第二层，并加结尾，主要是关于geothermal gradient和对HRD的prediction。出题点多发，一是前者是本文中出现的一个新概念，二是后者会让我们总结预测。

Alex_2009UID: 2616286

今天该我了，先占之，一会贴上来~~~

体力不支了，小睡会，早上来帖

thatllUID: 2538832

The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present（adj. now existing or in progress） to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.(背景+提出讨论主题词：这一段完全是为了引出我们所要讨论的话题，即HDR的概念)
第一句指出地壳岩石中所蕴藏的能量是近乎无限的，但是直到最近商业上的索取只能限制在地下热水和热流系统。第二句和第三句对比着阐述了这些系统的现状。第四句作为总结性语句，用一个thus带出，指出了HDR的潜在性，而这就是本文的中心词眼。从背景上来讲这一段是讲HDR的充分性。
As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.
这一段一开始还是继续背景，由于能源危机提出HDR的必要性。继而阐述了一个重要概念：HDR recovery system。本段两句话，第一句就是解释这个概念。第二句是一个细节，也是题目设置点，具体指出从HDR中索取能量时人工刺激的问题。
The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.
这一段继续提出一个新的概念：HDR resource base。第一句就是定义这个概念。第二句阐释了这个定义中的第二层意思：为什么是深度小于ten kilometers: 技术上大于是可能的，但是从经济因素决定了这个深度。这也是一个细节，也是题目设置点。第三句阐释定义中的第一层意思：岩石温度问题，用一个对比给出，比较简单。
The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)
这一段继续提出新的概念：geothermal gradient。第一句给出了其功能和作用。第二句阐述了这个概念的数据的资料来源：temperature gradient maps。这个细节也是一个题目设置点。第三句是括号中的那句，补充说明这个资料不是每个地方都有的。
Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.
这一段是总结段，综上所有提出的概念可以得出一个结论：HDR resource base is very large. 第一句直截了当的给出了这个结论。第二句给出假定，从理论上通过计算得出这个结论的正确性。这个句子中有很多数据，是一个题目设置点。第三句继续理论推导，假设加结论。第四句指出了这个的存在问题，那就是资源的经济因素和最终产品的价值之间的一个平衡问题。

zzz.321UID: 2600329

1# 米饭袜子

前面已经把题目分析的很好了，我就说说对文章的看法吧，长文章看起来太累了。。。

The energy contained in rock within theearth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recentlycommercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steamrecovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanicactivity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (inthe form of: geysersand hot springs. In other areas, however（逻辑连词要注意，易出题，后面引出重点）, hot rock also exists near the surfacebut there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus apotential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount ofspontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existingcommercial systems.以...的形式)
As a result of recent energy crisis, newconcepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes andconnecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust（插入方式可以借鉴）—are beingdeveloped. In all（比较极端的形容词要注意） attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulationwill be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow pathsto facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface ofthe rock.
The HDR resource base is generally definedto included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled withpresently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers aretechnically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine thecommercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for humancomfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heatereither within the space or external to it); however, forproducing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.
The geothermal gradient, which specificallydetermines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature（又一种插入方法）, is amajor factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperaturegradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept bythe American Association of Petroleum Geologists（专有名词附近可能出细节题） suggest that tappablehigh-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (Thereare many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)
Indications are that（有证据表明……，表达方法可借鉴） the HDR resource baseis very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃
per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 （数字可能会出细节题）quadrillionB.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to aten-kilometer depth in the United States. If（if从句表示很容易出题） we conservatively estimate thatonly about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coalremaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance theeconomics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, lessexpensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/orheat.


21.

seiranzcc1UID: 2514067

太抽了，不想重新编辑了。。。。

Alex_2009UID: 2616286

看了yyx的评析，真的很赞，解决了我的一些疑问，以下我就不重复了，简单谈一下自己的看法。

The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (in the form of: 以...的形式) geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.


As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.

The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.


The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)

Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.


21.
The primary purpose of the passage is to（看完文章，根据总体把握）
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR’s
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam（A）
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy
22.
The passage would be most likely to appear in a(肯定是学术性的文章，所以DE直接排除)
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources（C）
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems
23.
According the passage,an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth can be used to（最后一段中体现出来，是用来估计总量的）
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States（E）
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States
24.
It can be inferred from the passage that theavailability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the（这一题开始不是很懂，看了yyx的解释才清楚的）
(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area（B）
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area
25.
According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluidwill be necessary in order to allow
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs（E）
(E) transfer of heat
26.
According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃ per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?（这里我补充一下，对应到文中第三段划线部分，Although 后面的wells deeper than ten kilometers与题目对应，答案在后面：technically feasible，可以直接排除II，选出答案）
I.
The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity.
II.
Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.
III.
Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
27.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks（D）
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality? （不够具体，需要符合学术文章的开头）

ddcmj519UID: 176326

地质类文章。。我的最爱。。有啥专业知识有疑问的放肆的问我好了。。。
在这里顺便补充点地质知识。额。
1.低温梯度。平均是每往地下100米，地温增加3度，视具体岩石成分等有所不同。石油和天然气的形成需要特定的温度。过低不能形成。过高会造成破坏。所以找油气的会有地温记录。。
2.运动的地幔。业内称软流圈，有特定的circulation，
洋中脊是地壳比较薄的地方，那地方也经常火山地震，热运动强烈。
3.地壳。相对软流圈为刚性物质。可以理解为岩石圈。也可以理解为板块。板块飘移的动力据说是地幔对流（未能证实的理论。）。
4.drilling。最深的井貌似在俄罗斯。十几公里。技术+资金不够。所以不能再深。因此现在对石油的勘探及drilling都只是在较浅部进行。
5.地层，一般下老上新。目前已知最老的岩石38亿年前。
The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval 取回has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of (in the form of: 以...的形式) geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.背景知识介绍，并顺便引出了重心，商业利用。


As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability可渗透的 or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.要利用HDR的可能方向。
The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.探讨商业可行性。
The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.) 地温梯度表帮助确定资源点。
Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States.
这句出题，此句目的为解释上一句。If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.资源是很多的，但打井实力是有限的。

21.
The primary purpose of the passage is to整篇文看下来都是要说HDR商业上的可利用价值可，开发价值。即提醒有新能源可利用。文中首段。
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR’s 细节内容，倒数段内容而非全篇
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible alternative无中生有


(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam（A）中心明明是HDR。。
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy这个对象来的有点莫名。文章应该是写给开发人员看的。
22.
The passage would be most likely to appear in a
把以下重点词画出来就很一目了然了。
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability
of newly identified energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources（C）
(E) pamphlet小册子 designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems
23.
According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth can be used to
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States直接average就上determine，不合理吧~
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States
又是minor idea，还是第一段的。距离太远。
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States（E）
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States 平均对估计。很搭。
24.
It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the这是原文细节题，回去找就好了。
(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area（B）
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area
25.
According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in order to allow答案在一段末的removal。
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs（E）
(E) transfer of heat
26.
According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃ per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?
I.
The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity. 22*10>200
II.
Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.二段although 后句
III.
Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.这个。。天外飞仙了吧。。哪里来的。。
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
27.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?红字都是minor idea。
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels。。。
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks（D）
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?

Sum ：3题主旨题！看懂是第一位的。基本有转折词的地方会有题。错的方式一般都是minor idea 和天外飞仙的答案。能在原文中定位还是很重要的哇~

ddcmj519UID: 176326

我晕。这个字体。。。。。。下次全拿下划线做。。

ddcmj519UID: 176326

我投降。

archaeologyUID: 2598252

The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.


As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.

The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating (heating of spaces especially for human comfort by any means (as fuel, electricity, or solar radiation) with the heater either within the space or external to it); however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.


The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.


Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.
21.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR’s
(C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam
(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy!

22.The passage would be most likely to appear in a
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States:
(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States/
(C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources
(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems

23.
According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth can be used to
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems
(B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States
(C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States  
(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States
(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States

24.It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the
(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area
(C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area
(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area  
(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area

25.According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in order to allow
(A) sufficient permeability
(B) artificial stimulation
(C) drilling of holes
(D) construction of reservoirs
(E) transfer of heat

26.According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃ per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?

The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity.

Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.

Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

27.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?  
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems
(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks
(C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?