【clover】ISSUE&ARGU OUTLINE by Misir

misirUID: 2684938

先发ARGU的。。。还好66说只写5个，不然我真的不用睡觉了。。。ISSUE的等下再写。。。哭，怎么有这么多的呢？？？
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A52:[education]
Article’s Conclusion: Baobob Inc. should start an aggressive apprenticeship program and hire students who express an interest in architecture directly out of high school rather than wait for them to go out of college.
Argument:
1.There are many architects around the world, so only several well-known, retired ones’ opinion will miss the point. Maybe many more received college education and then became qualified architects.
2. Several colleges the company recruits can not represent other ones. Maybe these college have few good professors, or the facilities in these colleges are out-of date or broken, or the atmosphere in these colleges is not good or gradually became worse and worse. So the talented graduate left for a better education.
3. The high school students may be physically and mentally immature; they need go to college to make a better understanding about their career in the future. And the certification is of importance.


A74:[education]
Article’s Conclusion:the state should not establish the vocational training programs but should instead focus on improving academic programs in our high schools.
Argument:
1.The average annual earnings of high school dropouts are much less than the high school graduates, so the government should take action to solve this problem, or there must burst out of the social chaos.
2. A free vocational training program is a good choice, when come to the students who can graduate to drop out for vocational training; it is the school’s decision. For this is an age of knowledge, there won’t be many students doing this stupid thing to drop out. If he or she really has to ,both the school and the parents must be regretful.
3. The program must be helpful to help raise the average earning potential of young people, for many dropouts can master a skill and make money by themselves, then some of them may be rich men, or hard-headed businessmen, or generous philanthropists, and they will contribute to the state’s economy, for instance setting a factory to provide more jobs for young people.

A94:[profits]
Article’s Conclusion: we should include whirlpool tubs and larger kitchens as standard features in all out new homes and decrease the size of our yards.
Argument:
1.This is a nationwide survey, not a statewide one, so the results may not apply to our state, that is to say, the customers may prefer other features in DC’s rooms rather than the whirlpool tub.
2. Even assuming the customers like the whirlpool tub, they may not like the larger kitchen. Larger kitchen means higher price, the residents may not afford to it. Or maybe the residents just desire the larger kitchen, but it is a luxury for them to imagine.
3. Even assuming that the customers can afford it, decreasing the size of the yards may cause other problems. Maybe some customers prefer our homes only because the yards, or the small yards are just not too large and not too small, if decreasing, the customers may complain about it.

A107:
Article’s Conclusion: we should preserve the port for the fishing fleet.
Argument:
1.In recent years, declining fish populations have decreased fishing revenue and forced many owners to stop fishing altogether. So many fishermen are out of job, but they have to pay for the fees to the port.
2. The port has a high vacancy rate, so it faces a recession. The pleasure boats are a good choice to increase the revenue. The pleasure boats will, not only increase the profit, but also attract tourists to come here. If government can make the town more clean and beautiful, maybe more and more people will come here to relax or go sightseeing by boat. At that time, fishermen won’t go fishing again; they can make a living by tourism.
3. If the port let the pleasure boats to port, the fishing boats won’t be forced out of the port, for fishing time is only the very period of the year, when in fishing moratorium, the port managers can let the pleasure boats port here.

A112:
Article’s Conclusion: the filling plan should be adopted.
Argument:
1.firstly, there has little to do with flight delays and capacity. The delay may be caused by the weather or the plane itself. Even increase the capacity can not decrease the delay. What the airport should do is to improve the planes’ quality.
2. the bay is the habitat of many sea animals, especially the turtles will lay eggs in the sand. If the bay was filled, the turtles may have no place to produce the next generation. And the food chin will be broken and the balance of ecology may be broken too. As the wetlands have been destroyed, we don’t want this tragedy happen again.
3. as the wetland had been damaged by industrialization, if the factories are still near the bay, what the airport does will be in vain. The most important problem is to make the industry environmentally-friendly. Or the wetland will be damaged again,

misirUID: 2684938

这份提纲写得不是很好，可能。。。因为我实在是困了~
I9: "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
TS: scholars’ ideas should
reach both sides in different situations.
1. for the freshmen, it should be wide enough to reach a wider audience, so the freshmen can make a better choice of what will become their major research.
2. while for the graduated ones, they need specialized academic disciplines, so they can devote themselves to the field liked most.
3. maybe at sometimes, we need the specialized, while at other times, we need the general one. It depends on the purpose or the motivation of the audience.

112:"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
TS. People’s attitudes are determined both of the immediate situations and the internal characteristic.
1. in some surroundings, the immediate things becomes dominant. For example, with the emergency, people always make a decision quickly, without a second thought.
2. while in some surroundings, the internal characteristic becomes dominant. For instance, when a man makes a decision whether he should marry the girl or leave her, it is an important choice which makes him think again and again.
3.at most times, both of them control our minds when we make a decision or choose our attitudes.

I37: "In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."
TS. Competition does more positive effect than negative one.
1. competition can make a country prosper. A good example is China’s economy is running faster and faster after opening the door to the outer world. Chinese motto says, “落后就要挨打”。
2. competition can make the society more vitalized. Competition is necessary in most of the societies, for everyone will be more energetic in his or her work.
3. on condition of competition, we will live a better life. We can make our plane a better place.

I57: "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
TS. It all depends.
1. some of the knowledge should been learned by direct experience. The youth are always curious about fresh thing around them, they may not listen to what the books read, so they will try it themselves. I believe that it is a good way to gain knowledge. (especially in the wild)
2. while some knowledge or ideas or thoughts should been studied from books, for books are the marrow of the writers. Always they experienced more or knew more than us. It may be a waste of time learning everything from ABCs.
3. most of the time, we need the knowledge from our book as well as the direct experience, for it is the best way to better understand the very thing.(especially for science and technology)

I75: "The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."
TS. I disagree with the author.
1. first, many celebrities used their own ideas to push the very field forward. For instance, Worsen and Click found the structure of DNA, which is a giant leap in the field of biology as well as the whole society.
2. secondly, thought the coordinating man is very important in most cases, they needn’t to be the most gifted ones. Sometimes the most gifted ones are not easy-going, or even a little arrogant, they may be proud of themselves, not the other way around.
3.sometimes, we need the people who develop their own ideas, then, the other people should follow the originator to finish further works. At this time, both kinds of people that the author mentioned are equal.

misirUID: 2684938

0202:
221The following appeared in the editorial section of a student newspaper.
"In a recent survey, most students who were studying beginning Russian gave higher course-evaluation ratings to classes taught by non-native Russian speakers than to classes taught by native Russian speakers. The reason that the non-native speakers were better teachers of Russian is easy to see: the non-native speakers learned Russian later in life themselves, and so they have a better understanding of how the language can be taught effectively. Therefore, in order to improve instruction for all languages and also save money, our university should hire non-native speakers as language instructors instead of trying to find and recruit native speakers."
1.The higher course-evaluation ratings don’t mean that the non-native speakers are better teaching Russian. Maybe the non-native teachers leave less homework to students, or more attractive than the native ones.
2.even assuming that non-native speakers are better teachers, the author cannot assert that hire them can improve instruction for all languages. Maybe it can only apply to Russian, not the other languages.
3.even assuming that non-native speakers can improve all languages, there is no evidence that it will save money. Non-native speakers may ask a higher wage when they realize that they are better teachers which is requided.

12The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the [url=]work shifts[/url][s1] are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."
1.it is not only the fatigue and sleep deprivation that cause the on-the-job accidents. Maybe there exist other problems, like the facilities are too old to work normally, or the workers themselves are not qualified to operate the machines.
2.even assuming that fatigue and sleep deprivation are the primary causes, the author cannot assert that the work shifts is not properly. Maybe the work shift itself is reasonable, while the workers can not make proper use of time, for instance some of them use it to gamble.
3.even assuming that the workers can use their free time in acceptable way, there is no evidence that the change of the work-shift system can guarantee adequate amounts of sleep. It is possible that the workers have to make money in other ways to make their ends meet.

66The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice to a client.
"Homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last year that region experienced 90 days with below-average temperatures, and climate forecasters at Waymarsh University predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. Because of these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
1.although the weather is freezing this year, and the experts forecast the weather pattern will continue for several years, the residents may not be update their heating system very soon. Because the weather forecast will never be precise, even it is made by experts, the people may think the weather this year is just a exception.
2.the new built homes maybe have modernized heating system, so it may not need oil at all.
3.if it is really freezing for a long time, the residents may buy the oil in a large amount in the supermarket instead of the retail stores.

8The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc.
"Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."
1.the author’s conclusion that 14 to 25 year olds are the age group that consumes the most snack food relies on no evidence. Other age group may be interested in it too. The author must conduct a poll to strength the conclusion.
2.even assuming that 14 to 25 years olds are the demographic group, the author can not assert that Diabolique Salsa can sales well throughout the country. Maybe the people in the small region of the country love it very much, but it can not stand for other regions.
3.even assuming that the whole country will like the product very much, the author’s conclusion to buy Mesa Foods may be nearsighted. Although the increase is increasing, the future of the product is not clear. Maybe the people don’t like the favor any more.

30According to information recently reported in the Eliottown Gazette, the number of people who travel to Eliottown has increased significantly over the past several years. So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights to Eliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before. Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly.
1.the people arrived on flights or by train does not mean they would go traveling in Eliottown Gazette. They came here with various purposes, maybe visit their relationships or have a meeting.
2.even assuming that most people arrived here went traveling, the author can not make the conclusion that the new Central Park and the Museum of Modern Art are the main cause. Maybe other resorts had been built that attracted most of the tourists.
3.even assuming that the new Central Park and the Museum of Modern Art made the tourism increasing, the author can not assert that the funding should be increased significantly. Both of them were built last year, so they need not much money to maintain. In contrast, other parks or museums may need the money to update themselves.

[s1]轮班工作

misirUID: 2684938

0203
229"The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole."
TS: both are important.
1.不同的时期有不同的选择：比如大学初期freshman阶段，对各个专业不了解，需要有一个总体的概念，这样也便于对本专业有新认识的同学转专业。而在研究生阶段，则需要有一个更深入的、系统的了解，这样才能在该领域有所突破。
2.不同的课程有不同的选择：比如主修这个专业的学生就应该对自己的专业有深入的掌握，这样才合格，而对于选修的课则主要掌握大致的情况。
3.通常两者是互补的，即在有些方面需要统领的知识作为大框架，有些方面则需要深入探索，刨根问底。所以没有最好的方法。

239"Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."
TS: agree with the author in some conditions
1.许多所谓的科学事实经常是“暂时”的，比如冥王星的行星地位。哥白尼的地心说。都被证伪了。所以科技的进步将导致许多新的发现，这往往会否定以前的事实。
2.有些事实是没有办法辨别真伪的，比如宇宙的起源，生命的诞生，亦或是先有鸡还是先有蛋。这是无法重现的实验，只能推测，无法验证。
3.还有一些是既定的事实，比如某年某国爆发了战争，或者切尔诺贝利核泄漏事件，它发生了就是发生了，而且也有目击者，纵使媒体的报道可能有失偏颇，但是事实终归是事实。

242"Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being金融状况."
TS：it is not real.
1.首先，承认保护物种是必须的，因为一个物种的消失意味着一个基因库的缺失，这是永久性的损失，是无法挽回的。从这个角度，我们应该积极地保护濒危物种，保持基因的多样性。
2.然而，一个物种的灭绝不仅与人有关，它还关系到它自己的生态位，如果是它被自然选择所淘汰（基因突变之类），那么人类再怎么花大力气去保护也是in vain的。
3.最后，现代科技的发展使得人类可以进行克隆，也就是我们可以通过克隆来帮助物种的繁衍，这样相对来说会节省时间和精力，同时又可以有较好的回报。（但是缺点还是很明显的）

6、"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth？."这句话的意思是？？？
TS: disagree.
1. contemporary culture 包含很多方面，比如政治经济文化，所以光从YOUTH的角度是不全面的，当然也就不是最有效地。(有许多决定它的方面比如history culture)
2.同样的，youth trends也包含很多的方面，它不仅仅包含contemporary culture,所以分析它并不能得到纯粹的答案，故不是最有效的。
3.综上，不存在最effective 的方法，应该从不同的年龄层面或者不同的阶级或者不同的名族来全面而有效地了解contemporary culture.


47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."
TS:disagree
1.首先是关于intellect的定义，应该不仅仅是reasoning and other cognitive skills，还有其他的方面，比如逻辑、计算、书写等。
2.现在是信息时代，社会急需的是脑力工作者，绝大部分是智慧型人才，从工作岗位来看，社会已经在这方面做了强调了。是否enough，这关系的标准问题。可能这个社会仅仅是宣传号召大家要注重智力，人们就觉得它enough了，而另一个社会落到实处加强教育，可是人们仍然觉得不过enough,所以参考系不同结论也不同。
3.另外，emphasis也是一个问题，怎样才是emphasis呢？是宣传打广告呢，还是加强职前培训呢？是贬低体力劳动呢，还是给脑力劳动者更高的工资呢？这都是问题。

misirUID: 2684938

N久么来了。。。
今天我又现身啦。。。
以后的任务是：每天5I5A，从高频顺序开始，坚持到2月28日，完成高频100.。。
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0208I&A
130"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
Definition: to make social especially : to fit or train for a social environment
keywords: children education society
1.        we achieve socialization mostly by education, for one of the purpose of education is to teach students to fit (not change!!) for a social environment.
2.        on the other hand, like the feedback in ecosystem, our human beings have a effect on society’s future, that is the destiny of society.
3.        the methods are always changing. It needs to be explored and updated, maybe only the one which can adapt to the current circumstance is what we needs.

50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."
为什么我觉得这题像argument呢？？？should题~
Keywords: should, education quality
1.        not all faculty need to work outside the academic world, because it is no use and isn’t in the cards. As in theoretical physics, there is not enough jobs for the professors to contribute to. It is theoretical, not practical.
2.        the education level depends on many aspects, not only the faculty’s quality of instruction, but also the undergraduate’s characters and intelligence.
3.        as for the education methods, teachers are just the guiders followed by students at the very beginning of the road; teachers are just the advisers giving advice when students meet some trouble, so it is the students themselves that counts.

*48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."
keywords: education history famous few& groups
Definition: a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes
1.        the reason why the study of history underlines individuals is that history is made up of events, to which contains some people (that is to say, the leaders). Sometimes the historians use the leader’s name to represent the whole event. What’s more, if they want to know more about the history, they usually have to absorb in the documents to explore the background of the key ones.
2.        So the famous few are very important to historians and history. …
3.        Groups are important; they are the basis, while the famous few are the decision maker who can lead us the way ahead.

208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."
keywords: A reveals B<=>C reveals D.
1.        to A reveals B: Although the look and dress and act reveal the people’s attitudes and interests, it is not comprehensive, and even one-sided.
2.        to B<=>C: It is not exact.
3.        to C reveals D: A society’s ideas and values can be observed in many other way. Especially through the people’s deep inside. S1: when confront emergences, like earthquake, drought, flood, avalanche, and so on. S2: when there broke out a war. S3: it can also be found through history, politics.

153"Students should bring certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
definition: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object
1.        First, to accept it is necessary. When we are young, we are like a canvas ready to be printed. It is a process of accumulating.
2.        As we are older, we gain more experiences, and we become intelligent and insightful, at that time, we have the ability to question the authority.
3.        As for the purpose of education, we are hoped to be the ones who can contribute to the society and make the world a better place. Always accepting is not enough, the creativity and skeptic is important.

misirUID: 2684938

53Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.
Conclusion: melatonin increase-> shyness during infancy-> shyness into later life
M1: before birth or during the period of pregnancy, not only melatonin changes level, other hormone may increase or decrease too.
M2: mild distress!= shyness
M3: 13 years!= later times
Mn: survey: sample size is too small, the gender is unknown, the mothers come from the same place? Hormones can interact with each other in a complex way. And the parents’ traits.

51The following appeared in a medical newsletter.
"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."
conclusion: the hypothesis-> the experiment->the last sentence
M1: the preliminary result cannot use to patients, for it may be wrong after deep-exploring.
M2: the experiment didn’t mention “secondary infections”, so it cannot support the hypothesis. And whether the experiment is univariate in unknown, the gender, the number of each group, the weight, the health conditions, the age, the sensitive, and the experimenter is different too.
M3: the severe muscle strain is different from ordinary one. And the effect is unknown. Maybe faster healing but easy infected again.

45The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
"【Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.】 Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."
conclusion: global warming trends-> sea ice melt-> the deer can’t follow the old migration way+ report -> number decrease
M1: the report made by the local hunters may not be exact. Their methods may be old-fashioned. And if the deer change the immigration way, the hunters can not recognize immediately.
M2: Even if the sea ice melts, there is no evidence that the deer can not migrate. They can choose another way.
M3: Other factors can also cause the deer population decline. The environment damaged, the climate changed, the hunter increased, the food decreased.

188A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.
conclusion: the underlined one
The report is unconvincing for the research is full of vulnerabilities.
M1: The sample size is different, which means the experiment is not univariate.
The age, health condition, weight, genetic disease, are all unknown.
M2: The feeling can be divided into different levels, but it cannot be quantified, which means that maybe women can bear much more pain but their feeling is just like what the men feel at less pain level. It is subjective, not objective.
M3:moving the teeth!= whenever pain medication is required. It is unpersuasive. And the experiment cannot expend the result.

35The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
conclusion: S can treat headaches-> S can be preservatives-> survey+ S can also be a food addictive=> headache patients will be declined.
M1: S can treat headaches!= S can preserve headaches.
M2: The survey is problematic.
M3: Food additives!= people will use it. Even use it, it can be abused.

misirUID: 2684938

43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
Keywords: effective leader, highest ethical and moral standards.
Question: What do effective, ethical and moral mean?
Disagree.
1.Everybody needs to have ethicality and morality. Here, give the definition of ethicality and morality. And it is our society which has close link with.
2.For a leader, it becomes more important to maintain ethicality and morality. Here, give the function of leaders and examples, like Bill Gates (philanthropy), Martin Luther King (nonviolence)
3.However, nobody is perfect, neither the leaders. So the public just hope their leaders to be more ethical and more moral, not be the most. It is also problematic who is the decision maker to say the highest, how can we measure it,

103"The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
Disagree.
1.To study history is to 重现 history, it can tell us the ancient culture or civilization.
2.To study history is to 吸取教训, it can help us adapt to our modern life.
3.To study history is to lead our way ahead, not just search for the information which is relevant to our daily lives.

51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
Disagree.
1.Education has its fundamental purpose, which is to let the students form a value system and have basic moral and ethical standard and become a health person. It is necessary, no matter whether the student likes or dislikes.
2.Above the building blocks, the students must learn some fundamental skills and courses, without which the students can not accept the more complex knowledge.
3.Finally, when the students go into universities or colleges, they can choose their major and minor. This is the time when schools should meet the individual needs.

131"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise
hidden ideas and impulses of a society."
Question: What does otherwise mean here?
Agree.
1.In the ancient times, when the technology is not so developed, art is usual way for people to express themselves. The 壁画、雕塑、象形文字、金字塔 show us the picture how they live, what they usually do, and through these, we can deduce some hidden ideas and impulses.
2.In the modern times, it is also true. For instance, 贝多芬的交响曲（或者肖邦的）、雨果的《巴黎圣母院》、梵高的《吃土豆的人》
3.No matter when, the art works have the function to reveal history, to exhibit now, and to 畅想 future.

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
Disagree.
1.The development of technology can change our life, from many aspects.
2.It can even influence our social customs and ethics.(examples???)
3.However, it can not determine social customs and ethics, for they are the bar of our society, or the backbone.

misirUID: 2684938

161In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.
Study B-> Study A had misrepresrnted.
1.Check out!= preference.
2.Frequency!= number
3.The respondents are the same as the former time? The age, the 藏书量,…

7The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.
"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."
A: the town council members are destroying the environment+ FB is one of the council members-> FB will does so.
B: factory numbers increase-> air pollution level increases-> patients with respiratory illness increase.
C: AG is a member of Good Earth Coalition-> she will solve the environment problems.
A+B+C=> the residents should vote for AG.

169The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.
"Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of为了 attracting the most gifted
teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."
A：some studies-> we should……+ they will be pleasure to come if their spouses have job waiting for them.
B: The new teachers come-> they are the most gifted -> improve our morale of entire staff
A+ B=> the money we spend will be worth.

203The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.
"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
A: the length of average patient stay
B: the cure rate
C: the employees per patient and complaints in the hospitals.
A+B+C=> the underline sentence

14The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town.
"There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring."
A: the survey indicated that consumers……
B: the magazine sold out 3 months in a row
A+B-> the consumers becomes more and more interested in growing their own vegetables.-> we can expand the vegetable seeds-> we will increase our profits.

longlong6789UID: 2737470

LZ加油～学习学习～

misirUID: 2684938

0210A
209The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company.
"In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for作为 ... 的报酬，替换a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably."
A: PS here, profits fallen, in the last three quarters of this year
B: SJ in another company made the profits increased over the past several years
C: we will pay RS twice the salary-> RS will accept the position
D: we will resign PS with a generous severance package-> PS will leave the position
A+B+C+D=> our profits will increase.
(different professions)

20The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.
"The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 during the summer months(这句话有何用处？). To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies from 50 per day to 30 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau, when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."
A：the underline sentence（隐含假设：6家公司的租车数量都超过了50）
B: the Torsean’s …（隐含假设：别城降低了50%后比我们要少）
A+B=> reduce the number of accidents involving moped and pedestrians

65The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.
"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."
A：Last year, five best-selling cheese, newest, all domestic cheese.
B: the survey conducted by the Cheese of the World magazine indicate…
C: limiting inventory->reduce expenses
A+B+C=> discontinue stocking …=> our profit will increase.

238The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Mira Vista College to the college's board of trustees.
"At nearby Green Mountain College, which has more business courses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year's graduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors who informed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had found full-time jobs within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduates were employed in their major field of study. To help Mira Vista's graduates find employment, we must offer more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their resumés and interviewing skills."
A: more business courses and job counselors-> easy to find jobs
B: had job offers!= found full-time jobs, the major of their study…
A+B+offer more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors=> help the students with their resumes and interviewing skills-> more offers

127The vice president for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the following recommendation to the company's president.
"In an effort to improve our employees' productivity, we should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their workstations. Employees who use the Internet from their workstations need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping or playing games. By installing software to detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic at Climpson, and improve our overall profits."
链式结构

misirUID: 2684938

0211
137The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.

"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."
A： from the survey to the seldom use the nearby Mason River for recreational activity.
B: the residents complains about the river and they think it is not clear-> residents must be avoiding the river->
C:
xxx will clean up Mason River
A+B+C=> the last sentence.

18The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.
"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. A:But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, C:we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."
引用他人的范式+前提错误+结论错误

37Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.
no boat+ no need->not the P took the woven baskets to L+ L had found one->woven baskets were not unique to P

162A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.
NA suffer the diseases+ Asian suffer little(they eat soy+ soy contains phytochemicals called isofalvones) eating soy->preventing fatigue and depression

186The following is a recommendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company.
"In a recent telephone survey of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity. Among workers aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor, compared to 12 percent for those aged 30 or over, and only 8 percent for those aged 50 or over. Clearly, if our printing company hires mainly older employees, we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors."