ARGUMENT214 by zephyrqq 请问public education和public school education是不是一样

zephyrqqUID: 2260290

ARGUMENT214 - In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools-even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.
字数：327  530        用时：00:35:00  加了40分钟        日期：2008-2-27 0:59:37

1.暗含假设：税收一样多
2.暗含假设：学生一样多
3.public education等同 public school education?

Before accepting the author's conclusion that within the region of Treehaven, cities differ in the value they place on public education. we should make a reflection on the reasoning process of this argument once more. By doing this, we would find that this argument is unsubstantial, as the example cited by the author could not show that Parson City(PC) residents care more about public school education than do Blue City(BC) residents.

First and foremost, the author's conclusion rest on the implicated assumption these two cities almost have the same number of people who need receive public school education. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily the case. It is entirely possible that in BC these people only make up to 10% of the total population, while in PC about 30% of the whole population within the age range of being ought to receive public school education. If so, it seems that the students in BC even enjoy a higher education cost per person than do PC students. Under this circumstance, is there a necessity for the government of BC to budget as much money as PC to show they care more about public education? Of course not. they have already done it by offering a higher education cost per student. Without ruling out the existence of this possibility, the author's conclusion is inevitably weak.

Furthermore, even if these two cities have nearly the same number of students, another problem with this argument involve with a similar implicated presumption that BC and BC have about the same number of residents and therefore the taxes that their government collect each year would be similar. However, this is not certainly the case. Perhaps, the tax payers in PC are three times as many as those live in PC, for their different proportions of population. There is a possibility that the taxes in BC are not so onerous, maybe just amount to one fourth of that in PC. Either or both of these possibilities, if true, would lead to the fact that BC actually budget more part of their taxes for public education and they lay more emphasis on public school education.

In addition, the author unfairly equals public education to public school education, and overlook other respects of public education. For example, the research institution of public education, teacher training program and the like. One could not arrive any safe conclusion on the value placed on public education in BC and PC, unless he or she have compared the total budgets for public education of these two cities. Unfortunately, the author does not make this comparison., so we could not evaluate his conclusion effectively.

In conclusion, since the author fails to convince us that the cited example indicate that BC place less value on public education than PC, we do not think this example lent firm support to his conclusion. To better evaluate the conclusion that the region’s cities varies in the emphasis they place on public education, we need information to telling us detailed proportion of population of BC and PC, and the total budgets of their public education separately. Other data concerning about the situation of budget for public school education in other cities within the region of Treehaven would also be helpful.


重新修改版
1.暗含假设：税收一样多
2.暗含假设：学生一样多
3.对于 public school education 的预算可能不能反映居民对教育的关注程度

Before accepting the author's conclusion that within the region of Treehaven, cities differ in the value they place on public education. we should make a reflection on the reasoning process of this argument once more. By doing this, we would find that this argument is unsubstantial, as the example cited by the author could not show that Parson City(PC) residents care more about public school education than do Blue City(BC) residents.

To begin, the author's conclusion rest on the implicated assumption these two cities almost have the same number of people who need receive public school education. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily the case. It is entirely possible that in BC these people only make up to 10% of the total population, while in PC about 30% of the whole population within the age range of being ought to receive public school education. If so, it seems that the students in BC even enjoy a higher education cost per person than do PC students. Under this circumstance, is there a necessity for the government of BC to budget as much money as PC to show they care more about public education? Of course not. they have already done it by offering a higher education cost per student. Without ruling out the existence of this possibility, the author's conclusion is inevitably weak.

Furthermore, even if these two cities have nearly the same number of students, another problem with this argument involve with a similar implicated presumption that BC and BC have about the same number of residents and therefore the taxes that their government collect each year would be similar. However, this is not certainly the case. Perhaps, the tax payers in PC are three times as many as those live in PC, for their different proportions of population. There is a possibility that the taxes in BC are not so onerous, maybe just amount to one fourth of that in PC. Either or both of these possibilities, if true, would lead to the fact that BC actually budget more part of their taxes for public education and they lay more emphasis on public school education.


补写第三段 对于 public school education 的预算可能不能反映居民对教育的关注程度
Finally, whether the budgets for public school education alone could be the indicator of the value placed on public education by residents or not is doubtful. First, it is at least possible that BC suffers from some special problem, for example flood, every year and therefore government has to budget a large part of taxes for those residents who lose home and property due to this disaster, though it place as much value as PC on public education. Secondly, it is also likely that there are some other resource of public education found in BC, like personal donation, support from corporation and so forth and the total fund for public education is actually more than that of PC. This scenario, if true, would tell us that the residents in BC even show more concern about public education as they bolster it actively and willingly. Thirdly, common sense informs us that it is the duty of government to decide the budget of a city. Consequently, there is a possibility that the distribution of budget, which present the will of government, could not always embody the idea of residents as a whole.

修改结尾
In conclusion, since the author fails to convince us that the cited example indicate that BC place less value on public education than PC, we do not think this example lent firm support to his conclusion. To better evaluate the conclusion that the region’s cities varies in the emphasis they place on public education, we need information to telling us detailed proportion of population of BC and PC, the conditions of their taxes, the total founds of their public education and other situations separately. Other data concerning about the situations of  public education in other cities within the region of Treehaven would also be helpful.

[ 本帖最后由 zephyrqq 于 2008-2-27 10:02 编辑 ]

zephyrqqUID: 2260290

ARGUMENT214 by zephyrqq 请问public education和public school education是不是一样

看起来是我理解错了，应该是一样的，修改
ARGUMENT214 - In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools-even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.
字数：327  530   462     用时：00:35:00  加了40分钟        日期：2008-2-27 0:59:37

1.暗含假设：税收一样多
2.暗含假设：学生一样多
3.public education等同 public school education?

Before accepting the author's conclusion that within the region of Treehaven, cities differ in the value they place on public education. we should make a reflection on the reasoning process of this argument once more. By doing this, we would find that this argument is unsubstantial, as the example cited by the author could not show that Parson City(PC) residents care more about public school education than do Blue City(BC) residents.

First and foremost, the author's conclusion rest on the implicated assumption these two cities almost have the same number of people who need receive public school education. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily the case. It is entirely possible that in BC these people only make up to 10% of the total population, while in PC about 30% of the whole population within the age range of being ought to receive public school education. If so, it seems that the students in BC even enjoy a higher education cost per person than do PC students. Under this circumstance, is there a necessity for the government of BC to budget as much money as PC to show they care more about public education? Of course not. they have already done it by offering a higher education cost per student. Without ruling out the existence of this possibility, the author's conclusion is inevitably weak.

Furthermore, even if these two cities have nearly the same number of students, another problem with this argument involve with a similar implicated presumption that BC and BC have about the same number of residents and therefore the taxes that their government collect each year would be similar. However, this is not certainly the case. Perhaps, the tax payers in PC are three times as many as those live in PC, for their different proportions of population. There is a possibility that the taxes in BC are not so onerous, maybe just amount to one fourth of that in PC. Either or both of these possibilities, if true, would lead to the fact that BC actually budget more part of their taxes for public education and they lay more emphasis on public school education.

In conclusion, since the author fails to convince us that the cited example indicate that BC place less value on public education than PC, we do not think this example lent firm support to his conclusion. To better evaluate the conclusion that the region’s cities varies in the emphasis they place on public education, we need information to telling us detailed proportion of population of BC and PC, the conditions of their taxes and the total budgets of their public education separately. Other data concerning about the situation of budget for public school education in other cities within the region of Treehaven would also be helpful.

[ 本帖最后由 zephyrqq 于 2008-2-27 02:00 编辑 ]

最後の使徒UID: 2257608

from Wiki 从定义来看题中的public school education就是public education, 这种词上不建议揪太细

另外这题还一点可以置疑就是gov不一定反映的是res的喜好, 即使反映了, 花钱多少也不是唯一标准

Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. The term is generally applied to basic education, K -12 education or primary and secondary education: it is rarely, if ever, applied to post-secondary education, advanced education, or universities, colleges, or technical schools. Public education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally. Public education is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions.

Public education may be provided by a national, regional (province, state, territory, etc.), or local/municipal government, or a combination thereof. Where public education is provided by the state or a regional government, it is often referred to as "state education", a term which is rarely used when public education is provided by a local government.

Public education is typically provided to groups of students (classrooms; the "one-to-many" model of delivery), with a number of groups of students clustered in a school. However, the term "public education" is not synonymous with "public schooling". Public education can be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers, supervising teachers, and/or distance learning. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space.

The term "public education" is not synonymous with the term "publicly funded education". Government may make a public policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over, the provision of education which is not public education. Grants-in-aid of private schools, and voucher systems all provide examples of publicly funded education which is not public education. Conversely, a public school (including ones run by school districts) may rely heavily on non-public funding (such as high fees or private donations) but still be considered public by virtue of public ownership and control.

Public education often involves the following:

compulsory student attendance (until a certain age or standard is achieved);
certification of teachers and curricula, either by the government or by a teachers' organization;
testing and standards provided by government.
The United Kingdom provides an anomalous use of the term "public school". In England the term "public school" refers to an elite of privately funded independent schools which had their origins in medieval schools funded by charity to provide education for the poor. (The anomaly points to one of the fundamentals of public education, which is inclusion: in times past the commitment to inclusion was demonstrated by reaching out through charity.)

Public education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to attend school up to a certain age, but the option of attending private school is open to many. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state and generally defray their costs (or even make a profit) by charging students tuition fees. The funding for public schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school (or whose dependents do not attend school) help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because the children there are valuable laborers. It is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance.

In some countries, such as Germany, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, as long as they comply with certain state requirements. When these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. They are then treated financially and for accreditation purposes as part of the public education system, even though they make decisions about hiring and school policy (not hiring atheists, for example), which the state might not make itself.

Proponents of public education assert it to be necessary because of the need in modern society for people who are capable of reading, writing, and doing basic mathematics. However, some libertarians argue that education is best left to the private sector; in addition, advocates of alternative forms of education such as unschooling argue that these same skills can be achieved without subjecting children to state-run compulsory schooling. In most industrialized countries or states, these views are distinctly in the minority.

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zephyrqqUID: 2260290

谢谢你的帮助~
补写第三段 对于 public school education 的预算可能不能反映居民对教育的关注程度
Finally, whether the budgets for public school education alone could be the indicator of the value placed on public education by residents or not is doubtful. First, it is at least possible that BC suffers from some special problem, for example flood, every year and therefore government has to budget a large part of taxes for those residents who lose home and property due to this disaster, though it place as much value as PC on public education. Secondly, it is also likely that there are some other resource of public education found in BC, like personal donation, support from corporation and so forth and the total fund for public education is actually more than that of PC. This scenario, if true, would tell us that the residents in BC even show more concern about public education as they bolster it actively and willingly. Thirdly, common sense informs us that it is the duty of government to decide the budget of a city. Consequently, there is a possibility that the distribution of budget, which present the will of government, could not always embody the idea of residents as a whole.

修改结尾
In conclusion, since the author fails to convince us that the cited example indicate that BC place less value on public education than PC, we do not think this example lent firm support to his conclusion. To better evaluate the conclusion that the region’s cities varies in the emphasis they place on public education, we need information to telling us detailed proportion of population of BC and PC, the conditions of their taxes, the total founds of their public education and other situations separately. Other data concerning about the situations of  public education in other cities within the region of Treehaven would also be helpful.

[ 本帖最后由 zephyrqq 于 2008-2-27 09:58 编辑 ]