1006G[redemption]备考贴 by barrywoo

barrywooUID: 2719924

心静，心静，心不乱

https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1054042&page=1

复习计划
目标：
issue 5.0，argument 5.5

时间：
距考试仅剩36天。

任务：
1、熟悉题库，至少完全弄懂意思，有写作思路。
2、按分类每个掌握10个左右例子，多多益善
3、Issue 高频40篇，写作，批改。
4、argument 30篇，灵活运用模板，减少模板痕迹(根据xdf老师韦晓亮所言，argument好像从没抓过一个雷同)。
5、限时训练。

大致安排：
平时： 每天晚上3h，写作，修改
          早上4h，写作与背诵
周末： 总结，集中突破。

最低要求：Issue 3.5，argument 4.0

barrywooUID: 2719924

Sample Argument Topic
Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller skating accidents indicate the need for more protective equipment.

Within this group of people（未说明总体规模）, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots (取样片面)were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.).

Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment,（投资了，不一定生产，生产了不一定消费，消费了不一定保证能减少事故） roller skaters will greatly reduce （条件不充分）their risk of being severely injured in an accident.

barrywooUID: 2719924

Essay Response * – Score 6
The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it is the intent of these products to either provent accident from occurring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear. （指出原文的结论，并顺承式指出错误）

First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear （解释段落）- preventative gear (such as light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmets). Preventative gear is intended to warn others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater. It works only if the "other" is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention.

Protective gear is intended to reduce the effect of any accident, whether it is caused by an other, the skater or some force of nature. Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to reduce the injuries that occur in an accident. The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more interesting if the skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only, those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both. These statistics could provide skaters with a clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial.（这里对原文讨论的两个主要装备进行分类讨论，指出其中一个装备并未具备减少事故的作用）

The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not. If is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and/or safety conscious individuals. The skaters who wear gear may be less likely to cause accidents through careless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact, be their natural caution and repsonsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself.（对原文最大一个漏洞，即装备可以减少事故发生率进行攻击，且言之有物，让人容易接受） Also, the statistic above is based entirely on those who are skating in streets and parking lots which are relatively dangerous places to skate in the first place. People who are generally more safety conscious (and therefore more likely to wear gear) may choose to skate in safer areas such as parks or back yards.（对抽样不随机进行攻击）

The statistic also goes not differentiate between severity of injuries. The conclusion that safety gear prevents severe injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries.（对潜在假设进行攻击） This is certainly not the case. Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evenings and weekends (when doctors' offices are closed), skater with less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment.


Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other kinds of gear. .（对潜在假设进行攻击）For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only for skating. Before skaters are encouraged to invest heavily in gear, a more complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.

The argument for safety gear based on emergency room statistics could provide important information and potentially saves lives. （giving suggestions）Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits are needed. After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.


Commentary
This article is well-organized and successfully convey a persasive cogent critic thinking of the argument.
The flaws stated in the discussion are very impressive ones.
And the structure are typically as follows:

Summarize the position in the argument, and point out the flaws
Parallelly arrange the discussion
sum up and suggestion

barrywooUID: 2719924

Essay Response – Score 5
The argument presented is limited but useful. It indicates a possible relationship between a high percentage of accidents and a lack of protective equipment. (rewrite the conclusion of the argument)The statistics cited compel a further investigation of the usefulness of protective gear in preventing or mitigating roller-skating related injuries. However, the conclusion that protective gear and reflective equipment would "greatly reduce.risk of being severely injured" is premature. Data is lacking with reference to the total population of (指出错误之一，总体不明)skaters and the relative levels of experience, skill and physical coordination of that population. It is entirely possible that further research would indicate that most serious injury is averted by the skater's ability to react quickly and skillfully in emergency situations.

Another area of investigation necessary before conclusions can be reached is identification of the types of injuries that occur and the various causes of those injuries. The article fails to identify the most prevalent types of roller-skating related injuries. It also fails to correlate the absence of protective gear and reflective equipment to those injuries.(too vague) For example, if the majority of injuries are skin abrasions and closed-head injuries, then a case can be made for the usefulness of protective clothing mentioned. Likewise, if injuries are caused by collision with vehicles (e.g. bicycles, cars) or pedestrians, then light-reflective equipment might mitigate the occurences. However, if the primary types of injuries are soft-tissue injuries such as torn ligaments and muscles, back injuries and the like, then a greater case could be made for training and experience as preventative measures.

commentary:
1.lack of words（total 250）
2.there are only two flaws attcked, more is needed.

barrywooUID: 2719924

Argument Scoring Criteria


A 6 paperpresents a cogent, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveysmeaning skillfully.

A typical paperin this category
• clearly identifies important features ofthe argument（先总结原文观点） and analyzes them insightfully
• develops ideas cogently, organizes themlogically（按逻辑层次排列观点）, and connects them with clear transitions（过渡）
• effectively supports the main points ofthe critique（例子，阐释）
• demonstrates control of language,including appropriate word choice and sentence variety
• demonstrates facility with theconventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written Englishbut may have minor errors

barrywooUID: 2719924

Issue“In our time,specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—peoplewho can provide broad perspectives."


Essay Response * – Score 6In this era ofrapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity andpsychological displacement, (引言表达，背景阐述)both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society callfor a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.

Specialists arenecessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefullyassimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out ofresearch and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. (陈述专家的作用) As the head of Pharmacology at my university oncesaid (and I paraphrase):"I can only research what I do because there areso many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It isonly because of each of the narrowly focused individuals at each step that afull and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each personcan only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, buttogether we can climb to the moon." This illustrates the point that oursocieties level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simplymust be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of theinformation available to us.

Simply put,without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload. (反面论证) While it was fine for early physicists to learn andunderstand the few laws and ideas that existed during their times, now, no oneindividual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the knowledge in any givenarea.

On theother hand, Over specializationmeans narrow focii in which people can lose the larger picture. (转折，之后一片新天地) No one can hope to understand the human body by onlyinspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may beinternally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within theframework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails,we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions andthus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing amongspecialists. (给出作者的论断) Simply throwing out various discovieries means we have a pile ofuseless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that wecan see that they may form a picture.

Not only mayover-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge,but it can also serve to drown moral or universall issues. (进一步陈述专家过专的害处，引出对通才的需要) Generalists and only generalists can see a broadenough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of theenvironment. With specialization, each person focusses on their research andtheir goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies aredriven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existencein which true advancement may mean stifling individual specialists for thegreater good of all.

Finally,over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal andpsychological compartmentalization. (最后讨论专业化在人们日常中的害处) People are forced into pigeon holes early in life (at least byuniversity) and must conciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuliand information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe.Not only does this make for narrowly focused and generally poorly-educated individuals,but it guarantees a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling ofpsychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.

Withoutgeneralists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Withouta society that recongnizes the impotance of braod-mindedness and fora forsharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form ofsociety necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. (强调通才，紧接上文) Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrustswhile generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know whatthe stakes are.


Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6
The argumentitself has two parts. The first part presents a compelling case forspecialization, primarily in the field of medicine. The second part presents anequally compelling, well-organized case against overspecialization based onthree main reasons:

• logical (narrowly trained specialistsoften fail to understand the whole)
• moral (usually generalists understandwhat is needed for "the greater good")
• personal (specializing/pigeonholing tooearly can be psychologically damaging)

(相当于作者先写了一段argument，然后进行驳论)
skillful use of experttestimony (quotation from a prominent medical researcher) and vivid metaphor(to inspect only one's toenails is to ignore the whole body).


Essay Response – Score 5
Specialists arenot overrated today. More generalists may be needed, but not to overshadow thespecialists.（摆出观点） Generalists can provide a great deal ofinformation on many topics of interest with a broad range of ideas. People wholook at the overall view of things can help with some of the large problems oursociety faces today. But specialists are necessary to gain a betterunderstanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixing things. （讨论KW的定义与作用）

One good exampleof why specialists are not overrated is in the medical field. Doctors arenecessary for people to live healthy lives. When a person is sick, he may go toa general practitioner to find out the cause of his problems. Usually, thiskind of "generalized" doctor can help most ailments with simple and effectivetreatments. Sometimes, though, a sickness may go beyond a family doctor'sknowledge or the prescribed treatments don't work the way they should. When asickness progresses or becomes diagnosed as a disease that requires more carethan a family doctor can provide, he may be referred to a specialist. Forinstance, a person with constant breathing problems that requirehospitalization may be suggested to visit an asthma specialist. Since a familydoctor has a great deal of knowledge of medicine, he can decide when hismethods are not effective and the patient needs to see someone who knows moreabout the specific problem; someone who knows how it begins, progresses, andspecified treatments. This is an excellent example of how a generalied personmay not be equipped enough to handle something as well as a specialized onecan.
（举例）

Another exampleof a specialist who is needed instead of a generalist involves teaching. Ingrammar school, children learn all the basic principles of reading, writing,and arithematic. But as children get older and progress in school, they gain abetter understanding of the language and mathematical processes. As the yearsin school increase, they need to learn more and more specifics and detailsabout various subjects.
They start out bylearning basic math concepts such as addition, subtraction, division, andmultiplication. A few years later, they are ready to begin algebraic concepts,geometry, and calculus. They are also ready to learn more advanced vocabulary,the principles of how all life is composed and how it functions. One teacher orprofessor can not provide as much in depth discussion on all of these topics aswell as one who has learned the specifics and studied mainly to know everythingthat is currently known about one of these subjects. Generalized teachers arerequired to begin molding students at a very early age so they can get readyfor the future ahead of them in gaining more facts about the basic subjects andfinding out new facts on the old ones.
（举例）

These are onlytwo examples of why specialists are not highly overrated and more generalistsare not necessary to the point of overshadowing them. Generalists are needed togive the public a broad understanding of some things. But, specialists are importantto help maintain the status, health, and safety of our society. Specialists arevery necessary.

（个人以为，本文结构太过简单，重心在举例而非逻辑论证）


Issue scoring criteria

A 6 paperpresents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issueand conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical paperin this category
• presents an insightful position on theissue（developed in the first paragraph）
• develops the position with compellingreasons and/or persuasive examples（using reasonal thinking logic, and examples)
• sustains a well-focused, well-organizedanalysis, connecting ideas logically （linkage)
• expresses ideas fluently and precisely,using effective vocabulary and sentence variety
• demonstrates facility with theconventions (i.e., Grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written Englishbut may have minor errors

barrywooUID: 2719924

对于调查类错误：
首先攻击是否随机取样，取样地点是否全面，取样主体是否具有代表性。
其次攻击取样数量的多少

barrywooUID: 2719924

作业二

ISSUE:
130."How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." （教育类）
130． 孩子们的社会化决定着社会的命运。不幸的是，我们还不知道怎样抚养孩子才能使他们对将来的社会有用。

提纲
孩子的社会化决定了社会的命运
社会化的定义与解释
孩子的社会化是否会决定社会的命运，为什么？
我们还不清楚如何最好地社会化一个孩子吗？不是的，虽然我们对具体某个孩子的社会化可能无能为力，但是我们在批量生产初步社会化的半成品，从学校毕业的学生。

确实，学校采用了很多的方式，可是都无法保证每个受教育者被成功社会化，这与每个学生后天经历、性格、秉赋都有关系。有的同学，有的同学，还有的同学。

但是我们无法否定的是学校从小学到中学到初中，到高中，大学，作为最重要的社会化工具，确定能帮助一大部分同学成功社会化。
在学校可以获取知识，经受思维锻炼，这是融入社会思维的基本途径。
学校就是一个缩小版的，简单版的社会，如果学生能够适应学校生活，能够在学校里正常与同学交往，与老师交流，那么他的社会化程度肯定不会太低。

Most people would agree the fact that to reach a better society in the future, we must emphasize on how we raise our children today. But do we literally know little regarding to the cultivation of children? As far as I concern, we have already develop several means to socialize our offspring.

Here begin with the clarification of “socialization” that will be discussed in the following part. Socialization is kind of assimilation, by which the society absorb new members and acquire new development. In other word, people that are socialized would adapt to social environment, adopt the thinking logic used by other socialized persons, and behave as expected by other members of society. Socialization is a process, everyone begin this process early in his/her childhood, for it will take decades to completely blend into a society.

Because of the significance of the socialization of children, people have never failed to put emphasis upon it. Nowadays, although the successful socialization of every child still impossible for us, we already have a few means to guarantee most of them assimilated by the society perfectly. And the most popular and useful mean is education.

Admittedly, education in schools might fail to socialize some students. First, there are children with disabilities do not go to school; they are mentally or physically incapable to participate in regular social activities. Second, the experiences and the personality shaped by adapting to surroundings and experiences, affect the effect of socialization. If the child suffers from severe discrimination because of the skin color or appearance, he/she might reluctant to get to know the classmates that mock at him/her, which will surely slow the process of socialization. In addition, the socialization of students also depends on the variation across the distribution of IQ and EQ.

However, what we cannot deny is that as the most significant tool to socialize students, schools (elementary, middle, high, and colleges) never fail to bring most pupils socialized. We can learn a lot of things, train our thinking ability, and make many friends at school. These things teach us how to think and behave in the society. Moreover, from a analogy perspective, school itself is a concise and simplified version of real society, at which we can practice our skills and demonstrate our capabilities. Person that shines at school will usually be eminent in society too.

In the final analysis，despite that we cannot precisely socialize the child we want to , we can educate them, enlighten them and make most of them adaptive to blend into society.





ARGUMENT:
51.The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients.
The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected.
Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced.
Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."

提纲
两组实验存在缺陷，条件不一致。
首先，没有详述病人的体质是否相差不大。
其次，伤重程度。
而且，两位医师不一致，两位医师在治疗上是否还采取其他有影响的措施也没有交代。

即便两组实验不存在以上的问题，也不能说明被试验的病人被二次感染，也就更加不用说二次感染是否会阻碍患者康复。
再让步，即便二次感染妨碍患者康复，也不能说明所有的肌肉拉伤的患者都需要服用抗生素。

This argument is not persuasive because it rashly draws the conclusion that secondary infections keep patients with severe muscle strain from healing quickly, just based on insufficient and dubious evidence. We cannot reach this conclusion merely by the shady experiment, for the arguer failed to tell us some essential information concerning.

First, the patient in the two groups may differ from each other on strength and health condition. People who are stronger and healthier will heal quicker than the unsound ones. Moreover, we are not informed whether the patients from different group suffered from the similar muscle injures. A person injured slightly would surely have a shorter recuperation time than the one who suffered severely. And the recuperation time will vary between patients suffered from different type of muscle strain. Furthermore, we can easily observe that the two doctors allocated for the two groups possess distinctive background, which might lead to different treatment for the different groups. This variation will keep the conclusion drawn from the experiment far from being objective and reliable.

Even if we concede that the experiment was scientifically designed, this does not necessarily lead to the result that all the patients severely injured have to suffer the secondary infections, not to mention whether the infection will hinder healing process. It is possible that the antibiotics serve as stimuli that drive the person heal quickly, rather than bacteria-killer.

Finally, even if we accept that all the patients in the experiment suffer from secondary infection, which will be controlled (or contained) if the patient takes antibiotics, we still cannot get to the generalization that all patients with muscle strain should take antibiotics to shorten their recuperation time. The reason is quite obvious, not all the persons with muscle strain suitable to take antibiotics, people who are allergic to it or dislike it should not advised to take it.

Thus, although patients with severe muscle strain might suffer from secondary infection, and taking advisable dose of antibiotics might help, we cannot rashly conclude that all patients should take antibiotics even after a slight muscle strain, unless the arguer would have offer us further information concerning a well-designed experiment involving patients slightly injured.

barrywooUID: 2719924

作业三

ARGUMENT:53


53. [Evidence1] Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. [Evidence1.1] They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin - a hormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. [Evidence2]In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-who had shown signsof distress identified themselves as shy. [Conclusion]Clearly, [C.a] increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and [C.b] this shyness continues into later life.




首先，调查类错误。样本数量少，只有25人，无法具有代表性。取样方法既不全面也不随机，只观察出现mild distress的个体，(实际应当将所有婴儿作为总体，从此总体中随机抽取一部分，先分为两个对照组，继续观察他们长大后的特征差异)。

即使不考虑实验中的这些错误，我们也不能推断出shyness during infancy continues into later life。首先，结果实验得知正常组只有小部分人认为自己害羞，而实验组则有一半以上人认为自己害羞，是否成立不清楚；其次，infant 的行为是否是shyness值得商榷。

再退一步，即使婴儿期的表现可以看成害羞，并且证实会延续至成年，我们也不能说M导致婴儿的这种害羞行为。M只是对大脑的某些功能产生影响，这并不能说明这些功能改变就成功导致婴儿的害羞行为。

因此，本文错误假定了M对大脑功能的影响激发了害羞，从而错误地得出M的增加导致人害羞

391words     time: 2 hours

This article draws a conclusion that increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy which lasts into later life. To justify the conclusion, the author provides a research begun 13 years ago on this subject, which lead to the result that more than half respondents show signs of shyness identified by signs of distress. Yet, I find the evidence dubious and the logic shady in several aspects.

As for the research cited by the author, the samples weren’t scientifically selected, and the procedures were not carefully designed. First, the quantity of the samples is too small. 25 respondents cannot well represent the population, for the variation of each respondent might affect the result. Moreover, randomly sampling in the population is always needed when acquiring a representative sample of the population. The research is based entirely on those infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli. Without comparing the infants above with ordinary infants, the result that shyness in babyhood lasts into later life, is strongly weakened.

Even if we concede that the research is well-designed and we get the true result, it is difficult for us to get to the result that shyness during infancy continues into later life. First reason is that whether the ordinary infants would show shyness just as the infants investigated when grow up is absent. If the infants from different kind share the same rate of shy persons, it is impossible for us to draw any conclusion from this. Moreover, do the signs of mild distress of the infants necessarily mean shyness? If not, the shyness in grow-ups is irrelevant to it.

Even if we assume that all the flaws and problems discussed above are perfectly solved, we still cannot reach the conclusion that increased levels of melatonin is the Pandora Box to the shyness of the infants that affect their later life. As far as we know, Melatonin is a kind of substance known to affect some brain functions, this information cannot directly lead us to the conclusion that if the levels of Melatonin increase, the affected infants will behave distinctive differently from the ordinary ones.

To sum up, the argument is logically flawed, thus unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen the support for the conclusion the author need to provide better evidence, and derive conclusion from it logically.






ISSUE:28
28. "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。(教育类）


学生们在记忆知识的时候必须重视那些解释知识的理念、潮流和概念的学习。

但是，概念、理念、潮流是抽象的知识，很难把握，如果先学习这些内容，往往无法真正学懂。

更有甚者，这些概念、理念、潮流可能是有争议的，未知的，甚至是错的。

而且我们总是先学到事实，再归纳得到原理，原理是否真的应该在记忆事实之前学习。

对原理理解透彻后，可以归纳以前所学，减少记忆负担。

还可进而预测一些具体的知识现象等。

Words: 433

Almost everyone will agree with the speaker’s assertion that students should study the ideas, trends, and concepts inside of the facts; if not, they will learn little. However, do the students necessarily have to study the ideas, trends, and concepts before they memorize the facts? In my opinion, it is not a necessary but better way to study mechanisms first and then memorize the facts.

Admittedly, to study ideas, trends, and concepts may be boring and difficult for most of the students. Facts are specific things which can be mapped directly in our imagination, while concepts are abstract things indirectly derived from real world. For example, all the stuffs in mathematical books are the most precise concepts and principles derived from real world. They are everything but interesting.

Also, most of these abstract stuffs based on facts are controversial, unknown, or even wrong, which will surely be substituted by newer research. For instance, even when there are only two economists in this world, the debate in economics will last. Almost every concept, trend and idea in economics is marked with disputation.

Furthermore, one must argue that men always learn facts first; unless the facts are summarized, categorized, and generalized, it is impossible for humankind to discover the ideas, trend and concepts derived from them. Actually speaking, everyone learn the fact the sun rises in the morning and set in the evening before knowing why. But what we always do doesn’t necessarily mean what we should always do.

As far as I concern, learning the similar features and relationship among facts help us organize and categorize all the facts we have already known. More importantly, the ideas, trends, and concepts help us predict unknown things.

For examples, people without well-education might accidentally find the sum of three angles of a triangle is Pi; if he/she keep on studying other triangles, if so, he/she will find that the sum the same. However, there are infinite triangles; we cannot study all the triangles and then come to the conclusion that all the triangles have the same property. However, if one is well-educated, it is easy to know the principle that all the triangles possess the foregoing property. Once we know the principle, there is not need for us to memorize the facts. Moreover, we can predict the sum of the three angles of triangles, not matter obtuse or acute they are.  

In sum, learning the ideas, trends, and concepts is more important than just memorizing the facts, for facts are limitless and endless to learn, while mechanisms help us organize these facts and predict unknown facts.

barrywooUID: 2719924

作业四
ARGUMENT:45
45The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year.

[Evi1]Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.

Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. 【调查类错误】[弱攻击]
[Evi2] Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt【同时因果类错误】,
[c.a] we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea." [强攻击]



先攻击  论据  再攻击 推理  最后攻击 结论

顺序按照
A => B
先攻击A 再攻击=> 最后攻击B

第一，鹿不一定在减少
第二，即使鹿在减少，也不一定是因为being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea
第三，即使上述都成立，也不一定是由全球气候变暖导致的


In this editorial, the author concludes that the decline in arctic deer populations result from global warming, which inhibit the deer from following their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea. Close scrutiny of this argument reveals that this conclusion is reached by unconvincing reasoning and insufficient evidence.

The threshold problem is that the assertion arctic deer are declining is suspicious.  We cannot conclude that the deer populations are declining merely based on the reports from local hunters. First, whether the hunters can give us the exact results are doubtable. Hunter

Even we concede that the arctic deer are declining indeed, this might be caused by other reasons rather than being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.

Finally, even if all the foregoing flaws and problems disappear, there is no guarantee that global warming is the Pandora Box.

Thus, the author fails to convince us that the number of arctic deer is decreasing and global warming must bear the responsibility for this.   

According to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining.






ISSUE:212
"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的       (现实和理想)


在现今纷繁复杂的世界，涌现出的问题往往也十分复杂，简单的论断通常只能抓住事物的一个方面。如果只是草率地说“目标是值得追求的话，用任何手段来达到它都是合理合法的”，显然是片面的。
In this complicated world, problems often are complex too.
In today's complex world, problems emerged are often very complex, the simple argument usually seize only one aspect of things. The saying "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to achieve it are justifiable" is apparently superficial.

目标值得追求与否具有很强的主观色彩。目标是否值得追求对于个人可能是个比较容易回答的问题，你只需要扪心自问，我是否渴望实现这个目标。但是对于组织而言，目标的判定需要成员间广泛的热烈讨论，需要协调各个成员的看法，需要最终决策人拥有良好的思维能力与广博的知识储备。在一个成员看来值得孤注一掷的目标，在另一个眼中可能并不是那么的好。比如，以美国为首的北约诸国对伊拉克的战争。美国人认定Saddam是个邪恶独裁政府，与恐怖组织相勾结，并生产威胁美国国家安全的大规模杀伤性武器，因而是deserved to be overthrown。但是许多国家并不认同这种观点，他们坚持应当让联合国处理这一事件。战争决议并未在联合国框架中达成，美国单方面采取行动，最终破坏了美国在世界的形象。（detriment the image）
Goal worth pursuing or not is highly subjective. Whether the target is worth pursuing for the individual may be a relatively easy question to answer, you only need to ask yourselves that “do I want to achieve this goal?” But for organizations, to determine the goal worthy or not need a wide range of discussion among the members, coordination of the views of individual members, and the ultimate decision-makers need to have a good thinking ability and extensive knowledge. A goal might seem worthy to a member while insignificant to another. For example, the US-led NATO countries on the war in Iraq. Americans insist that Saddam is an evil, authoritarian government, in collusion with terrorist organizations, and produce weapons of mass destruction which threaten U.S. national security, and therefore deserved to be overthrown. However, many countries do not agree with this view, they insist the United Nations should deal with this incident. War is not the best resolution to solve the problem. But the United States took unilateral action, and ultimately damages the image of the United States in the world.



目标确立后，为达到目标所采取的手段往往牵涉到周围众多人的合法利益。手段的这种外部性势必受到来自利益相关者的压力与限制，道德与法律是这种压力与限制的一种体现。因而尽管达成目标有许多方法，不仅要考虑方法是否合理合法，而且各种方法的效果与效率也应当被有效地评测。unjustifiable的方法也许会让成功来得更快一些，可是这种成功只是虚幻，如果手段违法的话，警察局会在第二天就把你的所得重新分配了。更有甚者，unjustifiable的方法可能会对目标产生有害（detrimental）的影响。巴勒斯坦对土地诉求并未在全球范围内找到普遍的支持便是一例。巴勒斯坦人对家园的渴望值得我们同情，但是他们采取自杀式爆炸来达到这一目标，使得这一合理诉求变得野蛮而血腥，让人心生恶感。寻求家园的勇士沦落为别人眼中的恐怖分子。
The means taken to achieve the objectives often intervene the legitimate interests of many people around. This external effect of the means is bound to stir up pressure from stakeholders. Many ways lead to achievement of objectives, so picking an effective and efficient way while conforming to reasonable and legitimate. Unjustifiable approach might allow more rapid success, but it is only illusory, if the means of law, then the next day the police will put your income redistributed. Even worse, unjustifiable way to the objectives may be detrimental (detrimental) effects. Palestinian demands for land is not on a global scale to find universal support is an example. The desire of the Palestinians to their homes deserve our sympathy, but they take suicide bombings to achieve this goal, this makes the legitimate aspirations of becoming brutal and bloody, people may feel ill. Warriors find their homes reduced to others in the eyes of the terrorists.


但是现实中也切实存在确实值得我们拼尽一切去实现它的目标，而且我们发现这个过程通常需要付出许多惨痛的代价。比如，对恐怖分子的打击是必须完成的目标，但是在这个过程中政府做过头了，限制国民自由，审查邮箱，拒绝外国学生的签证等。通过这种手段恐怖活动被抑制了，可是我们牺牲了基本的自由权利，并且可能导致大政府的出现。
But the reality is also very real indeed worthy of our fight to do everything to achieve its objectives, and we found that the process usually takes many a bitter price to pay. For example, the fight against terrorists must be completed objectives, but in this process, the Government has done the expense of the restrictions on civil liberties, reviewing mail, refusing visas to foreign students. Terrorist activities through such means have been suppressed, but we sacrifice the basic rights of freedom and may lead to the emergence of big government.