第一周-Issue&Argument提纲-1106柚子作文小組-C-JOEY

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第一周-Issue&Argument提纲-1106柚子作文小組-C-JOEY
ISSUE:
ISSUE130："How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."

1 孩子的社会化方式确实对社会有很大影响
1.1 在较好环境下成长的孩子在心智、体魄等方面都更有利于其服务社会；
1.2 在较差环境下成长的孩子则可能在身心上存在问题，可能与社会潮流背道而驰，有的甚至影响社会发展；
2 然而，孩子的社会化方式并不能决定社会的命运，后者由很多因素决定，如社会自我结构及当今世界形势；
3 孩子的成长环境已经较过去有很大改善，如在教育、机会平等等方面。我们正在不断寻求更好的方式来raise children to bring about a better society.
孩子的社会化关键是培养孩子正确的价值观，使之拥有一些优秀的品质。这样整个社会才有积极向上的基础。

ISSUE50： "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."

1 为提高教学水平，faculty确实应该在他们所教专业领域内spend some time，而不是将精力全部投入到自己的学术世界里。
1.1 对faculty而言，instruction是他们工作的一部分，如何使学生在课堂上收获最大是他们要考虑的事；
1.2 对学生而言，能从课堂上获得更多的知识，扩大了知识面。如工科学生，可以了解工业界动向等；
2 然而，faculty在学术外花费时间与提高教学质量并不存在直接关系
2.1 faculty所授知识可能很全面，但由于讲授方法不适当，或者并不是学生兴趣所在，也很难提高教学质量；
2.2 提高教学质量并不一定要所有的faculty都在学术之外花费时间。教学的目的是使学生掌握正确的思考方法，faculty应该寻求的是如何有效调动学生兴趣，如何训练学生思维；
事实上，教学质量提高与否得看faculty与学生是否配合的默契。Faculty所授知识是学生需要的，而且讲授方法很科学，学生也能主动反馈信息。在不断磨合中教学质量会逐渐提升。

ISSUE48： "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."

1 历史并不是由某几个名人构成的，而是由无数的普通人构成。
2 然而，我们并不能回到过去，只能通过有限的手段去解读历史。
2.1 可行性：通过翻阅历史古籍，我们只能读到关于某些人的事迹，而不是所有人的事迹；
2.2 可利性：通过这些个人，可以推断出历史的大体面貌，这是行之有效的学习方法；
3 通过阅读历史我们可以看出，某些重大历史事件，其主要推动力是由某个人或某些人来提供的。如。。。
历史的意义在于给我们提供一些经验教训，指导现在及将来。通过解读史上某些名人及事件，我们学习到了历史给我们留下的宝贵的财富。
ISSUE153： "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."

1 学习的本质是什么？使学习者掌握认识问题、解决问题的方法。学生应该带着怀疑的态度去学习。
1.1 在学习中不断提出疑问，有助于认识问题的广度和深度；
1.2 在学习中不断提出疑问，甚至有可能发现一些通常认为正确的但事实上错误的东西；
2 而一味的接受所学知识，则可能达不到学习的真正目的。
2.1 被动接受知识，不利于训练自己的思考能力，只能是不断汲取别人的成果；
3 然而，不是在任何情况下都要有怀疑态度的。
3.1 可行性：学生在接受知识时，大部分时间还是以接受为主。学生没有足够时间和精力去怀疑每一个知识点；
3.2 可利性：学生过多的怀疑可能影响学校教学进度和质量；
学生要持有正确的、适度的怀疑态度，目的是使得自己对所学知识更深刻的理解，提升自己思维能，使之更加全面、深刻。

ISSUE208行为类： "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."

1 打扮是什么？是向外界展示自己的一种有效方式。衣着打扮确实很大程度上反映态度和兴趣所在。
1.1 就个人而言，整洁大方（认真，积极向上）或是凌乱猥琐（艺术家等）的打扮能反映个人对生活、工作的态度和兴趣；
1.2 就社会而言，人们的穿着能反映社会潮流思想和主流价值观。前卫？保守？改革开放初期，不同思想的人穿不同的衣服；
2 但态度和兴趣不能仅从衣着打扮上来判断。
2.1 打扮有时是为工作、社会地位需要（不同环境不同衣着），不能说明个人态度、兴趣；
2.1 态度和兴趣与许多因素有关，如天赋、机遇等。
个人或社会的价值观是由更深层次的东西决定的。对个人而言，由性格（乐观，诚实，自律）决定；对社会而言，由文化、经济发展形势等决定。

ARGU:


ARGU51： The following appeared in a medical newsletter. “Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment. "

1 两组病人可能病情并不一致
1.1 病情轻的一组更有可能恢复的更快；
2 两位医生对病人的处理，除了分别服用了antibiotics和sugar pills，其他条件可能也不一样
3 muscle strain有很多种，两组实验组不能覆盖全部的案例。

ARGUA53: Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin — a hormone known to affect some brain functions — would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children — now teenagers — who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.

1 25名实验婴儿并不能代表所有的婴儿。这25名婴儿的产期可能原本就是Early autumn；
2可能不仅仅是melatonin影响婴儿的脑功能。Early autumn时，可能其他一些因素也明显不同于一年中的其他时间，如气温、适度等；
3 后天的性格不单单是由婴儿阶段决定的，还取决于后天成长的环境。

ARGU203： The following appeared in a newspaper feature story. “At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."

1 Saluda医院医生的水平要高于Megaville的（毕业于好的学校，接受过更多的专业培训等）；
2 进入两家医院进行治疗的病人情况不一样，Saluda的病情轻，Megavill的病人病情重；
3 Saluda和Megavill不能代表所有的smaller nonprofit和larger for-profit医院。或许在其他地区情况不同。

ARGU7： The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper. “In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."

1 工厂数目的增加及空气污染（周围城市的废气）、医院病人人数增加等问题可能由别的因素引起；
2 由于缺乏过去的数据，很难断定现在的情况是好是坏。如果工厂增加的速率有所减小，则COUNCIL的作用是正面的；
3 ANN GREEN选上后，也不一定能解决环境问题。影响环境的因素有很多；