issue157 歇了很久了，重新开始写。

commhcUID: 192491

Issue157: 542 words  40 minutes
There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.

The issue about whether there is no such thing as purely objective observation is complex and controversial. While the speaker asserts that all things are subjective for the reason that all observation is always guided by expectations or desires of observer, as far as I am concerned observation is certainly a subjective activity. Here, I will explicate several important reasons.

To begin with, observations in scientific and technological research field are all means subjective. Scientific research is aiming at approximating the objective truth and revealing the underlying principles and laws of the material world; however due the limited of perceptive abilities of human beings and the limits of scientific equipments and instruments observations conducted in the scientific research are subjective. The development of astronomy serves as an apt example to illustrate the point. In ancient times, due the limits of our ancestors' perceptive ability and narrow coverage of human activities, the speculative and subjective notion that the world where we live is consisted of square land like a chess board and a round sky like a lid prevailed. With the development of science and technology, especially after the invention of telescope, human beings can more objectively observe the universe and nowadays scientists have observed the existence of sun, planets, solar system and the milk galaxy. In short, due to the limits of human perception and equipments scientific observations are subjective.

Moreover, in fields of arts and humanities human observations are also subjective. Human beings are creatures with emotion and passion, and their personalities and attitudes often pose significant influence over their observation results. For supporting examples, one only needs to look into the critiques from artistic critics. Equipped with artistic knowledge of both ancient arts and contemporary arts, acquainted with various artistic schools in current society, critics are expected to give objective critiques to artistic works. However, in fact, critiques and commentaries from critics are a mixture of subjective and objective views and in some extreme case they are only bias and prejudice. Although works of Vincent Van Gogh are all regarded as masterpieces and some of his works are worthy of millions of dollars, those critiques who lived with Van Gogh fails to see the value of his works and in reality Van Gogh only sold one painting at rather low price during his life time. Understandably, observations in art fields are subjective due to subjective reasons such as emotional factors.

In the final analysis, although observations are inevitably subjective, it is unwise for us to feel frustrated. Facts and material world is stubborn things, if we take a passive attitude toward the world around us and conduct no observation, thus it is likely that we will never make any progress. For example, if our predecessors were frustrated by the fact that they cannot absolutely observe the universe and gave up their research work, then there would not be modern astronomy. The correct attitude to the subjectivity of observation should be positive participation and minimizing the discrepancies between facts and observation results. Only by this means, human beings can make progress and approximate truth continuously.

To sum up, due to the above analyses and discussions, a safe conclusion that all observation is subjective because of either objective reasons or subjective reasons can be drawn.

[ Last edited by staralways on 2005-7-17 at 13:06 ]

chengenhuiUID: 200271

Issue157: 542 words  40 minutes
There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.

The issue about whether there is no such thing as purely objective observation is complex and controversial. While the speaker asserts that all things are subjective for the reason that all observation is always guided by expectations or desires of observer, as far as I am concerned observation is certainly a subjective activity. Here, I will explicate several important reasons.

To begin with, observations in scientific and technological research field are all means subjective. Scientific research is aiming at approximating the objective truth and revealing the underlying principles and laws of the material world; however due the limited of perceptive abilities of human beings and the limits of scientific equipments and instruments due to the limitsof perceptive abilities of human beings and scientific instrumentsobservations conducted conducted 去掉感觉比较好in the scientific research are subjective. The development of astronomy serves as an apt example to illustrate the point. In ancient times, duedue to the limits of our ancestors' perceptive ability and narrow coverage of human activities, the speculative and subjective notion that the world where we live is consistedconsists 好像是不及物动词，不能用被动语态吧 of square land like a chess board and a round sky like a lid prevailed. With the development of science and technology, especially after the invention of telescope, human beings can more objectively observe the universe and nowadays scientists have observed the existence of sun, planets, solar system and the milk galaxy. In short, due to the limits of human perception and equipments scientific observations are subjective.认识到地球是园的，而不是方的；这个好像不是由于天文学的发展而认识到的吧，而且我好像记得天园地方是中国古人的观点，外国人是否有这样的观点我就不知道了。也有可能我孤陋寡闻，请楼主见谅。

Moreover, in fields of arts and humanities human observations are also subjective. Human beings are creatures with emotion and passion, and their personalities and attitudes often pose significant influence over their observation results. For supporting examples, one only needs to look into the critiques from artistic critics. Equipped with artistic knowledge of both ancient arts and contemporary arts, acquainted with various artistic schools in current society, critics are expected to give objective critiques to artistic works. However, in fact, critiques and commentaries from critics are a mixture of subjective and objective views and in some extreme case they are only bias and prejudice. Although works of Vincent Van Gogh are all regarded as masterpieces and some of his works are worthy of millions of dollars, those critiques who lived with Van Gogh fails to see 个人认为改成appreciate较好the value of his works and in reality Van Gogh only sold one painting at rather low price during his life time. Understandably, observations in art fields are subjective due to subjective reasons such as emotional factors.

In the final analysis, although observations are inevitably subjective, it is unwise for us to feel frustrated. Facts and material world is主语有and连接，谓语应该是are stubborn things, if we take a passive attitude toward the world around us and conduct no observation, thus it is likely that we will never make any progress. For example, if our predecessors were frustrated by the fact that they cannot absolutely observe the universe and gave up their research work, then there would not be modern astronomy. The correct attitude to the subjectivity of observation should be positive participation and minimizing the discrepancies between facts and observation results. Only by this means, human beings can make progress and approximate truth continuously.

To sum up, due to the above analyses and discussions, a safe conclusion that all observation is subjective because of either objective reasons or subjective reasons can be drawn.

总结一下：
楼主的提纲和我列的提纲差不多，都是分两个方面来讨论，科学领域和社会科学，人文艺术。社会科学、人文艺术的观察是纯主观的这个没有什么可说的，但楼主说科学领域观察也是纯主观的，我认为客观程度比艺术类要高吧，而且在当时是最客观的吧。
由于水平有限，其他也提不出更好的见解了，期待与楼主共勉

楼主有空也看看我写的issue吧， issue 48
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

禾日因心UID: 174510

issue157 歇了很久了，重新开始写。

Issue157: 542 words  40 minutes
There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.

The issue about whether there is no such thing as purely objective observation is complex and controversial.哦，原来river的版块是这样的呀 :p While the speaker asserts that all things are subjective for the reason that all observation is always guided by expectations or desires of observer, as far as I am concerned observation is certainly a subjective activity. Here, I will explicate several important reasons. 同意作者观点

To begin with, observations in scientific and technological research field are all means subjective. Scientific research is aiming at approximating the objective truth and revealing the underlying principles and laws of the material world; however due  to the limited  perceptive abilities of human beings and the limits of scientific equipments and instruments, observations conducted in the scientific research are subjective. The development of astronomy serves as an apt example to illustrate the point. In ancient times, becausethe limits of our ancestors' perceptive ability and narrow coverage of human activities, the speculative 投机的 ？and subjective notion that the world where we live  consisted of square land like a chess board and a round sky like a lid prevailed. With the development of science and technology, especially after the invention of telescope, human beings can more objectively observe the universe and nowadays scientists have observed the existence of sun, planets, solar system and the milk galaxy. In short, due to the limits of human perception and equipments scientific observations are subjective.楼主是想说由于科技的发展具有时代性的局限，即便观察到的事物也是带有主观性的是吗，如果是，这点有点疑问，个人觉的由于经过精密的科学仪器观察出的数据等还是客观的，即使这客观的数据不一定准确，（由于仪器的落后，）但并非便能称为主观。其二 后面天圆地方的例子又与前面的论述有矛盾，前面说人们的主观想法（还不是观察）才有了天圆地方之说，但后面又说由于通过了科技望远镜的发明使人们认识到太阳等存在，前面说科技带来主观性，后面又用科技带来客观正确认识，觉的:L

Moreover, in fields of arts and humanities human observations are also subjective. Human beings are creatures with emotion and passion, and their personalities and attitudes often pose significant influence over their observation results. For supporting examples, one only needs to look into the critiques from artistic critics. Equipped with artistic knowledge of both ancient arts and contemporary arts, acquainted with various artistic schools in current society, critics are expected to give objective critiques to artistic works. However, in fact, critiques and commentaries from critics are a mixture of subjective and objective views and in some extreme case they are only bias and prejudice. Although works of Vincent Van Gogh are all regarded as masterpieces and some of his works are worthy of millions of dollars, those critiques who lived with Van Gogh fails to see the value of his works and in reality Van Gogh only sold one painting at rather low price during his life time. Understandably, observations in art fields are subjective due to subjective reasons such as emotional factors.

In the final analysis, although observations are inevitably subjective, it is unwise for us to feel frustrated. Facts and material world is stubborn things, if we take a passive attitude toward the world around us and conduct no observation, thus it is likely that we will never make any progress. For example, if our predecessors were frustrated by the fact that they cannot absolutely observe the universe and gave up their research work, then there would not be modern astronomy. The correct attitude to the subjectivity of observation should be positive participation and minimizing the discrepancies between facts and observation results. Only by this means, human beings can make progress and approximate truth continuously. 这段楼主想用来说明什么呢，与主题有什么关系呢，不太明白
To sum up, due to the above analyses and discussions, a safe conclusion that all observation is subjective because of either objective reasons or subjective reasons can be drawn.

czzbUID: 208982

天圆地方的例子在北美范文里也用了 不知道多少人抄 请楼主还是小心使用的好 以免被判雷同