【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-7

tuziduiduiUID：2599524

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读能力基础自测（速度、难度、深度、越障、真题、RAM）
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=910464&highlight

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】汇总贴
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982020-1-1.html

规则：0 u, r. g$ C/ d+ [4 f5 C

我每天贴出1000字左右的一篇文字7 j) N0 Q, Q- ]( V4 E

没有别的要求，只要大家坚持读完就可以

如果你能坚持一个月，你会发现自己的阅读进化了~
[注]9 K7 C8 w4 {" L
1、直接在电脑屏幕面前做，虽然GRE阅读是在纸上考，但是这个过程会遏制你做笔记，同时给你的阅读造成视觉障碍，也就是把难度训练和抗干扰训练同步结合，增加效率（初期会很累，但是既然大家想要成为高手，那么就别对自己太温柔）. w0 n4 Q  \% \# d0 s+ A

Beginnings of Western psychology
Many of the Ancients' writings would have been lost had it not been for the efforts of the Arab and Islamic translators in the House of Wisdom, the House of Knowledge, and other such institutions, whose glosses and commentaries were later translated into Latin in the12th century. However, it is not clear how these sources first came to be used during the Renaissance, and their influence on what would later emerge as the discipline of psychology is a topic of scholarly debate.

The word itself
The first use of the term "psychology" is often attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Göckel (1547-1628, often known under the Latin form Rudolph Goclenius), who published the Yucologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu in Marburg in 1590. However, the term seems to have been used more than six decades earlier by the Croatian humanist Marko Marulić (1450-1524) in the title of his Latin treatise, Psichiologiade ratione animae humanae. Although the treatise itself has not been preserved, its title appears in a list of Marulic's works compiled by his younger contemporary, Franjo Bozicevic-Natalis in his "Vita Marci Maruli Spalatensis"(Krstić, 1964). This, of course, may well not have been the very first usage,but it is the earliest documented use at present.

The term did not come into popular usage until the German idealist philosopher, Christian Wolff (1679-1754) used it in his Psychologia empirica and Psychologia rationalis (1732-1734). This distinction between empirical and rational psychology was picked up in Denis Diderot's (1713–1780) Encyclopédie (1751–1784) and was popularized in France by Maine de Biran(1766-1824). In England, the term "psychology" overtook "mental philosophy" in the middle of the 19th century, especially in the work of William Hamilton (1788–1856) (see Danziger, 1997, chap. 3).

Enlightenment psychological thought
Early psychology was regarded as the study of the soul (in the Christian sense of the term). The modern philosophical form of psychology was heavily influenced by the works of René Descartes (1596–1650), and the debates that he generated, of which the most relevant were the objections to his Meditations on First Philosophy(1641), published with the text. Also important to the later development of psychology were his Passions of the Soul(1649) and Treatise on Man(completed in 1632 but, along with the rest of The World, withheld from publication after Descartes heard of the Catholic Church's condemnation of Galileo; it was eventually published posthumously, in 1664).

Although not educated as a doctor, Descartes did extensive anatomical studies of bulls' hearts and was considered important enough for Harvey to respond to. Descartes was one of the first to endorse Harvey's model of the circulation of the blood,but disagreed with his metaphysical framework to explain it. Descartes dissected animals and human cadavers and as a result was familiar with there search on the flow of blood leading to the conclusion that the body is a complex device that is capable of moving without the soul, thus contradicting the "Doctrine of the Soul". The emergence of psychology as a medical discipline was given a major boost by Thomas Willis, not only in his reference to psychology (the"Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, but through his detailed 1672 anatomical work, and his treatise "De Anima Brutorum"("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes"). However, Willis acknowledged the influence of Descartes's rival, Pierre Gassendi, as an inspiration for his work.

The philosophers of the British Empiricist and Associationist schools had a profound impact on the later course of experimental psychology. John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), George Berkeley's Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge(1710), and David Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature(1739–1740) were particularly influential, as were David Hartley's Observations on Man(1749) and John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic. (1843). Also notable was the work of some Continental Rationalist philosophers, especially Baruch Spinoza's (1632–1677) On the Improvement of the Understanding (1662) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's(1646–1716) New Essays on Human Understanding (completed 1705, published 1765).
The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard also influenced the humanistic, existential, and modern psychological schools with his works The Concept of Anxiety(1844) and The Sickness Unto Death(1849).

Transition to contemporary psychology
Also influential on the emerging discipline of psychology were debates surrounding the efficacy of Mesmerism (hypnosis) and the value of phrenology. The former was developed in the 1770s by Austrian physician Anton Mesmer (1734–1815) who claimed to use the power of gravity, and later of "animal magnetism," to cure various physical and mental ills. As Mesmer and his treatment became increasingly fashionable in both Vienna and Paris, it also began to come under the scrutiny of suspicious officials. In 1784, an investigation was commissioned in Paris by King Louis which included American ambassador Benjamin Franklin, chemist Antoine Lavoisier and physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin(later the popularizer of the guillotine). They concluded that Mesmer's method was useless.Abbé Faria, an Indo-Portuguese priest, revived public attention to animal magnetism. Unlike Mesmer, Faria claimed that it 'generated from within the mind’ by the power of expectancy and cooperation of the patient. Although disputed, the"magnetic" tradition continued among Mesmer's students and others,resurfacing in England in the 19th century in the work of physicians John Elliotson (1791–1868), James Esdaile (1808–1859), and James Braid (1795–1860), who renamed it "hypnotism."Mesmerism also continued to have a strong social (if not medical) following in England through the 19th century (see Winter, 1998).Faria's approach was significantly extended by the clinical and theoretical work of Ambroise-Auguste Liébeaultand Hippolyte Bernheim of the Nancy School. Faria's theoretical position, and the subsequent experiences of those in the Nancy School made significant contributions to the later autosuggestion techniques of Émile Coué. It was adopted for the treatment of hysteria by the director of Paris's Salpêtrière Hospital, Jean-Martin Charcot(1825–1893).

Phrenology began as "organology", a theory of brainstructure developed by the German physician, Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828). Gall argued that the brain isdivided into a large number of functional "organs," each responsiblefor particular human mental abilities and dispositions – hope, love,spirituality, greed, language, the abilities to detect the size, form, andcolor of objects, etc. He argued that the larger each of these organs are, thegreater the power of the corresponding mental trait. Further, he argued thatone could detect the sizes of the organs in a given individual by feeling thesurface of that person's skull. Gall's ultra-localizationist position withrespect to the brain was soon attacked, most notably by French anatomist Pierre Flourens (1794–1867), who conducted ablation studies(on chickens) which purported to demonstrate little or no cerebral localizationof function. Although Gall had been a serious (if misguided) researcher, histheory was taken by his assistant, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776–1832), and developed into theprofitable, popular enterprise of phrenology, which soon spawned, especially in Britain, athriving industry of independent practitioners. In the hands of Scottishreligious leader George Combe (1788–1858) (whose book The Constitution of Manwas one of the best-sellers of the century), phrenology became stronglyassociated with political reform movements and egalitarian principles (see,e.g., Shapin, 1975; but also see van Wyhe, 2004). Phrenology soon spread toAmerica as well, where itinerant practical phrenologists assessed the mentalwell-being of willing customers (see Sokal, 2001).

fiefuytUID：2303116

又是一篇PSY，好开心哦，似乎是西心史的内容，都没啥影印象了：P

天蓝儿影儿UID：2694439

学习学习

dairymanUID：2683905

这一加下划线，看得真别扭……

恩？怎么心理学说着说着开始说器官说骨骼了？

lghscuUID：2552043

恩？怎么心理学说着说着开始说器官说骨骼了？
dairyman 发表于 2009-9-24 00:42

这是心理学的来历

心理--soul，但有人不相信，所以解剖，以及谈到骨骼

lghscuUID：2552043

这篇不错！！

N多名词，但有些名词又可以不看
练习跳跃式阅读的好材料

没有压力的情况下，感觉像在读中文