【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-15

tuziduiduiUID：2599524

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读能力基础自测（速度、难度、深度、越障、真题、RAM）
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=910464&highlight

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】汇总贴

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982020-1-1.html

规则：
0 u, r. g$ C/ d+ [4 f5 C
我每天贴出1000字左右的一篇文字
7 j) N0 Q, Q- ]( V4 E
没有别的要求，只要大家坚持读完就可以

如果你能坚持一个月，你会发现自己的阅读进化了~
[注]9 K7 C8 w4 {" L
1、直接在电脑屏幕面前做，虽然GRE阅读是在纸上考，但是这个过程会遏制你做笔记，同时给你的阅读造成视觉障碍，也就是把难度训练和抗干扰训练同步结合，增加效率（初期会很累，但是既然大家想要成为高手，那么就别对自己太温柔)

Today's Topic: Young adult outcomes and mental health problems among transition age youth investigated for maltreatment during adolescence

The transitional period between late adolescence and young adulthood has been identified as a developmental stage marked by challenge and uncertainty ([Arnett, 2006] and [Furstenberg, 2000]).This stage, the transition to adulthood, is a critical time during which transition age youth need to juggle several developmental tasks ([Masten et al., 2004] and [Schwartz et al., 2005]). The developmental outcomes of this life-stage are generally measured in terms of normative functional markers, such as educational attainment, full time employment, self-sufficiency, and starting a family of one's own ([Cohen et al., 2003]and [Shanahan, 2000]). While this is a challenging time for any youth, coming from high-risk environments adds to the normal challenges of negotiating these developmental tasks ([Bynner, 2005]and[Cicchetti and Rogosch,2002]). For transition aged youth who have been involved with the child welfare system (CWS), the risks associated with the transition to adulthood are likely to be amplified.

In virtually every biopsychosocial domain, transitional youth at-risk from social disadvantage have worse outcomes than the general population of youth ([Collins, 2001] and [Courtney and Heuring,2005]). Research has established that the impact of cumulative psychosocial risks, such as child maltreatment, exposure to other traumatic events (e.g. community and/or domestic violence), family disruption, social disadvantage, and out-of-home placement, amplifies the impact of these risk factors on developmental outcomes (Appleyard, Egeland,Dulmen & Alan Sroufe, 2005). Youth involved with child welfare also evidence particularly high rates of behavioral and emotional disorders ([Burns et al., 2004] and [Lyons and Rogers, 2004]) and criminal justice system involvement (Grogan-Kaylor, Ruffolo,Ortega & Clarke, 2008). Several studies have confirmed higher rates of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems among youth involved with child welfare than among youth in the general population, even those receiving mental health services ([Keil and Price, 2006] and [Raghavan et al., 2006]). Other research has shown that experiencing any maltreatment during childhood increases the likelihood of behaviors that lead to juvenile justice system involvement (Jonson-Reid & Barth,2000). In particular, maltreatment in adolescence, regardless of type, appears to increase the chances of arrest,general and violent offending, and illicit drug use in young adulthood, even controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and prior levels of problem behavior ([Smith and Thornberry,1995] and [Wall and Kohl, 2007]).

The functional demands of this transitional stage put transition age youth reported for abuse or neglect as adolescents in a highly vulnerable position. They face many critical risks to their well-being that are related not only to the challenges that characterize this developmental stage, but also to having been involved with a family investigated for child maltreatment. For instance, their ability to turn to their family for social and economic support may be compromised. Changes in the social context of the transition to adulthood have resulted in the extended dependency of transition age youth on their family ([Courtney et al., 2001] and [Mendes and Moslehuddin,2006]). The transition to adult self-sufficiency takes longer and requires the deployment of more social and economic resources than ever before (Arnett & Taber, 1994; [Bynner, 2005] and [Furstenberg, 2000]). The family plays an increasingly important role in cushioning the shock of these changes ([Fox et al., 2005], [Furstenberg and Hughes,1995] and [Settersten et al., 2005]). It has become normative for transition age youth to continue to rely heavily on their family during this developmental period, and to delay launching their independence in order to spend more time in the quest of educational and employment achievements
([Arnett, 2000], [Bynner, 2005] and [Osgood et al., 2005]). The lack of a supportive family or other social support represents increased riskof interrupted school achievement and residential instability, including homelessness and limited employment opportunities (Caspi et al., 1998 , [Choca et al., 2004], [Daining and DePanfilis, 2007], [Keller et al., 2007] and [Zielinski and Bradshaw, 2006]).

It is also likely that many transition aged youth involved with the CWS as adolescents are dealing with the impact of having their own children as they struggle with the developmental challenges of young adulthood ([Coley and Kihlstrom,2001] and [Jaffee et al., 2001]). There is evidence that delaying marriage and/or parenthood until achieving the developmental milestones of completing an education and finding secure employment improves the outcomes related to psychosocial functioning in adulthood ([Bozick and DeLuca, 2005], [Cohen et al., 2003] and [Meier and Allen, 2008]). Conversely marriage or parenthood at an early age has been linked with greater likelihood of divorce and single-parenthood,interrupted education, and inability to achieve economic self-sufficiency ([Furstenberg and Hughes,1995] and [Jekielek and Brown,2005]). In an intergenerational study of African American youth in Baltimore, daughters of high-risk teenage mothers who started their own families during the transition to adulthood had worse functional outcomes than that of their mothers a generation before (Furstenberg, Levine,Brooks-Gunn, 1990). Early marriage has been associated with social disadvantage as well as health problems in later adulthood, especially for already at-risk young adults (Wickrama, Rand, Wallace& Elder, 2003).

dairymanUID：2683905

小时候的社会福利和人的成长价值取向？呵呵，我发现越障都没人留言

lghscuUID：2552043

解决！补昨天的作业

afans1981UID：2776421

越了就行