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第二周作业总结:
这两次作业都写的是社会类题目，可分为社会问题和社会发展两大块。
Dec.26.2005
社会问题:
3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。
Humanity should take into account both long-term interests and short-term interests when making budgets.
Naturally, each generation is most concerned about solving problems that immediately confront them.
However, what differentiates human beings from other animals is that humans have a sense of future and are morally responsible for the well-being of their descendents.
Therefore, as beneficiaries of previous generations, each generation should make its own contribution for the well-being of future generations.
当务之急和百年大计的关系
------------------------------
9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们能拥有影响到大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。
The speaker oversimplifies the issue of academic influence on society.
It is true that academic disciplines have become so specialized nowadays that some scholar’s seemingly idiosyncratic ideas only reach a narrow audience.
It is also true that social scientists’ failing to reach the large public makes it impossible for their ideas to contribute to society.
Nevertheless, scholars in certain realms are doomed to live in an isolated and purely academic world, which does not necessarily mean that their ideas will have little use.
过分专业化问题 overspecialization
------------------------------
16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
尽管许多人认为现代生活的奢华和便利是丝毫没有坏处的，但是这实际上让人们无法成为真正强大和独立的个体。
Agree
Consider first the effect of the automobile on our independence as individuals. In some respects the automobile serves to enhance such independence.
However, we have become slaves to the automobile.
Consider next the overall impact of the automobile on our strength as individuals, by which I mean strength of character, or mettle.
In contrast, there is a certain strength of character that comes with eschewing modern conveniences such as cars, and with the knowledge that one is contributing to a cleaner and quieter environment, a safer neighborhood, and arguably a more genteel society.
社会和个人之发展问题
------------------------------
58. "The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves."
现代生活越来越快的节奏弊多利少。
Agree
The rapid pace of life has resulted in health problems in unprecedented large numbers.
Although people today have more leisure time, they are not in a better position than their ancestors to enjoy themselves.
More unfortunately, people seem to have become addicted to the rapid pace of modern life.
利多弊少题型
------------------------------
133. "The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time."
现代社会的问题是很多人都在抱怨：“我们生活在一个可怕的时代。”但是假设让他们选择的话，现在的人们仍然会选择现在而不是其他的时代。
We live in the best time of history.
Firstly, our living conditions today are superior to those of any past generations.
Secondly, technologies have made it possible for men to work under much more comfortable working conditions today than before.
Most of the problems troubling us today have been troubling human beings for a long time.
时间
------------------------------
185. "Scandals--whether in politics, academia, or other areas--can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."
丑闻----无论是政治、学术还是其他领域----可能会是有用的。丑闻可以用演说家或者改革家无法使用的手段让我们注意到某些。
On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect.
On the other hand, scandals can sometimes serve chiefly to distract us from more pressing community or societal problems.
------------------------------
33. "Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."
在当代社会，打造一个引人入胜的外表已经变得比外表下的内容更加重要了。
I agree that image has become a more central concern, at least where short-term business or political success is at stake. Nevertheless, I think that in the longer term image ultimately yields to substance and fact.
The important role of image is particularly evident in the business world.
The growing significance of image is also evident in the political realm, particularly when it comes to presidential politics.
In the long terms, however, the significance of image wanes considerably.
外表和内容
------------------------------
242. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."
社会应该以不计人类的努力、时间和金钱为代价，尝试挽救每一个动植物物种。
There is no need to save every plant and animal species regardless of the human costs.
The history of natural evolution has witnessed the extinction of some plants and animals species, which did not result in any harm to the environment.
Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it.
The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job.
人类和物种
------------------------------
149. "The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."
保护野生环境最实际和最有效的途径就是通过环保的（旅游）项目吸引更多的旅游者来这些地区（旅游）。
Disagree
Tourists swarming to visit the environmentally sensitive projects may pose a serious threat to the wildness areas.
The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to leave those places to take care of themselves.
环保和旅游的关系
------------------------------
120. "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。
Even though history offers few foolproof panaceas for living today, the author’s claim that today’s world is so unique that the past is irrelevant is too radical.
Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level.
However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay.
现在和过去
------------------------------
198. "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."
Conformity: agreement
社会应该多一些鼓励个人间的差异而不是统一。
There is no doubt that society should encourage individuals to stand out to show their unique character and qualities.
Conformity leads to the death of creativity.
A society that encourages individual differences will benefit from the creations and vitality of its people.
“Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called.” (John Stuart Mill)
------------------------------
Dec.28.2005
社会发展:
2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。
Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.
Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.
In democratic countries, when parties and candidates compete for power, the public benefits.
Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control of mores and laws, society will suffer.
竞争对于社会的优点和缺点
------------------------------
46. "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归因于一种高度的竞争意识，然而一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。
Agree
The chief reason why we should stress cooperation in nurturing young people today is that, as tomorrow’s leaders, they will face pressing societal problems that simply cannot be solved apart from cooperative international efforts.
The second compelling reason for instilling in young people a sense of cooperation over competition is that effective leadership depends less on the latter than the former.
A third reason why instilling a sense of cooperation is to be preferred over instilling a sense of competition is that the latter serves to narrow a leader’s focus on thwarting the efforts of competitors.
------------------------------
113. "It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."
如果我们要定位自己最重要是要定位自己所处的社会团体。
I strongly agree that we define ourselves primarily through our identification with social groups, as the speaker asserts.
Any developmental psychologist would agree that socialization with other children plays a critical role in any child’s understanding and psychological development of self.
As children progress to the social world of the playground and other after-school venues, their earlier recognition that they relate more closely to some people than to others evolves into a desire to form well-defined social groups, and to set these groups apart from others.
However, as young adults take on the responsibilities of partnering, parenting, and working, they appear to define themselves less by their social affiliations and more by their marital status, parental status, and occupation.
------------------------------
89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."
领导者主要是由身负的责任所造就的。
Generally speaking, leaders are the results of a combination of internal qualities and external conditions.
The demands place upon a person could challenge him or her to become a leader.
However, the statement seems to suggest that anybody can become a leader if demands are placed on him or her, which is unwarranted.
Besides opportunities, one also need to have certain qualities to make a leader.
时势造英雄
------------------------------
70. "In any profession--business, politics, education, government--those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
在任何领域中----商业、政治、教育、政府----掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好的方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力。
Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.
When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.
A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would bring in new ideas.
However, in certain realms such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership.
Furthermore, new leaders often lack the necessary skill and experience to cope with existing problems; therefore, they need a period of time for adaptation.
新手和老手
------------------------------
140. "What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."
被社会自诩为是它最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就的东西结果往往带来最大的非议。
Agree with concession:
With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments—no matter how great.
Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level.
Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievement have caused discontent often depends on one’s perspective.
社会和人民大众
------------------------------
142. "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."
当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会就会繁荣昌盛。
Agree with concession:
Admittedly, when many people question authority, some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy.
While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving society’s well-being.
Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences.
Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off.
------------------------------
171. "People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."
能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。
Agree
By human nature we are motivated to pursue activities in which we excel.
Secondly, it is unusual avenues of personal interest that most often lead to the greatest contributions to society.
Thirdly, to adopt a view that runs contrary to the speaker’s position would be to sanction certain intellectual pursuits while proscribing others—which smacks of thought control and political oppression.
个人和整体之动机
------------------------------
203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
了解一个社会特点最好的方法是去考察被这个社会视为英雄的人们的特点。
First consider the sports hero, whom in my observation society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic prowess.
Next consider the military hero, who gains heroic stature by way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat and emerging victorious.
On the other hand, consider a third type of hero: the champion of social causes who inspires and incites society to meaningful political and social change.
------------------------------
244. "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."
大多数社会都没把最伟大的思想家当回事，虽然有时候这些社会自称是求才若渴的。
Great thinkers are often wronged or ignored in many societies.
Confucius is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today few people pay much attention to what he actually said.
John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American history, but few Americans including scholars know much about him.
In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates was sentenced to death.
社会和思想家
加上第一，二次作业，我们大概把社会类题目都熟悉了一遍，剩下的其他题目就请大家自己下去练习写了：
15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
一个社会的稳定取决于该社会对人们极端行为所作出的反应。
It is true that how a society copes with the extremes of human behavior largely determines the society’s stability.
The extremes of human behavior--such as violence or strikes--usually dictate grave social troubles.
One solution to these social problems is suppressing, which proves effective in the short run and counterproductive in the long run.
The most effective way of responding to such problems is constructive communication and sometimes compromise.
抽象型题目
------------------------------
20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."
任何一个国家的政府都应该为孩子而不是为成人建设更多的社会项目和服务。
No one would deny the fact that it is in the young generation that lies the future of our society.
Therefore, we should attach enough importance to the development of children.
However, this does not mean that we can ignore the interests of adults, who make up the major work force of our society.
孩子和成人之社会建设
------------------------------
36. "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."
一个人是否伟大是由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。
We do not require a rear-view mirror to recognize artistic greatness— whether in music, visual arts, or literature. The reason for this is simple: art can be judged at face value.
In contrast, in the sciences it is difficult to identify greatness without the benefit of historical perspective.
In the realm of business, in some cases great achievement is recognizable immediately, while in other cases it is not.
时间先后
------------------------------
47. "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect--that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."
社会对于理性还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。
While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certain emotions and feelings, on balance I agree that it is by way of our heads rather than our hearts that we can best ensure the well-being of our society.
I concede that undue emphasis on cultivating the intellect at the expense of healthy emotions can harm and individual psychologically.
In many other respects, however, emphasizing emotions and de-emphasizing intellect can carry negative, even dangerous, consequences for any society.
The dangers of a de-emphasis on intellect are all too evident in contemporary America.
独立题目
------------------------------
65. "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups."
人们被社会鼓励而将注意力集中于显而易见的差异上，以至于人们已经无法看到各种理念、个人和群体之间的有意义的相似。
People in different cultural environments would respond differently to this statement.
On the one hand, western cultures tend to focus on differences among ideas, individuals and groups.
The danger of traditional societies, on the other hand, is to ignore differences forcing individuals and groups to conform to one authority.
A healthy attitude is to be sensitive to both differences and similarities.
统一和差异
------------------------------
76. "Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."
真正深刻的思想家和充满创造力的艺术家总是超前于他们所在的时代和社会的。
To be more exact, great thinkers and artists are generally out of step with their time and society.
Many great artists remained obscure all their lives.
There are countless examples of original thinkers who were either ignored or misunderstood by their time and their society.
However, there are cases of greater thinkers or artists who were recognized and rocketed to instant fame in their own time and their own society.
另类天才
------------------------------
126. "Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself."
社会给予的客观奖励并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取决于一个人为他自己设定的目标。
Success should be gauged on a personal base.
Society’s external rewards can only be regarded as society’s recognition of one’s contribution to society.
For an individual person, a correct attitude is to gauge success in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.
Overemphasizing the social criterion of success tends to belittle the worth of an individual.
客观和主观
------------------------------
193. "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."
Transformation: change
真正具有长远意义的，不是那些被炒作的政治事件，而是那些鲜有报道的社会变化。
Agree
The headline-making “sensational” political events are often superficial and short-lived.
The commercial interests of the mass media determine their preoccupation with the news value of events rather than the social value of events.
Social transformations usually take place slowly, and are hard to notice at their beginning.
[ Last edited by Cappuccino☆ on 2005-12-30 at 23:45 ] |
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发表于 2005-12-22 19:32:08
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发表于 2005-12-23 12:51:30
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