[每日一评] [分享]每日一评！6.7！互异的逻辑认识与推断方法 [复制链接]

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发表于 2004-6-7 16:45:01 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

每日一评：互异的逻辑认识与推断方法
Issue130
"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."

I find the speaker's dual claim to be specious on both counts. The claim that society's destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. And the claim that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society is poorly supported by empirical evidence. 这道题因为现实的缘故已经被写过不知道多少遍了，不过unlike上次的issue93，我们一直没能给出一个非常清晰的题目解构。其实这道题和issue93在题干结构上一定程度上有些类似，大家可以比较一下。对于前后两部分相对独立而又紧密联系的题干，作者在此选择了相对少见一些的一个立场：一边倒，前后统统反对。

Consider first the speaker's assertion that society's destiny depends on how children are socialized. 首先把话题集中到前半，先做一些concession，仍然是在determine这种字眼上做文章。 I concede that unless a child is allowed sufficient opportunities for healthy interaction with peers, that child is likely to grow into an ineffectual, perhaps even an anti-social, adult. To witness healthy socialization in action, one need look no further than the school playground, where children learn to negotiate, cooperate, and assert themselves in a respectful manner, and where they learn about the harmful results of bullying and other anti-social behavior. These lessons help children grow up to be good citizens and effective leaders, as well as tolerant and respectful members of society.从反面提及了socialize的必要性，并说明了用处/正面效应

However, socialization is only one factor influencing the extent to which an individual will ultimately contribute to a better society. And in my observation it is not the most important one. 两句话的立论做得不错 Consider certain prominent leaders who have contributed profoundly to a better society. Mahatma Gandhi's contributions sprang primarily from the courage of his inner convictions, in spite of his proper socialization among genteel Indian society and, as a law student, among British society. Martin Luther King's contribution was primarily the result of his strong religious upbringing, which had more to do with parental influence than with socialization. An even more remarkable modern example was Theodore Roosevelt, whose social and physical development were both stunted by life-threatening physical infirmities during his childhood. In spite of his isolation, odd manner and aloofness throughout his early life, Roosevelt ascended to a social-activist presidency by means of his will to overcome physical infirmities, his voracious appetite for knowledge, and his raw intellect. 连续三个例子都是相当的绝，很好的支持的本段的分论点。不过稍微琢磨一下的话，能够发现一个问题：题目在此举的例子都是个人的socialize并不出色或者完全不好，也能够为society贡献一大把。可是如果说到determine the destiny of society的话，只是一个人的功效吗？individual’s contribution to society与the destine of society中间，恐怕差掉了interaction between individuals的部分。不过，实际上作者的立论已经做到了自圆其说，由三个很强的例证非常到位的支持了论点，而这个论点在上下文，和原题，的联系也都很紧凑。从论辩的角度来说，我认为作者在此自觉或不自觉地做了一个诡辩，但是这个诡辩非常成功。

然后继续说题干后半句。 Consider next the speaker's claim that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society. If we define a "better" society as one characterized by greater tolerance of differing viewpoints and people who are different from ourselves, greater respect for individual rights, and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries, then the children of the most recent half-century are creating a better society. 先自己下定义，然后按照自己的定义展开，也是一个不错的策略。 The most recent quarter-century has seen an increasing sensitivity in our society toward ensuring public health by policing the food and drug industries and by protecting our natural environment. We're becoming more sensitive to, and respectful of, the rights of women, various ethnic and racial groups, homosexuals, and mentally- and physically-challenged individuals. The re-emergence of political third parties with decidedly libertarian ideals demonstrates an increasing concern for individual freedoms. And there is ample evidence of increasing international cooperation. The former Soviet Union and the U.S. have worked collaboratively in space research and exploration since the 1970s; peace-keeping missions are now largely multi-national efforts; and nations are now tackling public health problems collaboratively through joint research programs.整整堆了4个方面的例子。 In short, the speaker's second claim flies in the face of the empirical evidence, as I see it. 这一段的分析路线，实际上是这样：We have learned how to raise children to bring about a better society because the “better society” has already been brought about. 这一点实际上也难以禁得住推敲，例如：我已经掌握了取得好的考试成绩的学习方法，因为我的考试成绩很好——要是考试专家押题成功呢？我觉得又是一个诡辩。但是again，这个诡辩一眼并不容易看出来，而单独从论证的结构组织上来看的话，什么问题都看不出来。

In sum, when it comes to whether a child grows up to contribute to a better society到这里就很明显了，用词上明显是a child grows up to contribute, the key determinant is not socialization but rather some other factor--such as a seminal childhood event, parental influence, raw intelligence, or personal conviction. And, while reasonable people with differing political and social viewpoints might disagree about what makes for a "better" society, in my observation our society is steadily evolving into a more civilized, respectful, and tolerant one. In the final analysis, then, I fundamentally disagree with both aspects of the speaker's dual claim.

仔细的读完这篇文章之后我不禁觉得这篇文章整体上相当的取巧。倒数第二段上的推理方式还算容易看清，而第二个body的推理方式则相当有迷惑性，尤其是在前面刚刚做了一个不错的让步，然后紧接着一个However连上来，第一眼几乎看不出什么问题来。如果到in sum那里没有写成whether a child grows up to contribute to a better society的话，几乎就可以默认画等号过去了。为这两处的诡辩感叹不已。

但是反过来一想，所谓的诡辩，真的是诡辩吗？可以参见这个帖子： https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... p;highlight=issue53 其实这完全有可能是各人的基本逻辑推断上的不同。也许我应该这样说：作为辩论的话我对这篇文章的整体持质疑态度，但是作为立论的话我必须肯定这篇文章的确是中规中距又不失特色的一篇文章。我想从这篇文章出发，我们对于逻辑推断也许可以形成一定的感性认识。如果说有些段落看上去跑题，实际上却是相当精彩的论证，会不会是我们做推论的时候出发点和基本方法不同呢？有可能并非非此即彼，而存在二律背反的情况吧。

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这三天连续发的三篇是我之前写的评论，当时没有发出来。发完这篇之后我现在可是一点存货也没了。如果以后有时间+有必要+有用的话我也会考虑继续写下去。每日一评目录下面的帖子题号也会尽快修正，这样大家就可以用上搜索功能了。

也希望大家自己来动手做一做类似的工作。可能别有一番体会呢。:D

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fhxywei
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沙发

发表于 2004-6-7 23:02:07 |只看该作者

分析的就是好啊，拍案叫绝！！！让我把作者的逻辑看的清清楚楚，不管他的诡辩经不经得住推敲，但是却是一个逻辑非常清楚的文章，这才是logic writing!

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fhxywei
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板凳

发表于 2004-6-7 23:05:38 |只看该作者

1,Consider first the speaker's assertion that society's destiny depends on how children are socialized
2,Consider next the speaker's claim that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society.
这种句型怎么解释？祈使句？？

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