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吃苹果理论---第五弹
吃苹果理论---第五弹
---GRE Subject Test---考试的范围（ 英文详细版)
Section 1 GRE Subject Test for Computer Science
I. SOFTWARE SYSTEMS AND METHODOLOGY
(35%)
A. Data organization
1. Data types
2. Data structures and implementation
techniques
3. File organization (e.g., sequential, indexed,
multilevel)
B. Program control
1. Iteration and recursion
2. Functions, procedures, and exception
handlers
3. Communication and synchronization
C. Programming languages and notation
1. Constructs for data organization and program
control
2. Scope, binding, and parameter passing
3. Expression evaluation
D. Systems
1. Compilers and interpreters
2. Operating systems, including resource
management and protection/security
3. Networking and distributed systems
4. System development tools
5. System performance
II. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE (20%)
A. Logic design
1. Implementation of combinational and
sequential circuits
2. Functional properties of digital integrated
circuits
B. Processors and control units
1. Instruction sets
2. Register and ALU organization
3. Number representation
4. Control sequencing
5. Data paths
C. Memories and their hierarchies
1. Speed, capacity, cost, allocation
2. Cache, main, secondary storage
3. Virtual memory, paging, segmentation
D. Communication
1. Bus, switch, and network structures and
protocols
2. I/O
3. Synchronization
Individuals who currently
serve or have recently served
on the Committee of
E. High-performance architectures
1. Pipelining super-scalar and out-of-order
execution processors
2. Parallel computing
3. Distributed computing
III. THEORY (25%)
A. Automata and language theory
1. Models of computation (finite automata,
pushdown automata, Turing machines)
2. Formal languages (regular languages,
context-free languages)
3. Decidability
B. Design and analysis of algorithms and
computational complexity
1. Exact or asymptotic analysis of the best,
worst, or average case for the time and space
complexity of specific algorithms
2. Algorithmic design techniques (greedy,
dynamic programming, divide and conquer)
3. Upper and lower bounds on the complexity
of specific problems
4. NP-completeness
C. Correctness of programs
1. Formal specifications and assertions
2.Verification techniques
IV. MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND (15%)
A. Discrete structures
1. Mathematical logic
2. Elementary combinatorics, including graph
theory and counting arguments
3. Elementary discrete mathematics, including
number theory, discrete probability,
recurrence relations
B. Numerical mathematics
1. Computer arithmetic, including number
representations, roundoff, overflow and
underflow
2. Classical numerical algorithms
3. Linear algebra
V. ADVANCED TOPICS (5%)
Topics including modeling and simulation,
information retrieval, artificial intelligence,
computer graphics, data communications,
databases, VLSI, logic programming.
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Section 2 GRE Subject Test for Biochemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY 36%
A. Chemical and Physical Foundations
Thermodynamics and kinetics
Redox states
Water, pH, acid-base reactions,
and buffers
Solutions and equilibria
Solute-solvent interactions
Chemical interactions and bonding
Chemical reaction mechanisms
B. Biomolecules: Structure, Assembly,Organization, and Dynamics
Small molecules
Macromolecules (for example,nucleic acids, polysaccharides,proteins, and
complex lipids)
Supramolecular complexes(for example, membranes,ribosomes, and multienzyme
complexes)
C. Catalysis and Binding
Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics
Ligand-protein interaction(for example, hormone receptors,
substrates and effectors, transport proteins, and antigen-antibody interactions)
D. Major Metabolic Pathways
Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
assimilation
Anabolism
Catabolism
Synthesis and degradation of
macromolecules
E. Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)
Energy transformations at the substrate level
Electron transport
Proton and chemical gradients
Energy coupling (phosphorylation and transport)
F. Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
Covalent modification of enzymes
Allosteric regulation
Compartmentation
Hormones
G. Methodology
Spectroscopy
Isotopes
Separation techniques (for example, centrifugation,chromatography, and
electrophoresis)
Immunotechniques
II. CELL BIOLOGY 28%
A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes: Organization,
Dynamics, and Functions
Cellular membrane systems
(structure and transport)
Nucleus (envelope and matrix)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts(including biogenesis and evolution)
B. Cell Surface and Communication
Extracellular matrix (including cell walls)
Cell adhesion and junctions
Signal transduction
Receptor function
Excitable membrane systems
C. Cytoskeleton, Motility, and Shape
Actin-based systems (including muscle contraction)
Microtubule-based systems
Intermediate filaments
Prokaryotic systems
D. Protein Synthesis and Processing
Regulation of translation
Posttranslational modification
Intracellular trafficking
Secretion and endocytosis
E. Cell Division, Differentiation, and
Development
Bacterial division
Meiosis and gametogenesis
Eukaryotic cell cycles, mitosis,and cytokinesis
Fertilization and early embryonic
development (including positional information,homeotic genes, tissue-specific
expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and induction,
environment, and polarity)
III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 36%
AND GENETICS
A. Genetic Foundations
Mendelian and non-Mendelian
inheritance
Transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Recombination and
complementation
Mutational analysis
Genetic mapping and linkage analysis
B. Chromatin and Chromosomes
Karyotypes
Translocations, inversions,
deletions, and duplications
Aneuploidy and polyploidy
Structure
C. Genomics
Genome structure
Physical mapping
Repeated DNA and gene families
Gene identification
Transposable elements
D. Genome Maintenance
DNA replication
DNA damage and repair
DNA modification
DNA recombination and gene conversion
E. Gene Expression
The genetic code
Transcription
RNA processing
Translation
F. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
Positive and negative control of the operon
Promoter recognition by
RNA polymerases
Attenuation and antitermination
G. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
Cis-acting regulatory elements
Trans-acting regulatory factors
Gene rearrangements and amplifications
H. Bacteriophages and Animal and Plant Viruses
Genome replication and regulation
Virus assembly
Virus-host interactions
I. Methodology
Restriction maps
Nucleic acid blotting
and hybridization
DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Sequencing and analysis
Protein-nucleic acid interaction
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Section 3 GRE Subject Test for Biology
I. Cellular and Molecular Biology 33-34%
Fundamentals of cellular biology, genetics, and
molecular biology are addressed. Major topics in
cellular structure and function include metabolic
pathways and their regulation, membrane dynamics,
cell surfaces, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle.
Major areas in genetics and molecular biology include
chromatin and chromosomal structure, genomic
organization and maintenance, and the regulation of
gene expression. The cellular basis of immunity, the
mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions, and
cell-pathogen interactions are included. Distinctions
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are considered
where appropriate. Attention is also given to
experimental methodology.
A. Cellular Structure and Function 16-17%
1. Biological compounds
Macromolecular structure and bonding
Abiotic origin of biological molecules
2. Enzyme activity, receptor binding, and regulation
3. Major metabolic pathways and regulation
Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis
Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
Hormonal control and intracellular messengers
4. Membrane dynamics and cell surfaces
Transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Electrical potentials and neurotransmitters
Mechanisms of cell recognition, cell junctions,
and plasmodesmata
Cell wall and extracellular matrix
5. Organelles: structure, function, and targeting
6. Cytoskeleton, motility, and shape
Actin-based systems
Microtubule-based systems
Intermediate filaments
Bacterial flagella and movement
7. Cell cycle, growth, division, and regulation
B. Genetics and Molecular Biology 16-17%
1. Genetic foundations
Mendelian inheritance; Pedigree analysis
Prokaryotic genetics (transformation,
transduction, and conjugation)
Genetic mapping
2. Chromatin and chromosomes
Nucleosomes
Karyotypes
Chromosomal aberrations
Polytene chromosomes
3. Genome sequence organization
Introns and exons; Single-copy and
repetitive DNA
Transposable elements
4. Genome maintenance
DNA replication; DNA mutation and repair
5. Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: mechanisms
The operon; Promoters and enhancers;
Transcription factors; RNA and protein
synthesis; Processing and modifications of both RNA and protein
6. Gene expression and regulation: effects
Control of normal development; Cancer and oncogenes
Signaling mechanisms in cells
7. Immunobiology
Cellular basis of immunity; Antibody
diversity and synthesis
Antigen-antibody interactions
8. Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses
Viral genomes, replication, and assembly
Virus-host cell interactions
9. Recombinant DNA methodology
Restriction endonucleases; Blotting and hybridization
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms;
DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis;
Polymerase chain reaction
II. Organismal Biology 33-34%
The structure, physiology, behavior, and development
of plants and animals are addressed. Topics
covered include nutrient procurement and processing,
gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids,
control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in
autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of
developmental phemonena range from fertilization
through differentiation and morphogenesis. Perceptions
and responses to environmental stimuli are
examined as they pertain to both plants and animals.
Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic
relationships of selected groups from the various
kingdoms are also covered.
A. Animal Structure, Function, and
Organization 9-10%
1. Exchange with environment
Nutrient, salt, and water exchange
Gas exchange; Energy
2. Internal transport and exchange
Circulatory, gastrovascular, and digestive systems
3. Support and movement
Support systems (external, internal,and hydrostatic)
Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary,and muscular)
4. Integration and control mechanisms
Nervous and endocrine systems
5. Behavior (communication, orientation,learning, and instinct)
6. Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and activity)
B. Animal Reproduction and Development 5-6%
1. Reproductive structures
2. Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization
3. Early development (e.g., polarity, cleavage,and gastrulation)
4. Developmental processes (e.g., induction,determination, differentiation,
morphogenesis,and metamorphosis)
5. External control mechanisms (e.g., photoperiod)
C. Plant Structure, Function, and Organization,with Emphasis on Flowering
Plants 6-7%
1. Tissues, tissue systems, and organs
2. Water transport, including absorption and
transpiration
3. Phloem transport and storage
4. Mineral nutrition
5. Plant energetics (e.g., respiration and
photosynthesis)
D. Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development,
with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 4-5%
1. Reproductive structures
2. Meiosis and sporogenesis
3. Gametogenesis and fertilization
4. Embryogeny and seed development
5. Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and
differentiation
6. Control mechanisms (e.g., hormones, photoperiod,and tropisms)
E. Diversity of Life 6-7%
1. Archaebacteria
Morphology, physiology, and identification
2. Eubacteria (including cyanobacteria)
Morphology, physiology, pathology, and identification
3. Protista
Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista
(slime molds and Oomycota), and autotrophic Protista
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
Importance (e.g., eutrophication, disease)
4. Fungi
Distinctive features of major phyla
(vegetative, asexual, and sexual reproduction)
Generalized life cycles
Importance (e.g., decomposition, biodegradation, antibiotics, and pathogenicity)
Lichens
5. Animalia with emphasis on major phyla
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
6. Plantae with emphasis on major phyla
Alternation of generations
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
III. Ecology and Evolution 33-34%
This section deals with the interactions of organisms
and their environment, emphasizing biological
principles at levels above the individual. Ecological
and evolutionary topics are given equal weight.
Ecological questions range from physiological adaptations
to the functioning of ecosystems. Although
principles are emphasized, some questions may
consider applications to current environmental
problems. Questions in evolution range from its
genetic foundations through evolutionary processes
to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the
molecular, individual, population, and higher levels.
Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are
interrelated in many questions. Some questions may
require quantitative skills, including the interpretation
of simple mathematical models.
A. Ecology 16-17%
1. Environment/organism interaction
Biogeographic patterns; Adaptations to environment; Temporal patterns
2. Behavioral ecology
Habitat selection; Mating systems;
Social systems; Resource acquisition
3. Population structure and function
Population dynamics/regulation;
Demography and life history strategies
4. Communities
Interspecific relationships;
Community structure and diversity;
Change and succession
5. Ecosystems
Productivity and energy flow; Chemical cycling
B. Evolution 16-17%
1. Genetic variability
Origins (mutations, linkage, recombination, and chromosomal alterations)
Levels (e.g., polymorphism and heritability)
Spatial patterns (e.g., clines and ecotypes)
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
2. Evolutionary processes
Gene flow and genetic drift; Natural
selection; Levels of selection (e.g., individual and group)
3. Evolutionary consequences
Fitness and adaptation; Speciation;
Systematics and phylogeny; Convergence,divergence, and extinction
4. History of life
Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Fossil record
Paleontology and paleoecology
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Section 4 GRE Subject Test for Chemistry
I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY — 15%
A. Data Acquisition and Use of Statistics —
Errors, statistical considerations
B. Solutions and Standardization —
Concentration terms, primary standards
C. Homogeneous Equilibria — Acid-base,oxidation-reduction, complexometry
D. Heterogeneous Equilibria — Gravimetric
analysis, solubility, precipitation titrations,
chemical separations
E. Instrumental Methods — Electrochemical
methods, spectroscopic methods,
chromatographic methods, thermal
methods, calibration of instruments
F. Environmental Applications
G. Radiochemical Methods — Detectors,
applications
II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 25%
A. General Chemistry — Periodic trends,
oxidation states, nuclear chemistry
B. Ionic Substances — Lattice geometries,
lattice energies, ionic radii and radius/
ratio effects
C. Covalent Molecular Substances — Lewis
diagrams, molecular point groups,
VSEPR concept, valence bond description
and hybridization, molecular orbital
description, bond energies, covalent and
van der Waals radii of the elements,
intermolecular forces
D. Metals and Semiconductors — Structure,
band theory, physical and chemical
consequences of band theory
E. Concepts of Acids and Bases — Brønsted-
Lowry approaches, Lewis theory, solvent
system approaches
F. Chemistry of the Main Group Elements —
Electronic structures, occurrences and
recovery, physical and chemical properties
of the elements and their compounds
G. Chemistry of the Transition Elements —
Electronic structures, occurrences and
recovery, physical and chemical properties
of the elements and their compounds, coordination
chemistry
H. Special Topics — Organometallic chemistry,
catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, applied
solid-state chemistry, environmental
chemistry
III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 30%
A. Structure, Bonding, and Nomenclature —
Lewis structures, orbital hybridization,
configuration and stereochemical notation,
conformational analysis, systematic IUPAC
nomenclature, spectroscopy (IR and 1H and
13 C NMR)
B. Functional Groups — Preparation, reactions,
and interconversions of alkanes, alkenes,
alkynes, dienes, alkyl halides, alcohols,
ethers, epoxides, sulfides, thiols, aromatic
compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic
acids and their derivatives, amines
C. Reaction Mechanisms — Nucleophilic
displacements and addition, nucleophilic
aromatic substitution, electrophilic
additions, electrophilic aromatic
substitutions, eliminations, Diels-Alder
and other cycloadditions
D. Reactive Intermediates — Chemistry and
nature of carbocations, carbanions,
free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, enols
E. Organometallics — Preparation and reactions
of Grignard and organolithium reagents,
lithium organocuprates, and other modern
main group and transition metal reagents
and catalysts
F. Special Topics — Resonance, molecular
orbital theory, catalysis, acid-base theory,
carbon acidity, aromaticity, antiaromaticity,
macromolecules, lipids, amino acids, peptides,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, terpenes,
asymmetric synthesis, orbital symmetry,
polymers
IV. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY — 30%
A. Thermodynamics — First, second, and
third laws, thermochemistry, ideal and
real gases and solutions, Gibbs and Helmholtz
energy, chemical potential, chemical
equilibria, phase equilibria, colligative
properties, statistical thermodynamics
B. Quantum Chemistry and Applications
to Spectroscopy — Classical experiments,
principles of quantum mechanics,
atomic and molecular structure, molecular
spectroscopy
C. Dynamics — Experimental and theoretical
chemical kinetics, solution and liquid
dynamics, photochemistry
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Section 5 GRE Subject Test for MATHEMATICS
Calculus — 50%
Material learned in the usual sequence of elementary
calculus courses — differential and integral calculus
of one and of several variables — including calculusbased
applications and connections with coordinate
geometry, trigonometry, differential equations, and
other branches of mathematics
Algebra — 25%
Elementary algebra: basic algebraic techniques and
manipulations acquired in high school and used
throughout mathematics
Linear algebra: matrix algebra, systems of linear
equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, characteristic
polynomials, eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Abstract algebra and number theory: elementary
topics from group theory, the theory of rings and
modules, field theory, and number theory
Additional Topics — 25%
Introductory real analysis: sequences and series of
numbers and functions, continuity, differentiability
and integrability, elementary topology of R and Rn
Discrete mathematics: logic, set theory, combinatorics,
graph theory, and algorithms
Other topics: general topology, geometry, complex
variables, probability and statistics, and numerical analysis
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Section 6 GRE Subject Test for LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
Literature in English Test
test-taking strategies
I. Literary Analysis 40-55%
Questions that call on an ability to interpret given
passages of prose and poetry. Such questions may
involve recognition of conventions and genres,
allusions and references, meaning and tone,
grammatical structures and rhetorical strategies,
and literary techniques.
II. Identification 15-20%
Recognition of date, author, or work by style and/
or content (for literary theory identifications see
IV below).
III. Cultural and Historical Contexts 20-25%
Questions on literary, cultural, and intellectual
history, as well as identification of author or work
through a critical statement or biographical
information. Also identification of details of
character, plot, or setting of a work.
IV. History and Theory of Literary Criticism 10-15%
Identification and analysis of the characteristics
and methods of various critical and theoretical
approaches.
The literary-historical scope of the test follows the
distribution below.
1. Continental, Classical, and Comparative
Literature through 1925 5-10%
2. British Literature to 1660
(including Milton) 25-30%
3. British Literature 1660-1925 30-35%
4. American Literature through 1925 15-25%
5. American, British, and World
Literatures after 1925 20-25%
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Section 6 GRE Subject Test for PSYCHOLOGY
1. Experimental or natural science oriented (about
40 percent of the questions), including learning,
language, memory, thinking, sensation and
perception, physiological psychology, ethology,
and comparative psychology. They contribute to
the experimental psychology subscore and the
total score.
2. Social or social science oriented (about 43
percent of the questions). These questions are
distributed among the fields of clinical and
abnormal, developmental, personality, and
social psychology. They contribute to the social
psychology subscore and the total score.
3. General (about 17 percent of the questions),
including the history of psychology, applied
psychology, measurement, research designs,
and statistics. They contribute to the total
score only.
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Section 7 GRE Subject Test for PSYCHOLOGY
1. CLASSICAL MECHANICS (20%)
(such as kinematics, Newton’s laws, work and
energy, oscillatory motion, rotational
motion about a fixed axis, dynamics of
systems of particles, central forces and
celestial mechanics, three-dimensional
particle dynamics, Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian formalism, non-inertial
reference frames, elementary topics in
fluid dynamics)
2. ELECTROMAGNETISM (18%)
(such as electrostatics, currents and DC circuits,
magnetic fields in free space, Lorentz force,
induction, Maxwell’s equations and their
applications, electromagnetic waves, AC
circuits, magnetic and electric fields in
matter)
3. OPTICS AND WAVE PHENOMENA (9%)
(such as wave properties, superposition,
interference, diffraction, geometrical optics,
polarization, Doppler effect)
4. THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL
MECHANICS (10%)
(such as the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes,
equations of state, ideal gases,
kinetic theory, ensembles, statistical
concepts and calculation of thermodynamic
quantities, thermal expansion and heat
transfer)
5. QUANTUM MECHANICS (12%)
(such as fundamental concepts, solutions of the
Schrödinger equation (including square
wells, harmonic oscillators, and hydrogenic
atoms), spin, angular momentum, wave
function symmetry, elementary perturbation
theory)
serve or have recently served
on the Committee of
Examiners include:
6. ATOMIC PHYSICS (10%)
(such as properties of electrons, Bohr model, energy
quantization, atomic structure, atomic
spectra, selection rules, black-body
radiation, x-rays, atoms in electric and
magnetic fields)
7. SPECIAL RELATIVITY (6%)
(such as introductory concepts, time dilation, length
contraction, simultaneity, energy and
momentum, four-vectors and Lorentz
transformation, velocity addition)
8. LABORATORY METHODS (6%)
(such as data and error analysis, electronics,
instrumentation, radiation detection,
counting statistics, interaction of charged
particles with matter, lasers and optical
interferometers, dimensional analysis,
fundamental applications of probability
and statistics)
9. SPECIALIZED TOPICS (9%) Nuclear and Particle physics
(such as nuclear properties,radioactive decay, fission and fusion,
reactions, fundamental properties of
elementary particles), Condensed Matter
(such as crystal structure, x-ray diffraction,
thermal properties, electron theory of
metals, semiconductors, superconductors),
Miscellaneous (such as astrophysics,
mathematical methods, computer
applications)
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发表于 2002-4-28 01:39:28
回应
发表于 2004-10-30 09:04:12
25fall hkumed phd informal meeting实验室ap和research officer一起问的1.自我介绍，ap介绍了一下实验室2....
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