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良心蕙质
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电梯直达

楼主

发表于 2005-9-10 23:30:33 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

新东方阅读教材,^^^^^EXERCISE FOURTEEN,第5\7\8题,应该怎么理解呢??

谢谢

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沙发

发表于 2005-9-11 00:24:41 |只看该作者

新东方阅读教材有挺多版本,呵呵,不如指明大致的文意
帮你顶一下^^

【2025FALL】全站祈福已开放~~来领祈福章，求offer得offer

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良心蕙质
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板凳

发表于 2005-9-11 10:17:00 |只看该作者

呵呵,是我太粗心了

那篇文章主要讲在法国和英国,女性沙龙在妇女权力解放的历史上所起的作用以及两个国家之间的不同(大意思).....现把文章及题目,附于下:
In eighteenth-century France and England, reformers rallied around egalitarian ideals, but few reformers advocated higher education for women. Although the public decried women’s lack of education, it did not encourage learning for its own sake for women. In spite of the general prejudice against learned women, there was  one place where women could exhibit their erudition: the literary salon. Many writers have defined the woman’s role in the salon as that of an intelligent hostess, but the salon had more than a social function for women. It was an informal university, too, where women exchanged ideas with educated persons, read their own works and heard those of others, and received and gave criticism.
In the 1750’s, when salons were firmly established in France, some English women, who called themselves “Bluestocking”, followed the example of the salonnieres(French salon hostesses)and formed their own salons. Most Bluestockings did not wish to mirror the salonnieres; they simply desired to adapt a proven formula to their own purpose-the elevation of women’s status through moral and intellectual training. Differences in social orientation and background can account perhaps for differences in the nature of French and English salons. The French salon incorporated aristocratic attitudes that exalted courtly pleasure and emphasized artistic accomplishments. The English Bulestocking, originating from a more modest background, emphasized learning and work over pleasure. Accustomed to the regimented life of court circles, salonnieres tended toward formality in their salons. The English women , though somewhat puritanical, were more casual in their approach.
At first, the Bluestockings did imitate the salonnieres by including men in their circles. However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. In an atmosphere of mutual support, the Bluestockings went beyong the salon experience. They traveled, studied, worked, wrote for publication, and by their activities challenged the stereotype of the passive woman. Although the salonnieres were  aware of sexual inequality, the narrow boundaries of their world kept their intellectual pursuits within conventional limits. Many salonnieres, in fact, camouflaged their nontraditional activities behind the role of hostess and deferred to men in public.
Though the Bluestockings were trailblazers when compared with the salonnieres, they were not feminists. They were too traditional, too hemmed in by their generation to demand social and political rights. Nonetheless, in their desire for education, their willingness to go beyong the confines of  the salon in pursuing their interests, and their championing of unity among women, the Bluestockings began the process of questioning women’s role in society.

Q5 According to the passage, a significant distinction between the salonnieres and Bluestockings was in the way each group regarded which of the following?
A. The value of acquiring knowledge
B. The role of pleasure in the activities of the literary salon（标答）
C. The desirability of a complete break with societal traditions
D. The inclusion of women of different back-grounds in the salons
E. The attainment of ull social and political equality with men
错选了D

Q7 Which of the following statements is most compatible with the principles of the salonnieres as described in the passage?
A. Women shold aspire to be not only educated but independent as well.
B. The duty of the educated women is to provide an active political model for less educated women.
C. Devotion to pleasure and art is justified in itself（标答）
D. Substance, rather than form, is the most important consideration in holding a literary salon.
E. Men should be excluded from groups of women’s rights supporters.
错选了D
Q8 The passage suggests that the Bluestockings might have had a more significant impact on society if it had not been for which of the following?
A. Competitiveness among their salons.
B. Their emphasis on individualism
C. The limited scope of their activities
D. Their acceptance of the French salon as a model for their own salons.
E. Their unwillingness to defy aggressively the conventions of their age（标答）
错选了D

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地板

发表于 2017-5-19 14:02:39 |只看该作者

蓝袜社的由来
提起18世纪的文艺沙龙，人们首先会想到的是法国的沙龙。典雅的大客厅里，精英才俊荟萃一堂，一边喝着香槟酒，吃着刚出炉的松饼，一边就文学艺术等方面的问题，质疑抨击，论今说古，高谈雄辩，百家争鸣。不列颠式的沙龙与此类似，谈话欢快机智，闪烁着智慧的火花而又不乏遁词，但同时又保留了自己独特的风格。在英国，沙龙还有一个别致的名称，叫做蓝袜社(The Bluestockings)。
英国沙龙之所以被称为“蓝袜社”，其中还有一个典故。18世纪中叶，在伦敦一般的俱乐部里或者社交聚会上，人们聚在一起不是吃喝玩乐，就是谈天说地。一群上层妇女厌倦了惯常的玩牌闲聊，于是决定改设文艺沙龙，以娱心智。1750年，贵族伊丽莎白·蒙塔吉夫人在她的宅第设立了一个沙龙，该沙龙一反当时的风气，男女成员相聚，不作空洞无聊的闲谈，而代之以书刊与文化讨论。有一次，她邀请不太出名的植物学家兼拉丁文翻译家本杰明·斯蒂林弗利特参加他们的讨论。起初，本杰明·斯蒂林弗利特谢绝了她的邀请。因为在18世纪的英国，出席沙龙对着装有着严格的规定，男士需穿礼服，着正规场合大家都穿的黑色长袜，而家境贫寒的本杰明没有适合这类场合穿着的衣服。后来蒙塔吉夫人告诉他，他可以穿着平时穿的普通衣服和普通蓝色毛绒长袜前往。于是，穿着一双家常毛绒蓝袜的本杰明成为当天女士们文学之夜的客人。伦敦上流社会的保守人士对他的穿着却很不以为然，给他取了绰号，叫他Bluestockings，嘲笑说他去的聚会是“蓝袜子俱乐部”。此后，这个俱乐部被人们称作“蓝袜社”，而bluestocking自此也有了“女学者”或“女才子”的意思。
从蓝袜社名称的起源，我们可以看出，它与法国沙龙相比有着明显的不同之处：
比起法国沙龙，蓝袜社体现出更多的开放性与包容性。法国沙龙尽管形式上已经不是严格意义上的宫廷文化，但依旧为上层贵族所左右，体现出贵族的生活方式与品位。沙龙是巴黎上流社会华丽精致的享乐场所，在美昧佳肴、莺歌燕舞、诗词歌赋中挥发着宫廷般的浪漫气息。这里要求宾客有彬彬有礼的言行、温文尔雅的风度、滔滔不绝的辩才、幽默风趣的智慧和百科全书般的知识，此外还必须遵循严格的贵族社交礼仪。沙龙中权贵云集，美女云集，钗钿错杂，裙影蹁跹，人人婀娜，个个潇洒，其出入者仍然是社会名流，虽偶尔也有平民的参与，但大多是获得特殊许可之人，如有着举足轻重地位的科学家、艺术家和作家等等。而蓝袜社成员中既有社会名流，也有出身贫寒的才子佳人，像上文提到的本杰明·斯蒂林弗利特，既非贵族出身，也非享有盛誉的知名学者，却依旧受到了蒙塔吉夫人的真诚邀请。蓝袜社成员特立独行，拒绝平庸，推崇舒适简单，就拿最不起眼的袜子来说，开始的时候，Bluestockings只是对参加“蓝袜子俱乐部”的本杰明的戏称，而后，穿着蓝袜出席蒙塔古夫人的俱乐部却渐渐成为男宾客们的时尚。因为蓝毛袜是一种不正规的休闲便装（类似于今天的牛仔裤），穿上它不仅新潮，还可以显示出一种特定立场，即对上流社会衣装之抵制，对既定规定之反抗。为了让那些囊中羞涩的女宾客们少受靓妆华服的压力，有钱的女士夫人们到会时也开始有意穿着简朴淡雅的服装。细心周到的女主人精心营造出一种宽松、舒适、平等的氛围，机敏、才智与个性，而不是贵族出身，成为社交成功的关键。交谈被视为社交活动的一种精致艺术，但是内容绝非仅止于“为艺术而艺术”：言谈之中绝不会和当时的时代精神以及由此衍生的问题脱节。不管是文学、哲学、艺术、音乐、最新的戏剧，还是朋友间刚刚说过的话，都可以展开一场生动有趣的讨论。谈论简约、自然、平缓，严肃也好，轻松也罢，都在言谈中点到为止，机敏灵动。社会各个阶层的人在这里平起平坐，无拘无束地畅谈，既可以找到学问上的参谋顾问，又可以寻求到批评意见，由此，参加蓝袜社逐渐成为当时社会许多时髦人士的新风尚。
按照勒伯汉的说法，法国沙龙女人的使命是唤起他人的思想灵感，预期他人的心灵，而非自己动手创作。女性细致入微的观察力和风姿绰约的恒久魅力就真的融化在这句刚性的话语之中。她们设立一个深具素养而又染有情欲色彩的社交场合，藉此激发有趣的对话、调解冲突对立、制造心灵的舒畅与精神的感动。在这个社交活动的独立领域里，沙龙女主人对各方面的独创天才给予赞助，将之纠集于一堂，使其联结为一个特殊整体，充实所有在场参与者的心灵。“智能还不够，还得会取悦别人”，尼侬的这句话可谓一语道破天机，不但浓缩了法国人的女性哲学，也揭示了沙龙女性的魅力所在。而蓝袜社举办的真正目的却不是单纯使其成为社交的中心，隐藏在沙龙背后的最初动力是女性满足自身教育的需要。欧洲古时的传统可能与中国一样，都相信“女子无才便是德”，在18世纪的英国，类似大学、学院一样的学术机构和教育机构并不对女性开放，女性根本没有接受正规教育的机会，素有“女人天下”之称的沙龙对于女性来说无疑是一个接受知识、交流思想、阅读作品的非正式教育机构。很多参加沙龙的女性最初没有受过高等教育，但是她们在沙龙中通过与同时代最优秀的文学家、艺术家、哲学家和政治家们的交谈，阅读自己的作品或聆听别人的作品，接受或给予批评，从而进行着自我教育。尽管这种突破在最初不免有过分造作的多愁善感的倾向，诗人拜伦就嘲笑她们讲着糟糕的法语，奢谈十四行诗，不过，这在总体上可以理解为是为追求高尚道德和文明优雅而不可避免的矫枉过正。这些追求完美品德的努力虽然有时显得荒诞，但却是一个有秩序的文明社会所赖以存在的基础。英国著名作家霍勒斯·沃波尔称蓝袜社为“世界上第一个女性俱乐部”，并称赞这个俱乐部中几乎所有的女性都是美貌与学识并重。英国近代作家布雷姆利·约翰逊则对蓝袜社中的女性成员做了最好的诠释：“她们把生命看成智慧与平凡的共同体，有自己的主见，追随自己的品味，并用智慧的思维来解决问题。”她们行为中对传统道德的反叛，在教育权利追求上对男女平等的渴望，为后来女权主义思想的形成和大规模的女权运动奠定了基础。从这些方面看，“蓝袜子”们不愧为近代女权主义者的先驱。
蓝袜社营造了一个良好的环境，吸引了许多文化精英，他们在沙龙受到激励、启发，在沙龙发表自己的见解，参与讨论、激辩，完善了他们的理论和构想，许多伟大的作品自然而然地产生L霍勒斯·沃波尔的《奥特兰托城堡》被公认为西方第一部哥特式小说，这部小说深入虚构文学的幽冥世界，类似于当今盛行的恐怖小说；塞缪尔·约翰逊1755年完成的两卷本《英语词典》在长达150年的时间里一直是最权威的英语词典，直到20世纪初才被《牛津英语词典》取而代之；现代保守主义政治的奠基人埃德蒙·伯克也是蓝袜社的常客，伯克的政治信念在于英国“光荣革命”的传统，即限制王权、反抗专制暴政、争取和捍卫自由，并逐渐确立社会秩序和宪政制度，《对法国大革命的反思》是他最知名且最具影响力的著作，他的思想对后世影响深远。
古希腊诗人品达曾经说过：“人的卓越生长如一棵葡萄树，被绿色的露水浇灌，在智慧而正直的人中成长，朝向清澈的天空。”葡萄树的比喻意味着我们在这个世界的生活并不是自足的，而是需要被营养和浇灌。比起不可控制的外部世界和他人，理性是我们内在的自由，是人面对现实生活的残缺而仍然可以保持内心的高贵部分。蓝袜社的那些夜晚一定充满了异常活跃的精神——袜子温暖，炉火彤彤，我们相信：脚一旦暖和，头脑也就不会感到寒冷。

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