[a习作temp] 【GRE作文互助组】小狮子的作业帖---argument提纲 [复制链接]

24 A recently issued twenty-year study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia investigated the possible therapeutic effect of consuming salicylates. Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, food-processing companies also add salicylates to foods as preservatives. The twenty-year study found a correlation between the rise in the commercial use of salicylates and a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by study participants. At the time when the study concluded, food-processing companies had just discovered that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods, and, as a result, many companies plan to do so. Based on these study results, some health experts predict that residents of Mentia will suffer even fewer headaches in the future.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.

Conclusion:  health experts predict that residents of Mentia will suffer even fewer headaches in the future.

Premise: Salicylates, a medicine used to treat headaches .

     A recently issued twenty-year study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia investigated the possible therapeutic effect of consuming salicylates.

Point:

1 many foods are naturally rich in salicylates ,

2 food-processing companies also add salicylates to foods as preservatives

3 study found a correlation between the rise in the commercial use of salicylates and a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by study participants.

4 when the study concluded, food-processing companies had just discovered that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods, and, as a result, many companies plan to do so.

Skeleton:

1.      how to lead to the conclusion that M’s residents will suffer fewer headaches in the future?

A The author assume that the increasing commercial use of salicylates will reduce the possibility that the people will bearing an headache. For the reason that the salicylates are of the same family of apirine , a medine used to treat headache. However, does it mean that they are of the same function? Or is there any side effect that of the substance? actually , apirine is the derivant of the salicylates because the latter has an bad impact on peoples’ stomach. And is not properly used to be a kind of medicine.

B Even if the salicylates has the ability to cure headache, will the additional adding of the salicylates lead to residents of Mentia suffering even fewer headaches in the future?

Maybe the contain of s in food is enough for people to ease their headache. The more does not mean the better. Some medicine, beyond a certain dosage ,will become a poison. Is there any research saying that it is a safe way for the company to use it as a flavor?

2. There are many reasons that can lead to the decline of the headaches besides the commercial use of salicylates , over the twenty years. Maybe the residents became lead a healthier living habit just like  go to bed early and get up early, doing exercise, eating less junk food.Or the environment they have live is better than before , the air condition improved , the water they drink contain less heavy metal or so.

3 even it is safe and has an effect in treating the headache,  can be used as a addition in foods , are the companies be many enough so that their addition will lead to a even fewer peoples bearing headache? How many healthy experts has studies the correlated numbers and how many of they are in favor of the conclusion?

22 According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students; under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

Conclusion:

all colleges and universities should adopt honor code similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.

Premise:

According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise.

1 Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code

2 Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students.

thirty cases of cheating per year

3 In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen.

4  in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.

Skeleton:

1 is there any need to decrease cheating--à A Are the recent report of the cheating rate credible? How does it make , what’s the basement? Is it made in a certain isolated area or in the major universities. B is it necessary for all schools adopt honor code? Maybe in some place which shows that the cheating rate among the students is continue claming.

2 Is the honor code reasonable?

A.  How many students agree to the new policy?  Sometimes students just keep silence when they are disagree ,show no difference.

B. Is it good for students to notify to faculty when they are just suspect. Will this lead to the disbelieving among the students and cause some flictions between them?

C How does the faculty deal with the students report? Will they simply believe or by nuanced research?

3 can the number of cases explain the true problem ?

A Are the students supervision better than the teachers? The number immediately drop illustrate that the students had become ‘honest’, or it is just that some of the cheating behavior hasn’t been noticed.

B Why does the number decreased?

Is there any possible that among the students there are some under rules such as if they are all cheating and know each other well, they will say nothing about the cheating behavior. Or the student who report cheating behavior can hardly be forgave by the cheating man and is isolated. Then less of the students is willing to notify a certain thing.

On other hand , teacher have more experience by discovering the cheating and have the authority to punish the cheating one without being revenged.

4 Is the research believable? How many students were asked? How many of them tell the truth. Even if they tell the truth ,is it a good phenomenon for students only be more honest in the place where there is a supervision. And when there is no one seeing that what they are doing ,does it mean that they can cheat with no guilt? Can the honor code finally shape a reliable person?                                                

23 The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Conlusion:

1 DF’s conclusion about the culture is invalid, 2 thus : the observation-centered approach to studying the village culture is invalid as well. 3 the interview-centered approach is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.

Premise:

1Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents.

2 However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village.

Skeleton:

1 whether DF’s conclusion is invalid?  A. talking more about their parents just mean about they have more close relationship with their parents which is the common nature of human being. It does not mean that their parents have the enough ability to raise them largely independent from the entire village.

B. what’s reared by the entire village mean? Maybe the children learn more skills from the whole village by the traditional activities and when they are living among the group of people.

2 Even DK is right , does it mean that DF’s  conclusion is wrong? the observation he had made is twenty years ago and with time goes by , the rearing pattern may also have a change.

3 Can the invalid of the only one case overthrow the observation-centered approach which has been proved to be effective to many other cases among the anthropologists.  

4 is there any other evident that can prove that the interview-based method is much more good than the observation p? why is it much accurate？ Is there any possibility that the children don’t even know much about themselves and answer the question casually. On the contrary , the observation by the DF is more reliable?

22 According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students; under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

Conclusion:

all colleges and universities should adopt honor code similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.

Premise:

According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise.

1 Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code

2 Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students.

thirty cases of cheating per year

3 In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen.

4  in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.

Skeleton:

1 is there any need to decrease cheating--à A Are the recent report of the cheating rate credible? How does it make , what’s the basement? Is it made in a certain isolated area or in the major universities. B is it necessary for all schools adopt honor code? Maybe in some place which shows that the cheating rate among the students is continue claming.

2 Is the honor code reasonable?

A.  How many students agree to the new policy?  Sometimes students just keep silence when they are disagree ,show no difference.

B. Is it good for students to notify to faculty when they are just suspect. Will this lead to the disbelieving among the students and cause some flictions between them?

C How does the faculty deal with the students report? Will they simply believe or by nuanced research?

3 can the number of cases explain the true problem ?

A Are the students supervision better than the teachers? The number immediately drop illustrate that the students had become ‘honest’, or it is just that some of the cheating behavior hasn’t been noticed.

B Why does the number decreased?

Is there any possible that among the students there are some under rules such as if they are all cheating and know each other well, they will say nothing about the cheating behavior. Or the student who report cheating behavior can hardly be forgave by the cheating man and is isolated. Then less of the students is willing to notify a certain thing.

On other hand , teacher have more experience by discovering the cheating and have the authority to punish the cheating one without being revenged.

4 Is the research believable? How many students were asked? How many of them tell the truth. Even if they tell the truth ,is it a good phenomenon for students only be more honest in the place where there is a supervision. And when there is no one seeing that what they are doing ,does it mean that they can cheat with no guilt? Can the honor code finally shape a reliable person?                                                

23 The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Conlusion:

1 DF’s conclusion about the culture is invalid, 2 thus : the observation-centered approach to studying the village culture is invalid as well. 3 the interview-centered approach is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.

Premise:

1Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents.

2 However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village.

Skeleton:

1 whether DF’s conclusion is invalid?  A. talking more about their parents just mean about they have more close relationship with their parents which is the common nature of human being. It does not mean that their parents have the enough ability to raise them largely independent from the entire village.

B. what’s reared by the entire village mean? Maybe the children learn more skills from the whole village by the traditional activities and when they are living among the group of people.

2 Even DK is right , does it mean that DF’s  conclusion is wrong? the observation he had made is twenty years ago and with time goes by , the rearing pattern may also have a change.

3 Can the invalid of the only one case overthrow the observation-centered approach which has been proved to be effective to many other cases among the anthropologists.  

4 is there any other evident that can prove that the interview-based method is much more good than the observation p? why is it much accurate？ Is there any possibility that the children don’t even know much about themselves and answer the question casually. On the contrary , the observation by the DF is more reliable?