TN1-Q40:
Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
看完条件和结论,有没有感觉缺了什么东西?所以,这道题是典型的填补gap题目。
这道题个人感觉和Solve the discrepancy有些像,既然可以有效预防小孩得流感,为什么还说对公共健康受益不大呢?但是由题目可以知道:小孩子得流感之后不会引发并发症,麻烦不会很大;但是如果大人从小孩那里感染了流感,则会引起严重的并发症,带来很大麻烦。所以,带孩子去打疫苗就成为了从大人自身出发的考虑,因而家长就会积极带孩子去打新疫苗,对公共健康benefit显然会非常大,但这样就削弱了结论。
由此可知题目的assumption是小孩得流感和大人得的流感并发症之间并没有联系,因而才会被认为对公共健康benefit不太显著.
A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
本选项说,能够接种注射疫苗的都能安全接种这种鼻喷雾疫苗,这只能说明新疫苗和老疫苗功效差不多,不能说明新疫苗对公共健康没有特别显著的好处,因而此选项仅仅是作为题干的补充资料,无法断开小孩得流感和大人得的流感并发症之间的联系,因此无关。
B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.
本选项说,新疫苗在防止流感的机能上和注射疫苗一样。我认为这个选项有些迷惑性,但是这个选项跟A一样,只能说明新老疫苗功效相同,仅仅作为题干补充资料转移焦点,与题目中心论点关系不大。
C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
本选项说注射疫苗所有大人都支付得起,既没有提到新疫苗也没有提到小孩得流感和大人得的流感并发症之间的联系,属于转移焦点,无关。
D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
正解。本选项说大人不会从小孩那里感染疫苗,直接断开了小孩得流感和大人得的流感并发症之间的联系,填补了gap。反之,如果将这个选项取非的话,即大人会从小孩那里感染,就是直接weaken结论。
E. The nasal spray vaccine is most effective when administered to adults.
本选项说鼻喷雾疫苗对大人是最有效的,个人觉得这个削弱了题目的结论,既然对大人小孩都这么有效,那么对公共健康应该benefit非常大才对。故而该选项错误。