【燃烧的战火作文互助组】charles的提纲。

charlesliyeUID: 3245497

Argument-74,147,148,149,156（后面的题不是完全一样的）
The president of Grove College has recommended that the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, the president argues that coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment. However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school’s all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove. The director also points to a survey of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female.”
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

观点：女校开始招男生。原因：其他女校开始招男生以后能招到更多人。
相反观点：校友协会的头头发出。原因：1.年度报告中说女同学们之所以来的都要原因就是因为这是女校。2.大多数女校友们都强烈倾向于保持女校。
小背景：
1、女校为学生提供了一个全新的环境，在这个纯女生的环境里，许多女孩变得大方自信，她们不会因为天性害羞失去表现和发言的机会。（在中国女生并不弱势，中学教育的设计一点也不偏向男生）
2、可以让学生更专注学业
女性、男性各有特点，尤其是青春期的男生和女生。办女校者说要培养时尚女性、现代女性；办男校者说要摆脱男生的女性化趋势，强调阳刚之气。（防止男女接触不是根本方法，正确的引导才是正道。）

提纲：
1、        错误类比，其他学校产生的效果不一定就能适用于本学校。可能所在的社区不同，成员结构，对教育的态度，对性别的态度都不一样。
2、        没有任何证据表明increase in application=increase in enrollment。

3、        校友会主任没有提出任何证据说明identity of the college是什么，不能得出all-female education 就essential to this identity。没有下定义。
4、        主任说all-female statue是primary reason for the new incoming.没有指出如果这个all-female statue没有了就没有其他原因吸引学生。例举他因。不是充分条件。
5、        调查对象应该针对潜在的申请者而不是已经来的学生。没有代表性。
6、        校友会成员的意见不能说明问题，她们没有代表性。她们原来就是因为赞同all-female才来的。

Argument-62,121,122,124

The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.

“In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of Ultra Clean produced a 40 percent greater reduction in the bacteria population than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of Ultra Clean at our hospital in Work by, that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply Ultra Clean at all hand-washing stations throughout our hospital system.
“Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.”

1、        暗含的假设：40%  greater reduction in the bacteria population导致了significantly fewer cases of patient infection. 到底是什么导致了infection？什么因素导致比其他医院好呢？列举他因，可能是器械消毒，操作不规范，病人不配合等等因素。也可能是更高级的设备引进，引起的技术革新。
2、        40% greater reduction in the bacteria population当中多杀死的bacteria是无关紧要的bacteria还是能够导致感染的呢？证据不足。
3、        Laboratory study可能在现实中行不通。
4、        错误类比，本医院情况不一定适用于集团内其他医院。
5、        可能有比UC更好的洗手液 

Argument-32,104,105,106,167

The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.

"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."

1、“30% more” 不能说明任何问题。有可能Alta的员工基数大，工种危险。百分比错误，纵横比较错误。
2、fatigue and sleep deprivation只是 significant contributing factors，significant不能说明是main，也不能说明适用于A&P。
3、隐含假设，one hour shorter=less fatigue,可能因为工作性质不同，增加工作时长并不会正比增加fatigue。
4、即使可以减少事故，也没有提供任何证据说明能够increase productivity。
5、错误得假设more free hours=sleep
6、three work shifts很多用于不能离岗的工作岗位，每一个shift减少1hour，不知道这三个小时的absent time谁来顶替。