Argument-74,147,148,149,156(后面的题不是完全一样的)
The president of Grove College has recommended that the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, the president argues that coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment. However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school’s all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove. The director also points to a survey of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female.”
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
提纲:
1、 错误类比,其他学校产生的效果不一定就能适用于本学校。可能所在的社区不同,成员结构,对教育的态度,对性别的态度都不一样。
2、 没有任何证据表明increase in application=increase in enrollment。
3、 校友会主任没有提出任何证据说明identity of the college是什么,不能得出all-female education 就essential to this identity。没有下定义。
4、 主任说all-female statue是primary reason for the new incoming.没有指出如果这个all-female statue没有了就没有其他原因吸引学生。例举他因。不是充分条件。
5、 调查对象应该针对潜在的申请者而不是已经来的学生。没有代表性。
6、 校友会成员的意见不能说明问题,她们没有代表性。她们原来就是因为赞同all-female才来的。
Argument-62,121,122,124
The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.
“In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of Ultra Clean produced a 40 percent greater reduction in the bacteria population than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of Ultra Clean at our hospital in Work by, that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply Ultra Clean at all hand-washing stations throughout our hospital system.
“Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.”
1、 暗含的假设:40% greater reduction in the bacteria population导致了significantly fewer cases of patient infection. 到底是什么导致了infection?什么因素导致比其他医院好呢?列举他因,可能是器械消毒,操作不规范,病人不配合等等因素。也可能是更高级的设备引进,引起的技术革新。
2、 40% greater reduction in the bacteria population当中多杀死的bacteria是无关紧要的bacteria还是能够导致感染的呢?证据不足。
3、 Laboratory study可能在现实中行不通。
4、 错误类比,本医院情况不一定适用于集团内其他医院。
5、 可能有比UC更好的洗手液
Argument-32,104,105,106,167
The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."