issue 110 驳论文

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110
Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

思路
观点：经验会限制想象力，一个并没有太多经验的人可以没有束缚的想象，因而他的批判常常是有建树的
反对1：批判是以继承为基础的，如果不能充分的理解先前的知识，就不能做出有效的批判。而所谓专家就是对所在领域有充分认识的人，他们所做出的批判工作相比一个初出茅庐的新手来说会更加有力和准确。
反对2：对于学科的充分认识并不一定会限制想象力，因为正确的积累方式是通过不断的积累知识而看到其中的共性，而不是不加批判的接受表象而不断地积累偏见。
观点：对于知识的批判对于一个新入行的人来说是一个很好地学习方式，不断的批判会加深他对领域的理解，因而是十分重要的。
反对1：一个领域的基础知识不是可以轻易批判的。新手往往对某领域的知识结构没有充分的认识，如果将这个领域的基础和其他部分不加区分的任意质问，会造成学习的障碍，并陷入为提问而提问的误区。对于专家来说，不仅可以区分出学科的基础，平对其加以保护；而且当学科的基础真正需要被严格审视的时候，对于整个领域全面透彻的认识，让他们可以看到整理领域的通病，并对学科的基础做出有效的批判。这样的批判，是专家的特权。
反对2：
并不是所有学科的学习都适合用批判的方式，首先批判的工具并不可能被批判。然后诸如艺术之类的学科，其重点是创造审美，而不是创造新的事物。


Experts in areas of knowledge are people who have accumulated a huge amount of knowledge and experience in their field, and mostly who worked for a long time in this area. Most people often have an illusion that these experts are pedants whose only ability is examining lines of books, and real valuable critical judgements are always made by rookies who are always willing to ask questions while learning and have unrestrained imagination. On the contrary, under careful scrutinize, the value of the  experts' critical judgements undoubtably overweigh that of inexperienced neophytes.

The first specious argument against experts is that critical thinking is the natural way of learning. By asking questions, neophytes come to understand the knowledge and fact actively, so the critical judgements they made are crucial in understanding this area, and hence significant. However plausible this idea is, we can see, this thesis does not work well in some of the field of knowledge, and applying this idea to questioning the basis of subjects can cause some problems.

While critical thinking is useful for developing some of the discipline, it is not for others. In disciplines such as fine art and music, the only concern is to accomplish the appreciation of beauty. Denying a former principle and establish a new one has little to do with the aesthetic value of an art work. For example the greatest music work by Mozart rigidly obeyed the fundamental rules of composing. Even Beethoven, whose work is often marked by 'revolutionary', never transcended the principles obeyed by his predecessors such as Handel and Bach. It is fully unnecessary to apply critical thinking to these subjects. Moreover the instrument of critical thinking can never be questioned. It is imaginable that if someone tries to criticize logic itself, the outcome is definitely desastrous. Briefly, critical judgement is appropriate in learning some subjects.

Moreover, even in the fields critical thinking is necessary, it is not always a good way of learning for neophytes. As we all know, every subject has its underlying assumptions. A slight change of such assumption will cause huge oscillation of this subject and even collapse. Thus, if a neophyte cannot tell which part of the knowledge is the basic assumption , or unwisely trying to question the basis deliberately before fully understanding the whole subject, critical thinking will cause confusion, and hence hampers the effect of learning. Questioning the five axioms of plane geometry set by Euclid will confuse a student before grasping the essence of geometry. Contrarily, it was Nikolas lvanovich Lobachevsky and Riemann, who proper was experienced expert in mathematics, who question the fifth axiom and build up noneuclidean geometry. In this case, critical judgements of experts are much more valuable than misleading questions made by rookies.

Opponents may also argue that the experts’ well established experience is a constrain of their imagination. Without imagination, the critical judgements made will be less valuable than imaginative ones made by inexperienced rookies. Yet, these people mistake the deposition of experience for the accumulation of biases, and ignored the significance of experience to the imagination.

If we learn things in the right way, our imagination will not be confined. The right process of learning is not simply remembering the knowledge and facts, but analyzing our experience actively and find the general truth behind them. This right way of learning eliminate bias, and makes true experts. Biases, accumulated via passive learning, are the easiest to remember and restrict our imagination.  In brief, experience with not restrict imagination.

Besides, it is safe to say that valuable critical judgements must be made in the air of imagination, and yet, imagination will fall into daydreams without the basis of experience, just as skyscrapers cannot be built in the mid of air. With the advantage of rich experience, experts can let their imagination soar; without inheriting of former experience, however, critical thinking means little. Einstein's extraordinary work is the extend of Maxwell's, and Bohr also adopted Einstein's accomplishment as one underlying assumption of his own work. We can see how important inheritance is for these scientists in their work, even though the breakthroughs are achieved in the way of critical judgement.

As is discussed above, the critical judgement made by experts are much more valuable than by others. The opposing view on the prospect of learning or imagination does not hold true under careful analysis.

第二次写，没有计时（估计时间相当长），错词已经挑过。因为怕写不出来，所以想到什么就都写了，字数总共720+。求猛拍，跪谢。

真心混不懂论坛呀，但是求互批呀，
什么分组什么的都是啥呀
是不是这样的格式就行呢？批完别人的，回头再链接过来吧

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真不容易，我也被论坛弄得团团转