0510G同主题写作第三期－－Issue6 [复制链接]

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发表于 2005-7-10 23:32:48 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

0510G同主题写作第三期－－Issue6
the most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.
看到题目需要理解
为什么是最有效？什么是当代文明？为什么要分析？什么是趋势潮流？为什么是青年人的？
哪个单词的外延和内涵实际上我们需要好好的掌握？年轻人和当代文化的关系是什么？
反过来~文化和老年人有什么关系？
命题如此断言~是否假定了文化的断续性？文化是连续的么？
能否对老年人和青年人的关系打个恰当的比喻或者类比？

当然  可以不需要这么钻牛角尖~即正反两种
证明青年流行趋势有效的代表了现代文化
或
证明青年流行趋势与现代文明的关系不大
具体的证明方法只要言之有理皆成一言~如果能够解决了关键词的问题~那么对问题更好的理解将助你一臂之力

key words explaination(cited from MW)
effective:
1 a : producing a decided, decisive, or desired effect b : IMPRESSIVE, STRIKING <a gold lamé fabric studded with effective ... precious stones -- Stanley Marcus>
2 : ready for service or action <effective manpower>
3 : ACTUAL <the need to increase effective demand for goods>
4 : being in effect : OPERATIVE <the tax becomes effective next year>
5 of a rate of interest : equal to the rate of simple interest that yields the same amount when the interest is paid once at the end of the interest period as a quoted rate of interest does when calculated at compound interest over the same period -- compare NOMINAL 4

contemporary
1 : happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time
2 a : SIMULTANEOUS b : marked by characteristics of the present period : MODERN, CURRENT
- con•tem•po•rar•i•ly  /-"tem-p&-'rer-&-lE/ adverb
synonyms CONTEMPORARY, CONTEMPORANEOUS, COEVAL, SYNCHRONOUS, SIMULTANEOUS, COINCIDENT mean existing or occurring at the same time. CONTEMPORARY is likely to apply to people and what relates to them <Abraham Lincoln was contemporary with Charles Darwin>. CONTEMPORANEOUS is more often applied to events than to people <contemporaneous accounts of the kidnapping>. COEVAL refers usually to periods, ages, eras, eons <two stars thought to be coeval>. SYNCHRONOUS implies exact correspondence in time and especially in periodic intervals <synchronous timepieces>. SIMULTANEOUS implies correspondence in a moment of time <the two shots were simultaneous>. COINCIDENT is applied to events and may be used in order to avoid implication of causal relationship <the end of World War II was coincident with a great vintage year>.

culture
1 : CULTIVATION, TILLAGE
2 : the act of developing the intellectual and moral faculties especially by education
3 : expert care and training <beauty culture>
4 a : enlightenment and excellence of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training b : acquaintance with and taste in fine arts, humanities, and broad aspects of science as distinguished from vocational and technical skills
5 a : the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon man's capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations b : the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group c : the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a company or corporation
6 : cultivation of living material in prepared nutrient media; also : a product of such cultivation

analyze
1 : to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of by analysis <analyze a traffic pattern>
2 : to subject to scientific or grammatical analysis
3 : PSYCHOANALYZE
- an•a•lyz•abil•i•ty  /"a-n&l-"I-z&-'bi-l&-tE/ noun
- an•a•lyz•able  /'a-n&l-"I-z&-b&l/ adjective
- an•a•lyz•er  /-"I-z&r/ noun
synonyms ANALYZE, DISSECT, BREAK DOWN mean to divide a complex whole into its parts or elements. ANALYZE suggests separating or distinguishing the component parts of something (as a substance, a process, a situation) so as to discover its true nature or inner relationships <analyzed the problem of the trade deficit>. DISSECT suggests a searching analysis by laying bare parts or pieces for individual scrutiny <commentators dissected every word of the President's statement>. BREAK DOWN implies a reducing to simpler parts or divisions <break down the budget>.

trend
1 a : to extend in a general direction : follow a general course <mountain ranges trending north and south> b : to veer in a new direction : BEND <coastline that trends westward>
2 a : to show a tendency : INCLINE <prices trending upward> b : to become deflected : SHIFT <opinions trending toward conservatism>

例文(from 庄子)
In the course of time and life, cultures developed in a beautiful continuity, which to us appears only in passing fragments. Embedded in person’s life and existing in unconsciousness, culture is difficult to quantify or at least tends to be so pervasive and elusive that it escapes everyday thought. This nature envelops culture with a vague, occult, and ambiguous air, making some people assert that to analyze the tends of youth can effectively learn the contemporary culture.

To dispute this plausible argument is  a staggering task. Instead of squarely denying it, I would like to first analyze insightfully culture phenomena and culture elements.

First question is what culture is, or cultures are. Second the relationship between culture and youth, the old, and children must be either clearly defined or explained. Another issue is that we must consider the changing of culture and relationships between it and social groups.

What is culture? Many early anthropologists conceived of culture as a collection of traits and studied the diffusion, or spread, of these traits from one society to another. Critics, however, pointed out that the theory failed to explain why certain traits spread and others do not. Another theory, the evolution theory, holds that traits have a certain meaning in the context of evolutionary stages, and they look for relationships between material culture and social institutions and beliefs. These theorists classify cultures according to their relative degree of social complexity and employ several economic distinctions (foraging, hunting, farming, and industrial societies ) or political distinctions (autonomous villages, chiefdoms, and states). Critics of this theory argue that the use of evolution as an explanatory metaphor is flawed, because it tends to assume a certain direction of development, with an implicit apex at modern, industrial society.

Today, many anthropologists have turned away from the notion of elusive ”laws” of culture that often characterizes cross-cultural analyses to the study of the concrete historical, political, and economic forces that structure the relations among cultures.

Clearly even today, although frequently studied and used, culture remains undefined. Worse of all, it is even not so easy to explain culture a as to articulate the Newton’s Law. This hampers the second step of our reasoning: what is the relationship between culture and youth and the old people?

In human civilizations, western society has a different value towards old people from its eastern version. But generally, old people (roughly from 50 to 80 or so) are considered the sunset glow and evening mist, brilliant but feeble and ephemeral, while the youth are frequently described with such commendatory terms as vigorous, energetic, brisk, exuberant, robust, rough-and-ready, zealous, husky, muscular, sinewy, and masterful. But virtually all these words are directly in related to not ”old” but “young” . Admittedly, old people tend to be ill healthy. But spirit concerns are apparently neglected in this case. If from this perspective, it is hard to claim that the youth stands for the main trend of contemporary culture. For the simple reason culture, like a stream, is not a discrete nor disperse phenomenon. It is continuous. Thus to view the contemporary actually requires a historical perspective. So, to analyze the youth is only one part, however vital, of effectively understand culture.

If we admit that culture is pervasive and continuous rather than persistent, we may analyze its diverse ingredients to evaluate whether to analyze the trend of youth is the most effective way to understand culture as a whole. Culture naturally includes the literature, arts, history, customs, religious rituals and rites, and ceremonies. Take literature as a case in point, can we conclude that young people generally have more profound and proficient knowledge that old people do? Arts, another example, do not necessarily rely heavily on muscular energy. Examples are countless. Although directly analysis of culture is prohibitively vexing, it is not so staggering to analyze its detail components. From such examinations, no evidence can be cited to support the argument that to study the trend of youth is the most effective way to understand culture.

Another concern also casts the most serious doubt on the validity of the assertion. It claims the “most effective way” but no other approaches to understanding culture are mentioned, making the comparison meaningless. To be ranked “the most effective”, it is logically essential to list out other approaches. In fact, many approaches are at least not so less effective as the analysis of youth.(731)

庄子老师的文章深刻而且见解独到~回答了命题所存在的问题并且提出了自己的观点~非常鲜明但是又非常新颖的观点~发展了整个命题的走势~并在最后回到了主题~各位应该从欣赏和学习的角度去看这篇文章(可是俺自己打上去的哦:o)而并不需要觉得对比让自己汗颜

参考阅读材料
The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001. b. Culture and Context    http://www.bartleby.com/67/3.html


Anthropology, and archaeology as part of it, is unified by one common thread, the concept of culture. Everyone lives within a cultural context—middle-class Americans, Romans, and Kwakiutl Indians of northwestern North America. Each culture has its own recognizable cultural style, which shapes the behavior of its members, their political and judicial institutions, and their morals. 1
文化范畴概谈总起
Human culture is unique because much of its content is transmitted from generation to generation by sophisticated communication systems. Formal education, religious beliefs, and daily social intercourse all transmit culture and allow societies to develop complex and continuing adaptations to aid their survival. Culture is a potential guide to human behavior created through generations of human experience. Human beings are the only animals that use culture as their primary means of adapting to the environment. While biological evolution has protected animals like the arctic fox from bitterly cold winters, only human beings make thick clothes in cold latitudes and construct light thatched shelters in the Tropics.   2
文化的独特性和教育信仰等等的关系~里面有非常好的列举
Culture is an adaptive system, an interface between ourselves, the environment, and other human societies. Throughout the long millennia of prehistory, human culture became more elaborate, for it is our only means of adaptation and we are always adjusting to environmental, technological, and societal change.   3
文化是一种适应的体系~人类创造了文化并且与环境和谐~非常有哲理的一段话
The great Victorian anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor described culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Prehistoric archaeologists prefer to define culture as the primary nonbiological means by which people adapt to their environment. They consider it as representing the cumulative intellectual resources of human societies, passed down by the spoken word and by example.   4
维多利亚时期的爱德华泰勒的引用~经典！史前考古学家的文化定义也非常有意义
Human cultures are made up of many different parts, such as language, technology, religious beliefs, ways of obtaining food, and so on. These elements interact with one another to form complex and ever-changing cultural systems, systems that adjust to long- and short-term environmental change. 5
回应前文所说的内容~人类文化的组成是非常丰富的！
Archaeologists work with the tangible remains of ancient cultural systems, typically such durable artifacts as stone tools or clay pot fragments. Such finds are a patterned reflection of the culture that created them. Archaeologists spend much time studying the linkages between past cultures and their archaeological remains. They do so within precise contexts of time and space.
更多的理论支持！

补充鬼鬼的一段话提醒大家注意：
[需要大家注意的是:请不要在这里贴自己的习作,请将习作发表在坛子里面,然后将链接贴进来.除了习作链接之外,更欢迎大家把对于题目的想法拿出来讨论,积极参与者会得到奖励哦!]--------by 鬼谷子

[ Last edited by boyjim on 2005-7-11 at 00:06 ]

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0510G同主题写作第三期－－Issue6 [复制链接]

占坐，明天来写～^_^

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