0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气

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汇总列表：

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第八期——代词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十一期——动词、动词语态
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十三期——独立主格、特殊词

前言：

虚拟语气，在academic writting中，用好了会很受欢迎，用不好就会很不academic
同时对于effective writting更是这样
至于应该如何去用呢？
首先我们要弄清楚的是，虚拟语气的基本用法。
在知道了如何去用之后，我们就要去通过自己行文的逻辑，以及预期的读者思维，通过这个“虚拟”去做良性诱导。
同时脑袋里时刻绷紧一个弦——过犹不及
鬼子的脑袋很瘫很残，虚拟语气他们用的少，因为用过度了之后，rater的脑袋会顿时跳闸
所以，文章中要去适量应用他们可以理解并且熟悉的虚拟语气

至于如何让他们理解呢？写对
至于如何让他们熟悉呢？不要自创，要去广泛阅读，积累好的素材语料

废话尽量少说，大家自己先通过这里，熟悉虚拟语气基本用法，尤其是和时态、倒装绑定的用法

这是你在文章中，加深文章深度的一个必要基础

——by 草木也知愁


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很难很混乱，试图用尽量简单的方法来介绍。

虚拟语气TOEFL考点中处于相对次要地位，但在英文中是比较活跃的用法，对其有所了解, 对读题和写作是会很有帮助。

一、介绍：虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。

可大致分为三类：

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例句：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上，I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上，She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
If they were here, they would help you.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”

If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

其他一些重要的语言点：



4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
　　

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

　　　
例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　　　
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
　　　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表达法。
例句： Wish sb / sth to do
　　　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　　　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.

8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)


9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等

例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

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二、试题及解析：

1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.

A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be

2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.

A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been

C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been

3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.

A. should call B. should not have been able

C. were not able D. are not able

4. If you asked your father you permission.

A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get

5. today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves

6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.

A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were

7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.

A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost

8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be

9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.

A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted

10.he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday

A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for

11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice

A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed

12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted

13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.

A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won

14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.

A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been

15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.

A. had to be printed B. should have been printed

C. must be printed D. should be printed

16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his

insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed

17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______

fully occupied the whole of last week.

A. were B. had been C. have been D. was

18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended

19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.

A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling

20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.

A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling

21. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.

A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling

22. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .

A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me

23. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .

A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened

C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself

24. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.

A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the

C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his

25. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.

A. were B. had been C. is D. has been

26. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.

A. had been B. has been C. were D. was

27. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.

A. has been B. was C. is D. had been

28. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.

A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift

29. He described the town as if he it himself.

A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees

30. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until

they investigate the situation.

A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do

31. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.

A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have

32. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .

A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved

C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved

33. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .

A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have

34. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.

A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking

35. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.

A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come





答案与详解

1．A．条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。

2．B．条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。

3．A．条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。

4．B．条件句表示与未来事实的相反。

5．C．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。

6．D．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。

7．B．这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。

8．（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。

9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。

10．（B）假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、的but that、的without, 由连词but、的副词otherwise 、的比较级、的形容词、的独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为英语考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选But for为正确答案。

11．（C）题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。

12．D．注意主句now表示现在的时间状语，所以主句是对现在虚拟，从句是对过去虚拟。

13．A．从句对过去的虚拟。

14．B．从句表示虚拟，而主句是事实。

15．（D）it是形式宾语，urgent是宾语补足语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语从句，该从句的内容被认为是urgent（急迫的），这样从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气形式，即should（可以省略）+动词原形。因此，本题正确答案是（D）。

16．（C）在表示要求、的愿望、的建议、的请求、的命令等含义的名词同位语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式，即should(可以省略)+动词原形。

17．（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。

18．（B）此题要求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式，以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来看，if从句中表达的内容应该是过去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因为（A）是现在时。（C）中should+have+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事，在此不合题意。（D）选项中的might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测，它表达的内容还不能成为事实，所以藉此道歉真是不知从何说起，因此此处也不合题意。（B）had offended表示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句：apologize 是现在，而条件句是表示对过去假设的条件句。

19．（A）该句也是一个复杂条件句（或称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。

20．（A）as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。

21．（B）had not occurred表示对过去的虚拟，条件句中要用过去完成式，主句中要用should(would, could, might)+动词原形的过去分词。

22．（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。

23．（C）表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。

24．（A）suggest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式，其形式为should（可以省略）+动词原形。

25．A．表示与现在相反的虚拟。

26．A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

27．D．felt是过去式，所以该句是由as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

28．D．as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。

29．A．as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

30．（D）would rather后接从句要求用虚拟语气，形式为过去式，表示对现在或将来的假设，或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设。

31．（C）who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。

32．（C）这是一人含蓄虚拟条件句，通过介词短语without,表示潜在的一种假设，而主句中的情况也早已经发生，所以是对过去情况的一种假设，因此用would not have been achieved这一形式。

33．（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。

34．（B）It is time that是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过去式。

35．（C）otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设，因为是对过去(yesterday)的情况的假设，所以应该用would have come形式。

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赞 lulu ,学习中~

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刚刚看到，谢谢lz，好认真啊 学习了~

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对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.

need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

miki7catUID: 2533330

总结一下什么时候用虚拟语气：
1、If的虚拟
2、need做情态动词时的虚拟
3、It is high time that+虚拟语气
4、insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求，要用虚拟语气(should) do。以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
5、as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
6、It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that必须要用虚拟语气(should) do

nvligreUID: 2689384

虚拟语气：
wish（that）s+were /did    与现在，将来相反
wish（that）s+had done     与过去相反
wish（that）s+would/could  与将来相反
wish（that）s+could have done 与具体的时间状语连用
if only
if only+ s +did   与现在 将来相反
if only +s +had done 与过去相反
as if
af if +s+did 与现在 将来相反
af if +s+had done 与过去相反
would rather ......+s +did
it is (high/about)time .....+s+did
without /but for

小灵易碎UID: 2733622

小灵易碎学习笔记

4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

6.比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.


注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等

例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

Rushtosummer的学习笔记（4）虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。
可大致分为三类：
1、对现在事实的虚拟

基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do

例句：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
2、对过去事实的虚拟

基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do;
意思类似汉语中的“万一”

If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;

         
If + 动词过去分词
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
其他一些重要的语言点：
4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

2）Wish to do表达法。
Wish sb / sth to do
6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。
needn't have done表示：过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
9、as或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。

此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情。

这类习语有：as if, as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等.
so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。

这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him.
注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

lynnuanaUID: 2772328

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等

例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

张寄托UID: 3647480

if虚拟的话往后推一个时态就好了