【1006G】【习惯性GRE】--【备考日记】--方法+经验+毅力

janicesaUID：2686243

强贴留名，没事来看看

lghscuUID：2552043

逆序第三遍搞定

lghscuUID：2552043

我们为什么有压力
1 标准太高
2 能力不足
3 妄想心生
4 忙碌生活
----张锦贵教授

有一个有意思的现象，我周围的G友，凡是认真背过颠峰词汇的考得都不错。
倒不是颠峰本身给他们带来了多少分，而是他们既然能认真背颠峰，就一定会认真背红包，认真做其他练习。
这里拿几分，那里拿几分，总分就一下子上去了。
从这个意义上，颠峰真像一座横亘在我们内心的山峰，你如果有毅力克服内心的惰性，就有可能达到一个新的境界。如果你被惰性征服，抱着赌、蒙、得过且过的态度去参加考试，结果多半是二进宫。8 `$ x+ C" R$ ^6 V% C3 x) `5 [1 e
. X( y) k4 X# k3 d2 P6 v
由GRE继续说开去，其实在留学申请的各个环节都是一样，托福，GPA，研究论文诸如此类，如果你不能跨越内心的颠峰，处处抱着取巧的态度，你的申请材料最终就会千疮百孔，这里有硬伤，那里有漏洞。其实我们刚进大学时都是差不多的，只是有人目标坚决，处处精益求精，他/她的申请材料最后就会很漂亮。人与人的差距就是在这一点一滴中体现出来的。

把你的志向与骨气放在学习和工作中

我们面对的是整个世界，社会就像一个高速运转的大转台，如果不想被甩出局，就必须学会成长

人需要不断地为自己加油！
Push your own limits（把我们硬推到我们的极限之外）!

发挥最大的生命潜能，将自己带上生命高峰，虽死无悔，虽败犹荣

社会就是这样，你如果不能改变它，就得适应它

自己在做一件事情时，
总是竭尽全力把他做得最好，
把自己的志向和骨气放于其中。
我想无论做什么事情，
只要用心去做，
结果总不会太差的

我们每个人的一生中都必须承担一些东西：
不公平的起跑线、"人微言轻" 式的痛楚、屡试屡败的挫折感……
其中至少一部分是谁也代替不了，必须自己去亲自承受的

lghscuUID：2552043

懦夫是自己使自己成为懦夫，
英雄是自己使自己成为英雄。
在懦夫和英雄之间，
每个人都愿做英雄，
顶天立地、轰轰烈烈地过一生，
没有人愿意畏畏缩缩地失意一生。
但是有的人在人生的征程中坚持下来了、挺住了，所以他生存、发展了；
而有的人坚持不下去，最终放弃了，成为懦夫。
这个世界是不等人的，现实得几乎不给失败者一点同情。

人生就是希望和等待！

对奋斗者来说 阳光总是灿烂的：6 E4 J( J& W; O; W
只要不放弃 就有希望； 只要有希望 生活就是幸福的。

既然选择了远方 便只顾风雨兼程；& r) ~$ ?9 R% L+ P
既然目标是地平线 留给世界的 就永远只是背影。。。

我们奋斗过，流过汗，淌过泪！
考前那30个非人过的日子居然也挺过来，
其实我们的生活因为这些而显得不再苍白！-

lghscuUID：2552043

Blue Bible
List 14
over!

lghscuUID：2552043

Blue Bible
List 15
over!

lghscuUID：2552043

hand
这个单词很诡异
类似汉语中的“指代”
a : a person who performs or executes a particular work <two portraits by the same hand>
b
(1) : a person employed at manual labor or general tasks <a ranch hand>
(2) : WORKER, EMPLOYEE <employed over a hundred hands>
c : a member of a ship's crew <all hands on deck>
d : a person skilled in a particular action or pursuit
e : a specialist or veteran in a usually designated activity or region <a China hand中国通>

----------------
wrangler
n. 争论者,牧马者（a ranch hand who takes care of the saddle horses）

lghscuUID：2552043

Blue Bible
List 36
over!
----------------
看1个List不难，但理解一个List就需要努力了

lghscuUID：2552043

Blue Bible
List 35
over!

lghscuUID：2552043

Introductions and conclusions can be the most difficult parts of papers to write. While the body is often easier to write, it needs a frame around it. An introduction and conclusion frame your thoughts and bridge your ideas for the reader. Just as your introduction acts as a bridge that transports your readers from their own lives into the “place” of your analysis, your conclusion can provide a bridge to help your readers make the transition back to their daily lives. Such a conclusion will help them see why all your analysis and information should matter to them after they put the paper down.

One or more of the following strategies may help you write an effective conclusion.

Play the “So What” Game.
If you’re stuck and feel like your conclusion isn’t saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, “So what?” or “Why should anybody care?” Then ponder that question and answer it. Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction.

Synthesize, don’t summarize:
Include a brief summary of the paper’s main points, but don’t simply repeat things that were in your paper. Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. Pull it all together. Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading you did for your paper. Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader’s thought process and help her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications. Point to broader implications.

Synthesize
transitive verb
1 : to combine or produce by synthesis
2 : to make a synthesis of
3 : to produce (as music) by an electronic synthesizer
intransitive verb : to make a synthesis

synthesis
a : the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole

summarize
transitive verb : to tell in or reduce to a summary
intransitive verb : to make a summary

summary
: an abstract, abridgment, or compendium especially of a preceding discourse
-->
summary是其它各部分的缩写版
synthesis是其它各部分的综合版--各部分简要、有机的组成

conclusion与introduction遥相呼应
对introduction所提问题，采用关键词并行转述的方法，简洁地综合各部分元素进行回答
力求体现一两句话体现
观点与论据
的有效性
并且提出展望，为其它人深化研究本主题提供一个可能的方向

再补充一下summary与synthesis的区别：
summary特点：全文由A, B, C, ...等元素组成，简洁地展现这部分内容即可
synthesis特点：XXX观点是如何通过A, B, C, ...等元素得以论证，即简洁展现A, B, C, ...等元素间的逻辑关系，以论证XXX观点

lghscuUID：2552043

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion
Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write, and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A conclusion should
stress the importance of the thesis statement,
give the essay a sense of completeness, and
leave a final impression on the reader.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Suggestions

Answer the question "So What?"
Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.

Synthesize, don't summarize

Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.

Redirect your readers

Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally.

Create a new meaning
You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strategies
Echoing the introduction: Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.
Example

Introduction

From the parking lot, I could see the towers of the castle of the Magic Kingdom standing stately against the blue sky. To the right, the tall peak of The Matterhorn rose even higher. From the left, I could hear the jungle sounds of Adventureland. As I entered the gate, Main Street stretched before me with its quaint shops evoking an old-fashioned small town so charming it could never have existed. I was entranced. Disneyland may have been built for children, but it brings out the child in adults.

Conclusion

I thought I would spend a few hours at Disneyland, but here I was at 1:00 A.M., closing time, leaving the front gates with the now dark towers of the Magic Kingdom behind me. I could see tired children, toddling along and struggling to keep their eyes open as best they could. Others slept in their parents' arms as we waited for the parking lot tram that would take us to our cars. My forty-year-old feet ached, and I felt a bit sad to think that in a couple of days I would be leaving California, my vacation over, to go back to my desk. But then I smiled to think that for at least a day I felt ten years old again.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Challenging the reader: By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives.
Example

Though serving on a jury is not only a civic responsibility but also an interesting experience, many people still view jury duty as a chore that interrupts their jobs and the routine of their daily lives. However, juries are part of America's attempt to be a free and just society. Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Looking to the future: Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers' thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.
Example

Without well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Posing questions: Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.
Example

Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidate's qualifications and positions on the issues. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American. Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choose soft drinks and soap?

lghscuUID：2552043

It is very important to write an effective conclusion to an essay. It is this brief conclusive paragraph that will make the final impression on your reader. It is also your last chance to convince the reader. Follow the tips below when writing a conclusion to your essay

Instructions

Step 1
Sum up your feelings or argument being made in the essay.

You may also very briefly summarize your main points. Do not, however, provide a detailed summary of the entire essay. There is no need to repeat yourself. This should be accomplished in one or two sentences.
Step 2
Draw a thoughtful conclusion from the points made in the essay.

This should be relevant to the argument being made. It may be a suggestion how to overcome a problem, or it may be more of a general comment. Once again, this should only be one or two sentences.
Step 3
Restate the thesis.

This is usually done in the first or second sentence of the conclusion. Make sure it is reworded from the introduction of the essay. It will remind the reader what the main focus of the essay is about.
Step 4
Make an amusing, light-hearted or insightful observation. Use careful judgment when deciding what to write, however. A light-hearted or amusing comment may not be appropriate for an essay subject such as "AIDS in Africa." Ending on a personal note or using a relevant quote might be a better choice.
Step 5
Avoid making the conclusion too long.

An effective conclusion should be straight and to-the-point. One paragraph is sufficient. It should be no longer than four or five sentences.

Step 6
Do not begin with "In conclusion" or use the word "conclusion" in any form.

lghscuUID：2552043

How to Write a Conclusion


Most writers have trouble writing a good conclusion. One exercise that might help you write a good conclusion is to wait until after you've written a good first draft.
Try moving the introductory paragraph (see How to Write an Introduction), or the one with the thesis statement, to the end of the draft. Write a new introduction.
Then revise the whole essay so that each paragraph flows and so the whole paper has coherence (see How to Write a Paragraph).

Conclusion = Closure
The conclusion is often simply one concluding paragraph, although in longer works, such as books, it might be many paragraphs or even pages long. The conclusion provides a sense of closure - that the interest or question "opened" by the introduction has now been "closed" by the body of the paper. The concluding paragraph makes it clear how this is true, and uses some way of indicating the completeness of the writing.

Concluding, and What Comes Next
In many scientific fields, but certainly in other types of writing as well, the conclusion indicates relevant questions for further study or exploration. While this might seem to contradict the idea of closure, in fact, the closure on the article or essay usually occurs just before this suggestion, and this suggestion of further research areas serves to provide a large sense of completeness. In many topics of public concern, this "further research" suggestion takes a different form - a call for further awareness of an issue or problem.

The Concluding Paragraph Consolidates What Came Before
The conclusion often makes clear how or why this topic is significant. It is highly unusual to introduce new ideas, new arguments, or new evidence in the conclusion. Frequently, a conclusion will connect to the introduction - by answering questions raised there, or through writing devices such as returning to a story or anecdote used in the introduction. In all cases, the purpose is to release the reader from the act of reading and return the reader to the world with some sense of having gained something from reading.

lghscuUID：2552043

Bela搬个小板凳坐着见证楼主走向小牛人的行列~
Bela1229 发表于 2010-2-22 23:33

那一定要对得起你的小板凳

lghscuUID：2552043

How to write an abstract

How To Write An Abstract[size=-1]*
How to Write an Abstract.pdf
by Kenneth A. Small
(Department of Economics, University of California at Irvine. )

The instructor of my freshman physics laboratory hammered on one point: the abstract is the most important part of a lab report. The same is true in any discipline, and applies equally to a journal article, a proposal, or a report to a granting agency. Your abstract will be read by ten or twenty times as many people as will any other words in the article. So, if you want to make a positive impression, or just convey information, here's where to really pay attention to writing!

The purpose is not to tell the reader you did something: it's to tell her what you did in the simplest, most informative way possible. Too many abstracts begin: "This article investigates the determinants of drug use." With just a few more words you can tell the reader what you are actually doing: "I use a model of rational addiction to show how institutions and tastes affect drug consumption." Similarly for the concluding sentence. Instead of: "The results show that choice among drugs depends on the institutional framework and taste parameters," how about: "The results show that the substitution of designer drugs for marijuana increases with media coverage of drug issues and with the propensity to schizophrenia."

Should you hold back your punch line to increase suspense? It's tempting, but an economics article is not a Sherlock Holmes story. Readers are too busy to appreciate the excitement of your little mystery tale: they want quick information. If it suits them, they will read on for the details, appreciating that you've already made it easier for them by explaining where you're headed. Should you display your copious bibliographic knowledge in the abstract? Not necessary; it's easy to flip to your bibliography. If your article is specifically an advance on one or two published works, it's fine to cite those.

The introduction and conclusion are the next most likely parts of your document to be read. Think of these sections as extensions of the abstract, carefully coordinated to entice the reader further and further into the details of your work. They can do this by amplifying the core intuition in a slightly more leisurely manner-but not if your abstract was just a verbatim repeat of parts of these sections. (And not if the conclusion merely states that all depends on lambda and the coefficient of EGGSBRAK, the definitions of which are hopelessly buried in sections 4.1 and 6.2.3(a)-but that's another essay.)

Abstracts for submission to meetings serve a somewhat different purpose, because the reader doesn't expect the results to be all worked out. Here it's more important to focus on the significance of the idea and how you will improve on existing knowledge. So a few citations are warranted, enough to identify the literature to which you are contributing and to explain how your approach differs from others. If you have a great new data set, say how it is compiled. If you can, explain what conclusions may emerge and what implications they would have.

I often write or revise abstracts last. The ideal time for me is after working through the entire article or proposal. Not immediately after, when I'm tired and may be tempted to dash off something quick; but just long enough for it all to percolate and brew up a clear vision of what I've accomplished. If such vision appears, I just do my best-or possibly decide the article really lacks coherence and needs yet another thorough overhaul! If the vision does appear, I try to capture a good snapshot for the harried potential reader, hoping at least one of us will benefit.
* This article was originally published as: Small, Kenneth A., "How to Write an Abstract," American Economic Association Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession Newsletter (Feb. 1997), p. 22.