1006G备考日记 by pluka——Pursuit of simplicity（谢幕）

plukaUID: 2721764

今天挫折了。单词第九天，背25-27，复习22-24，16-18，4-6；精读尚未完成，待会做。听了一下午报告，奈何自己差距太远，没啥收获，呜呼。晚上回来想起看看托福，此前一篇作文都没有做过，试着写独立写作，虽然心中有话，却枯坐无法开头，心中愕然焦急无以言表。12月20日考试，哀哉。明天开始要加上托福作文任务！这星期过题库，克服开头的困境。一直觉得自己作文还行，然而，唉……争取状态啊！
嗯，如果第五次作业布置的话，也要好好做作业。
嗯，本周五又有另外一门考试。
= =……风中凌乱。

11.23

plukaUID: 2721764

不信邪，精读做到一半，又忍不住跑去憋作文，蓦然发现刚刚看过的精读句子恰好可以用上，总算开了点头。又试了几个题目，都没做完。虽然20分钟才写了130多个字，但总算是能动笔了，心里好受很多。
然后忽然意识到精读的意义重大。还好一直有做笔记，虽然目前只看了26篇，但也记录下这么多句型和表达，再背一些名人名言……嗯，解决开头！克服心理障碍克服心理障碍克服心理障碍………………

已经“今天”了，但我“昨天”的单词复习还没做完……速度过掉25-27！

plukaUID: 2721764

单词第十天，背28-30，复习7-9，19-21，25-27.
精读两篇time两篇economist，把前两天落下的进度赶回来了~现在觉得做精读是最有趣的一件事，因为很多文章实在很有意思，不仅学到了句型和例子，还顺便消遣。
晚上又尝试着练托福作文，下了独立写作计时模考的软件，一开始是练开头，心理障碍克服了不少。开头勉强OK之后，却发现接下来的正文又开始卡了……刚刚的最好结果是倒数第五分钟恰好写到第150个词……感觉比昨天已经好一些了。然而题库也没有看（老题库？貌似现在没题库？），也仍然没有写完一篇完整的，sigh。
希望快点进入状态~~~！不要卡啊不要卡！
写作文实在是个痛苦的过程，看着别人的高分范例仍觉有待改进，轮到自己动笔才知道其中艰难。明天抽半个上午看范文！先通读一遍了解大概那是个什么感觉。（下午要开始四周的CAD实践，我恨它……）
（在AW版诉说自己准备ibt的纠结，稍微有点，呃，奇怪？）

11.24

ginorUID: 2610959

追赶你的进度快要成我的目标了……OTL
我每天都在专业课，作业和备考中挣扎着~
每次看到你神速的完成作业~~都觉得你很牛x，让我不禁怀疑我的效率是否很低？还是你一天比我多了一两个小时，怎么有那么多的时间啊做得了那么多的事~！！
同时备考ibt，您的时间安排真是很。。。充实。嗯~了不起！

您别松了~~~我会在后面追着你跑。。（觉得我水的话，就请无视我这不知所谓的路人甲经过……）

plukaUID: 2721764

49# ginor

呃……我的专业课确实不多就是了，一周十节大课，这周五再考完一门后就剩三门专业课，接下来是四周计算机实践和零散的一些实验，只是前段时间拉下了一些课要补，有些痛苦。每天占时间最多的是单词，按17天的计划做的，不过我放了不少水，有时候昏昏沉沉看一遍没记住几个，也懒得翻回去，新单词+复习大概要近四个小时，sigh。所以说今天上午预计的看作文书，没做~~
大概是我性子比较急，有时候劲头上来了非要做完才安心，于是老出现今天卯起来赶工到半夜，第二天睡到日上三竿还懒懒散散提不起劲，第三天又开始打鸡血……这样的情况。可怜的胃。这样的生活习惯其实很不好，非常不好，晚上看单词都爱走神。sigh，希望赶快过完这段时间，好好调整一下作息。
所以，ginor同学，身体是革命的本钱，好好保重是对的！我们的目标是可持续发展！（自我反省）

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

追赶你的进度快要成我的目标了……OTL
我每天都在专业课，作业和备考中挣扎着~
每次看到你神速的完成作业~~都觉得你很牛x，让我不禁怀疑我的效率是否很低？还是你一天比我多了一两个小时，怎么有那么多的时间啊做得 ...
ginor 发表于 2009-11-25 00:26

同感。。。现在每天一大早起来，我脑中闪现的就一个单词。。。PLUKA。
嘿嘿，咱们一块慢慢赶超哈～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

49# ginor

呃……我的专业课确实不多就是了，一周十节大课，这周五再考完一门后就剩三门专业课，接下来是四周计算机实践和零散的一些实验，只是前段时间拉下了一些课要补，有些痛苦。每天占时间最多的是单词，按 ...
pluka 发表于 2009-11-25 12:53

我们双周十二大节课，单周是十四大节。。。泪奔。。。

不过每次携带了看下PLUKA的楼真的是大大的激励哈～～像我这种忙的时候还要憋出时间来的，到了周末完全就不行了。。。SIGH，补作业去了～～

plukaUID: 2721764

独立写作首次限时成功！撒花~ 不过抽到的是两个最拿手的题目，科技是否让地球更适宜人类居住，以及政府是否要在太空探索上花最多的钱，都是cliche，平时课本上啊口语啊什么的出现过N次类似的了，如果考试能考这个那真是捡到宝了。不管怎么说，限时成功~~~字数三百上下，知足了。克服写作心理障碍！先拿T调整情绪和手感。
下午CAD提前逃回来，看了会ibt高分范文，发现关键是要不停地写，只要自己思路不模糊，兼写够那么多字，整体感觉起码会很连贯完整，句型什么的另算。当然也感叹了下T跟G的差距……
几个月以前有想过做名人名言的摘抄，现在发现这个还是很值得重新捡起来的。用在T里混字数骗分最合适不过。同时很多名言实在是太精彩了，一个句子就能带来新的思考，对issue的准备大概也会有所帮助的吧？（自我臆想中，实际上俺还没有开始碰issue……）
今天最喜欢的一句来自George Orwell:
Every generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it,and wiser than the one that comes after it.
太精辟贴切了。

今日精读完成，单词第11天，to be continue。

cinderella1016UID: 2666652

你的issue作业，第一段那个survival of the fittest，就用错了。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

PLUKA，你语法第二部分给忘了。。

plukaUID: 2721764

你的issue作业，第一段那个survival of the fittest，就用错了。
cinderella1016 发表于 2009-11-26 18:35

啊，多谢提点！我一直记的是survival the fittest……原来它欺骗了我~~

PLUKA，你语法第二部分给忘了。。
番茄斗斗 发表于 2009-11-26 18:55

其实没忘，打印出来了，存在手边想随时翻，但发现这样子效率很低……  
额，说实话是打算就这么翻过去的蹭完它，但结果被番茄同学发现了呀~~~好！刚好第五次作业没接到，就来补语法贴上来~
懒惰是不行的，嗯。

plukaUID: 2721764

不能偷懒……补作业！

第二次作业 语法下半场

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】14期

Active and Passive Voice

This resource was written by Purdue OWL.
Last full revision by April Toadvine.
Last edited by Allen Brizee on March 5th 2009 at 2:24PM
Summary: This handout will explain the difference between active and passive voice in writing. It gives examples of both, and shows how to turn a passive sentence into an active one. Also, it explains how to decide when to choose passive voice instead of active. 讨论重点：主动与被动的区别，换被动为主动，何时用被动
Active Versus Passive Voice
Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing.非科学性的写作中常用主动语态，好处是清晰简练不冗赘，也不会太复杂 Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.其中比较重要的是简洁的问题，个人认为语言的质量在很大程度上可以用信息量/单词量来衡量，语句越精炼，往往越有力。
More about Passive Voice
Reasons to Generally Avoid Passive Voice
由于被动态强调客观性，一般文章中滥用被动态会让文章呆板无趣，科学写作中常用被动态，但这也不应牺牲太多简洁性。
Helpful Hint
You can recognize passive voice because the verb phrase will include a form of be (was, am, are, been, is). Don't assume that just because there is a form of 'be' that the sentence is passive, 被动式结构中包括系动词，但有be的不一定是被动式however. Sometimes a prepositional phrase like "by the" in the sentences above indicates that the action is performed on the subject, and that the sentence is passive. BY短语往往暗示着被动。
Choosing Passive Voice
Choosing Passive Voice
While active voice helps to create clear and direct sentences, sometimes writers find using an indirect expression is rhetorically effective in a given situation, so they choose passive voice.被动优势之一：修辞！
Also, writers in the sciences conventionally use passive voice more often than writers in other discourses. Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown or when a writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent until the last part of the sentence or to avoid mentioning the agent at all. The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action.被动优势之二：强调！强调动作和受方，当动作发起人并不重要时可节省精力分散。
In each of these examples, the passive voice makes sense because the agent is relatively unimportant compared to the action itself and what is acted upon.也就是说，当动作发起人不能忽略的时候，用被动就不太恰当了。
Changing Passive to Active Voice

主动与被动的互换，其实只要理解动作发起人和接收人就好办了。

Further Suggestions for Using Passive and Active Voices
1. Avoid starting a sentence in active voice and then shifting to passive.最容易被忽略的错误之一！在一句话内部的语态要统一！
Unnecessary shift in voice        Revised
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but it was still ordered frequently.        Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but they still ordered it frequently.
He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but he was still laughed at by the other students.        He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but the other students still laughed at him.
2. Avoid dangling modifiers caused by the use of passive voice. A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.易犯错误之二! 当句子里面出现必须依赖于主动主语存在的成分，如目的状语，就不能用被动语态（这样会忽略主动主语而导致语意不明）
Dangling modifier with passive voice        Revised
To save time, the paper was written on a computer. (Who was saving time? The paper?)        To save time, Kristin wrote the paper on a computer.
Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, consultants were hired to break the bad news. Who was seeking to lay off workers? The consultants?)        Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, the CEO hired consultants to break the bad news.
3. Don't trust the grammar-checking programs in word-processing software. Many grammar checkers flag all passive constructions, but you may want to keep some that are flagged. Trust your judgment, or ask another human being for their opinion about which sentence sounds best.语法更正软件往往不能识别被动语态，小心~
The Paramedic Method is an effective process for helping eliminate passive voice.
Verbs- Voice and Mood
Active and Passive voice:
Verbs in the active voice show the subject acting. Verbs in the passive voice show something else acting on the subject. Most writers consider the active voice more forceful and tend to stay away from passives unless they really need them.主动比被动更有力。被动的客观性限制了传达情绪和情感因素，不那么empathetic。这告诉我们，表达survey用被动，做结论、说服、呼吁用主动~
Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive Mood:
Most verbs we use are in the indicative mood, which indicates a fact or opinion:
Examples:
•        He was here. 
•        I am hungry. 
•        She will bring her books.
Some verbs are in the imperative mood, which expresses commands or requests. Though it is not stated, the understood subject of imperative sentences is you.
Examples:
•        Be here at seven o'clock. (Understood: You be here at seven o'clock.) 
•        Cook me an omelette. (Understood: You cook me an omelette.) 
•        Bring your books with you. (Understood: You bring your books with you.)
When verbs show something contrary to fact, they are in the subjunctive mood.
When you express a wish or something that is not actually true, use the past tense or past perfect tense; when using the verb 'to be' in the subjunctive, always use were rather than was: 虚拟语气，总之就是时态后移，一般现在时变一般过去时，现在进行时变过去进行时，现在完成时变过去完成时，一般将来时变过去将来时……值得注意的还有虚拟语气的倒装问题。倒装很能够增加sentence variety，要掌握！
Examples:
•        If he were here... (Implied: ...but he's not.) 
•        I wish I had something to eat. (Implied: ...but I don't.) 
•        It would be better if you had brought your books with you. (Implied: ...but you haven't brought them.)

=====================================

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十五期——Apostrophe & Hyphens

Apostrophe省略符号，也就是那个'~

The apostrophe has three uses: 
1.to form possessives of nouns 
2.to show the omission of letters 
3.to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters 

Forming Possessives of Nouns

three days' journey = journey of three days 
If the noun after "of" is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then no apostrophe is needed! 上文中，journey不是“物品”，所以不能省'！
room of the hotel = hotel room 
door of the car = car door 
leg of the table = table leg 


规则：1、单数名词，无论是否以S结尾，都+'S；2、复数名词结尾有S则+’，没有S则+'S，这时候注意所有格后面加的名词也该是复数的；3、复合名词最后+‘S；4、若表示共有的所有格，在并列成分的最后+’S。

•add 's to the end of compound words: 
my brother-in-law's money 

•add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object: 
Todd and Anne's apartment 

Showing omission of letters

Apostrophes are used in contractions. A contraction is a word (or set of numbers) in which one or more letters (or numbers) have been omitted. The apostrophe shows this omission. Contractions are common in speaking and in informal writing. To use an apostrophe to create a contraction, place an apostrophe where the omitted letter(s) would go. Here are some examples: 在正式文体中，是不能使用缩写的！
could've= could have (NOT "could of"!) 
'60 = 1960 

Forming plurals of lowercase letters
这个部分貌似不是很相关……印刷和语法习惯的差异。
Apostrophes are used to form plurals of letters that appear in lowercase; here the rule appears to be more typographical than grammatical, e.g. "three ps" versus "three p's." To form the plural of a lowercase letter, place 's after the letter. There is no need for apostrophes indicating a plural on capitalized letters, numbers, and symbols (though keep in mind that some editors, teachers, and professors still prefer them). Here are some examples: 

p's and q's = a phrase taken from the early days of the printing press when letters were set in presses backwards so they would appear on the printed page correctly. The expression was used commonly to mean, "Be careful, don't make a mistake." Today, the term also indicates maintaining politeness, possibly from "mind your pleases and thankyous."

Nita's mother constantly stressed minding one's p's and q's. 
three Macintosh G4s = three of the Macintosh model G4 
There are two G4s currently used in the writing classroom. 
many & s = many ampersands 
That printed page has too many & s on it. 
the 1960s = the years in decade from 1960 to 1969这个年代的记法我老是不记得，重复：in the 1960s=in '60,然而也有看到过说应该是+'的，即1960’s……再次混乱，自此就记没有'的吧！
The 1960s were a time of great social unrest. 

Don't use apostrophes for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals.


Proofreading for apostrophes

A good time to proofread is when you have finished writing the paper. Try the following strategies to proofread for apostrophes: 
•If you tend to leave out apostrophes, check every word that ends in -s or -es to see if it needs an apostrophe. 
•If you put in too many apostrophes, check every apostrophe to see if you can justify it with a rule for using apostrophes. 

Hyphens 连字号

Hyphen Use复合词！

Two words brought together as a compound may be written separately, written as one word, or connected by hyphens. For example, three modern dictionaries all have the same listings for the following compounds:
hair stylist
hairsplitter
hair-raiser

Another modern dictionary, however, lists hairstylist, not hair stylist. Compounding is obviously in a state of flux, and authorities do not always agree in all cases, but the uses of the hyphen offered here are generally agreed upon.

1.Use a hyphen to join two or more words serving as a single adjective before a noun: 置于名词前面用作定语，注意是表达同一意义的。
a one-way street
chocolate-covered peanuts
well-known author
However, when compound modifiers come after a noun, they are not hyphenated: 置于名词后，不用连字符。
The peanuts were chocolate covered.
The author was well known.

2.Use a hyphen with compound numbers: 用于复合数字。
forty-six
sixty-three
Our much-loved teacher was sixty-three years old.

3.Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters: 
re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job)
semi-independent (but semiconscious)
shell-like (but childlike)

4.Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -elect; between a prefix and a capitalized word; and with figures or letters: 某些前缀和后缀
ex-husband
self-assured
mid-September
all-inclusive
mayor-elect
anti-American
T-shirt
pre-Civil War
mid-1980s

5.Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line if necessary, and make the break only between syllables: 注意必须按音节划开！
pref-er-ence
sell-ing
in-di-vid-u-al-ist

6.For line breaks, divide already hyphenated words only at the hyphen: 还有按结构……
mass-
produced
self-
conscious

7.For line breaks in words ending in -ing, if a single final consonant in the root word is doubled before the suffix, hyphenate between the consonants; otherwise, hyphenate at the suffix itself: 
plan-ning
run-ning
driv-ing
call-ing

8.Never put the first or last letter of a word at the end or beginning of a line, and don't put two-letter suffixes at the beginning of a new line: 
lovely (Do not separate to leave ly beginning a new line.)
eval-u-ate (Separate only on either side of the u; do not leave the initial e- at the end of a line.)

plukaUID: 2721764

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十六期——Parallel Structure

Parallel Structure

表述几个同等重要的成分，常用连词连接，其成分可以使从句、短语、分词、不定式等。
Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
OR Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.)注意不定式的并列结构可以省略to~

Do not mix forms.并列就要并列到底！这个理由同上节的主动与被动语态问题。同一个句子内部的结构应该是连贯完整的。

Example 1 
Not Parallel: 
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle. 混合了不定式与ING。
Parallel: 
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle. 

Example 2 
Not Parallel: 
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurate ly, and in a detailed manner. 混合了短语和副词。这个很容易犯！
Parallel: 
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly. 

Example 3 
Not Parallel: 
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low. 
Parallel: 
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation. 

Clauses

A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. 从句并列要有始有终。Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism. 

Example 1 
Not Parallel: 
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game. 
Parallel: 
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game. 
— or — 
Parallel: 
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game. 

Example 2 
Not Parallel: 
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive) again，句子内部语态一致。
Parallel: 
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions. 

Lists After a Colon

Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.


Example 1 

Not Parallel: 
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs. 
Parallel: 
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs. to被省略了。

Proofreading Strategies to Try:

•Skim your paper, pausing at the words "and" and "or." Check on each side of these words to see whether the items joined are parallel. If not, make them parallel. 
•If you have several items in a list, put them in a column to see if they are parallel. 
•Listen to the sound of the items in a list or the items being compared. Do you hear the same kinds of sounds? For example, is there a series of "-ing" words beginning each item? Or do your hear a rhythm being repeated? If something is breaking that rhythm or repetition of sound, check to see if it needs to be made parallel.嗯，这一点很有意思。

总而言之，就是要时刻谨记并列成分的结构、语态、重要性都是相同的！

QuincySMUID: 2162088

52# 番茄斗斗
我每周14大节，有一半是研究生的课。。。我现在复习GRE，复习着复习着就想骂人。
偶想看数学。。。数学家年轻不干活，将来就废物了。。。什么大器晚成在信息密集的今天就是扯。。。
算了，冷静。做好眼前的事情。对不起占用你的帖子发牢骚啦～

plukaUID: 2721764

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十七期——Commas

Commas: Quick Rules

The rules provided here are those found in traditional handbooks; however, in certain rhetorical contexts and for specific purposes, these rules may be broken. 
Quick Guide to Commas


1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. 以前以为可分可不分，不过分开显然要清晰一些
3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.语气作用，插入语。
4. Do not use commas to set off essential elements of the sentence, such as clauses beginning with that (relative clauses). That clauses after nouns are always essential. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action are always essential.尤其要注意！逗号和插入语的插入让语气变得和缓、意思略有停顿，这样子是不利于强调的。特别是我喜欢用插入语……要控制自己！
6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives.多个形容词修饰同一个名词的时候，在最后一个形容词之后不能够用逗号将其与名词分开
7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.这一点暂时想不到例子……
9. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names.
11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.

Extended Rules for Using Commas 

Comma Use 

2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause.
a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while.
However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast).
Incorrect: She was late for class, because her alarm clock was broken.在非独立的定语前面不能用逗号，即，逗号前后都是完整的句子结构，而且要记得加连接词~这里的非独立的定语，应该是说从结构上和意思上都与主句不能分开的。
Incorrect: The cat scratched at the door, while I was eating.
Correct: She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar. (this comma use is correct because it is an example of extreme contrast)
b. Common introductory phrases that should be followed by a comma include participial and infinitive phrases, absolute phrases, nonessential appositive phrases, and long prepositional phrases (over four words).
Having finished the test, he left the room.
To get a seat, you'd better come early.
After the test but before lunch, I went jogging.
The sun radiating intense heat, we sought shelter in the cafe.
c. Common introductory words that should be followed by a comma include yes, however, well.true也是。 


3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.就是说用逗号把不重要的成分单独分割开来，要删也可以删。


4. 前文关于不能分开重要成分的原则的举例。
That clauses after nouns:
The book that I borrowed from you is excellent.
The apples that fell out of the basket are bruised.
That clauses following a verb expressing mental action:
She believes that she will be able to earn an A.
He is dreaming that he can fly.
Examples of other essential elements (no commas):
The baby wearing a yellow jumpsuit is my niece.
The candidate who had the least money lost the election.
Examples of nonessential elements (set off by commas):
My niece, wearing a yellow jumpsuit, is playing in the living room.
The Green party candidate, who had the least money, lost the election.
Professor Benson, grinning from ear to ear, announced that the exam would be tomorrow.

6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives.并列的形容词
确定形容词是否并列：看能否调整顺序、能否在期间+and。能，则是并列的。这用于确定系列非并列的形容词尤其有用啊~！
Here are some examples of coordinate and non-coordinate adjectives:

They lived in a white frame house. (non-coordinate)
She often wore a gray wool shawl. (non-coordinate)
The 1) relentless, 2) powerful 3) summer sun beat down on them. (1-2 are coordinate; 2-3 are non-coordinate.)

7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.嗯，上面那个想不到例子的找到例子了
He was merely ignorant, not stupid.
The chimpanzee seemed reflective, almost human.貌似也不完全是相反的，也有些递进的意味，对照嘛
You're one of the senator's close friends, aren't you?
The speaker seemed innocent, even gullible.

8. Use commas to set off phrases at the end of the sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases are free modifiers that can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion. (If the placement of the modifier causes confusion, then it is not "free" and must remain "bound" to the word it modifies.)
Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously. (correct)
Incorrect:Lisa waved at Nancy, laughing joyously. (Who is laughing, Lisa or Nancy?)
Laughing joyously, Lisa waved at Nancy. (correct)
Lisa waved at Nancy, who was laughing joyously. (correct)

9. (When you use just the month and the year, no comma is necessary after the month or year: "The average temperatures for July 1998 are the highest on record for that month.")

11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.
To George,Harrison had been a sort of idol.
Comma Abuse

Commas in the wrong places can break a sentence into illogical segments or confuse readers with unnecessary and unexpected pauses.

12. Don't use a comma to separate the subject from the verb.主语不应与动词分开，这一个错误比较容易犯，尤其是当主语很长时可能觉得语气应该停顿，但不能在写法结构上分开！ 
Incorrect:The most important attribute of a ball player, is quick reflex actions.

13. Don't put a comma between the two verbs or verb phrases in a compound predicate.复合谓语中几个动词不能用逗号分开
Incorrect:We laid out our music and snacks, and began to study.这个可以跟逗号的另一个用法一起记，逗号前后的句子都是有完整结构的。
Incorrect:I turned the corner, and ran smack into a patrol car. 

14. Don't put a comma between the two nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses in a compound subject or compound object.总结曰，同样语法功能的部分不能分开。

Commas After Introductions 


Introductory Clauses

Introductory clauses are dependent clauses that provide background information or "set the stage" for the main part of the sentence.Introductory clauses start with adverbs like after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, until, when, etc.

Introductory Phrases

Introductory phrases also set the stage for the main action of the sentence, but they are not complete clauses. Phrases don't have both a subject and a verb that are separate from the subject and verb in the main clause of the sentence. Common introductory phrases include prepositional phrases, appositive phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases.

Introductory Words

Introductory words like however, still, furthermore, and meanwhile create continuity from one sentence to the next.

When to Use a Comma

Introductory elements often require a comma, but not always. Use a comma in the following cases:
•After an introductory clause. (Does the introductory element have a subject and verb of its own?) 
•After a long introductory prepositional phrase or more than one introductory prepositional phrase. (Are there more than five words before the main clause?) 
•After introductory verbal phrases口语词，参见前文提到的yes，well等, some appositive phrases, or absolute phrases. 
•If there is a distinct pause. (When you read the sentence aloud, do you find your voice pausing a moment after the introductory element?) to avoid confusion. (Might a reader have to read the sentence more than once to make sense of it?) 语气问题，传意问题

When not to Use a Comma

Some introductory elements don't require a comma, and sometimes the subject of a sentence looks like an introductory element but isn't. Do not use a comma in the following cases:
•After a brief prepositional phrase. (Is it a single phrase of less than five words?) 
•After a restrictive (essential) appositive phrase. (See our document on appositives.) 
•To separate the subject from the predicate. 此处容易犯错的主要原因是有时候主语实在太长，但无论多长，主语都不能跟谓语分开！

Commas vs. Semicolons分号 in Compound Sentences

A group of words containing a subject and a verb and expressing a complete thought is called a sentence or an independent clause.

有连词，就用逗号。
没连词，就用分号。或者以下连接副词也可以用分号：however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, etc.
They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark; therefore, they decided to camp for the night.

Commas with Nonessential Elements
即是前文提到过的把不重要的成分框起来。


小结一下。
该节的注意点：逗号的结构功能（不能分割主谓、不能分割非限定性从句、不能分割一起构成同一语法功能的成分）；逗号的传意功能（引入成分太长可以加逗号，容易引起混淆时加逗号，语气自然停顿处加逗号）。