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[感想日志] 1006G备考日记 by pluka——Pursuit of simplicity(谢幕) [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-11-9 00:00:48 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2010-3-3 23:30 编辑

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--
I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.

12月20日托福,明年3月3AW。托福的作文、口语处于开始准备的阶段,G的单词在背,红宝一遍(不过是很久以前,印象太弱),巴朗正在第二遍。前几天才开始赶坛子上economic的精读贴,G的填空和阅读还在计划书中。总之,一切都是incipient啊!任重而道远~呜呼·吾将上下而求索!

毕竟,林中择路,是难以回头的。
=================
改名啦,最近的感悟。一种质朴、浑然、返璞归真的感觉。让一切都简单一点吧~~~~~~!

2010.01.18
=================


整理楼层

第一次作业  
FW读后感:3、13、15楼
语法(0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】1-13期)笔记:4-22楼
语法(0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】14-41期)笔记:57-76楼


第二次作业
issue 13
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1028993-1-6.html
argument143
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029121-1-6.html

第三次作业  AWintro翻译:27、29、32、33、34楼

第四次作业 30篇版友习作:35-38、42、44楼

第八次作业
【CASK EFFECT】系列练习 88-
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发表于 2009-11-9 20:27:22 |只看该作者
第二楼貌似要留空?

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板凳
发表于 2009-11-9 22:11:11 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2009-11-22 16:37 编辑

上午记单词,做精读。
因为十二月报了托福,下午还做了一次巴朗模考。考试果然是个体力活,听力听到第五段的时候做笔记已经比较勉强,最后一段也容易走神了,但结果一看后面没做笔记的都对了,前面反而错了几个= =|||。作文写得很糟糕。尚未仔细查卷,待明日。
小组作业,今天看的是FW的1-5与12-16部分,中间6-11草木组长说是重要内容,打算仔细消化。这里先做已经看完的部分的笔记。

第一次作业  FW


第一讲 基本问题

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-930785-1-1.html
以前记过一个7W的思路:who, when, what, what if, why, why not, how。这次的20个问题更加全面。拿到一个题目,我习惯的做法是找到里面可以define或者redefine的东西,找一个准则出来,与这20个问题里的description, classification类似,随后深入展开。

问题分对事和对人。对事,解释完事件本身后的枝干走向可以是:分析事件本身,与其他事物横向比较。分析和比较都可以涉及what if, why, why not等原理和重要性因素等。对人,从人物自身特点和历史、他人评价、自己的评价入手。

最重要的一点,正如后面几讲反复强调的,确立自己要表达一个什么主题和中心,其余一切都为中心服务。

下午模考作文的题目是谈论一个重要领导人,我想的是温斯顿丘吉尔,当时没有好好发展,现在按这个思路重新理清。

题目关键点:重要,领导人。
一个领导人的重要性体现在他的执政措施、政策、感染力等对本国及世界的影响。
丘吉尔选取两个方面,一是二战时期他带领英国人民毫不动摇地抵御纳粹,二是战后他竞选失败后不羞恼也不汲汲于名利,但仍作为杰出的政治家、演说家、文学家给人们鼓舞与信心。前者突出的是他的个人意志、领导能力以及对世界和平的贡献;后者重点放在他的个人魅力和感召上。
第一个方面的安排可以是:世界背景,英国的艰难情况,丘吉尔的措施(言论举动态度等),措施的结果,不列颠战役的重要性,胜利对二战结果的影响。总结曰丘吉尔的不屈精神如何影响了世界之类。
第二个方面的安排可以是:败选,仍在政治舞台上,演讲,二战回忆录,诺贝尔文学奖。总结曰他作为100位伟大英国人榜首有很强的人格魅力。

下午没有写好的两个主要原因是:1,素材积累不够。当时看到题目就傻眼了,对这类题材实在不熟悉,对丘吉尔的印象也相当模糊(除了二战和败选,就不知道了);2,语言能力不够,尤其是短时间内;3,状态不够,如果能静心写应该会好些,而且要随时提醒自己写作技巧,有意识地用上。

顺便,刚刚找的丘吉尔简介:http://www.hudong.com/wiki/温斯顿•丘吉尔

第二讲 写作便秘
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931194-1-1.html
第三讲 文思枯竭
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931466-1-1.html

第二讲没什么,第三讲有几点我会碰到。

——没有准备就得开始写
把大观点渐渐细化,添加小观点,组成框架。这一点遇到得最多。不管怎么说,如果有时间,还是要头脑风暴。坛子上T版有前辈说写作文先写主题句,全部写完主题句后再填例子与细节,跟这个构架类似。

——遇到讨厌的话题
在里面找个相对不讨厌的方向写。

——不想写~
跟自己说无路可走只能写。

第四讲 开始写作
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932138-1-1.html

最重要的就是两点。1,明确写作目标。2,头脑风暴。头脑风暴对我来说更需要提高。过早地把方向定下很有可能限制进一步的发展。比如刚刚重新想领导人的时候就会想到更多的比如拿破仑华盛顿毛泽东斯大林乃至秦始皇成吉思汗,也还过了一遍领导人特质什么的,虽然后面还是选了丘吉尔,但整个感觉头脑更加清晰了。

第五讲 电脑写作
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932417-1-1.html

G和T考试的时候又不能用word……所以这节的内容多半是平日练习或其他写作可以用的吧。其中觉得有用的几点:
1, 查看各段的长度是否均衡,查看段落中句子的长度是否均衡。
2, 充分利用工具,用黑体字与不同颜色的字标出文章结构、句型、修辞等等地方便于查阅。

第六讲-第十一讲 明天好好研究~

第十二讲 精炼文字
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-940023-1-1.html

目前最觉切合自己实际情况的一讲。每一条都很重要!但对我来说最需要时刻注意的是这几条:
1、 少用冗余从句,改成短语;
2、 少用it is/there be句型开头,改成名词开头(除非是强调);
3、 少用被动句,改成主动句;
4、 少用动词的名词化形式+is的结构,改成动词原型;
5、 少用…of…is…形式,直接用所有格或者短语或者改写;
6、 不要纠结于陈词滥调和已知细节;
7、 警惕冗余搭配。

……哦……貌似上面基本上都把那几条列全了啊……果然,每一条都重要!

然而存有疑问的是,第8点指出不要拐弯抹角要直奔主题,下面列举出一些可以用简单单词替代的短语——这样子是否与写作所要求的句型变换表达多样的规则抵触?若满篇用because,夹杂几个in light of和considering the fact that会显得更变化还是更废话?

第十三-十五讲 文章打磨
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-941110-1-1.html

这一部分的内容实在是不少,而这些细节往往是以前都没有注意过的。

对我,要记住的或觉得问题可能比较大的:

1,逗号的运用!分为两部分的长句,后一部分是完整句子,有连词,就加逗号;是完整句子,没连词,就加连词或改分号或改句子;不是完整句子,一定不能有逗号。
2,句子结构不能混用!尤其是并列多个成分时,各个成分的语法结构要一致,用ING就都用ING,用不定式就都用不定式。

这一部分的其他内容都很重要,日后改作文的时候肯定要按它的步骤来,到时难免要再看几遍~

第十六讲 比喻运用
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-942609-1-1.html

说实话,这一讲没怎么仔细看。比喻在作文里用得还挺少的,这一节的举例不少是诗啊……作为修辞手法,比喻用好了当然能给文章增光添彩,然而难度大,危险系数高,俺觉得先保险点吧~ 里面提到的用动词、名词、形容词等引入比喻,很有意思。

这几天阅读看到的比喻句有:
Detecting the primary wave of an earthquake is like seeing the flash of lightening before hearing the thunder and getting drenched by the rain.
The dinner-party diplomacy didn’t suit George Washington’s palate.(这个算不算?)

呜~总算打完了。打印出来看的,现在再写一遍,回顾一下等于复习。今天课少啊(就早晚两节),明天课多点,不知道能否看完。加油~
另,用opera浏览器的时候发帖的验证问题总是通不过,换IE才行,囧~

参考了一下大家的备考日记,都有把原文附上,好详细~但因为我是打印着看的,把笔记转移到WORD上的时候就不爱再摘英文了,改用中文总结。得承认的是也许理解得没有那么深,暂且先把自己的初步感受记下。毕竟这是理论积累,要与实际结合。比如proofreading等部分,结合练习来做印象比较深。
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地板
发表于 2009-11-10 13:29:51 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2009-11-22 16:39 编辑

第一次作业  语法

开始看【SU&SY,SO】


主谓一致是指:

1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。

There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
这第三点是我最不清楚的,但以前的记忆是就近原则有适用范围?有一些短语和搭配好像是就远的,比如as well as。

1、 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词标志
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2、 主谓一致中的就近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致重要!这句话我错了……
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致错处
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating. 分析出主语是前面而不是短语后部分就好做了
2与3比较,3的实质是找到真正主语的位置,2的情况似乎有点特殊,至少我目前还不是很能理解,记忆,记忆!

4 、谓语需用单数
1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
3) 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten dollar is enough.
这一点常弄不清楚,但除金钱时间价格度量衡之外,其他的可数名词复数及不可数名词前有表数量的复数名词时谓语要用复数

5、 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。重要!易错处。其实质仍是找到主语,谓语跟主语走。
2) 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。是这样么?印象中此类名词在表示一些意思的时候是单数概念啊,比如people表示民族时。上网去查了police单复数的用法。(http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/200908/1325.html
结论是:影响较大的国外语法书认为,police,如同作“人们”解的people一样,是一个无标记的复数名词(unmarked plural noun),永远不用作单数。而上列其它名词既有单数形式,又有数形式(class—classes)。在要求谓语动词的这一点来看,police也与class等名词不同,它永远要求谓语动词用复数。 但在英美国家实际应用中确实存在police做单数接单数谓语的情况。这让语法专家十分矛盾。
查完之后,我就不矛盾了~~矛盾啥呀,人家权威语法书都说复数了,就按复数做!单数实际不实际的反正复数不会错。
再重复一遍:
集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式!

3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
The majority of the students likes English.
关于这个majority,另外的解释是:“the minority/majority of + 名词”短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词的单复数形式。如:The majority of students were on Ben’s side.
也在另外的地方找到了一样的例句:The majority of the students like English。(http://www.studyget.cn/news_zs_7210.html用的是复数!这个地方是帖子打错么?

6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致
1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。尤其是half,part, a portion这种表部分的,最容易出错
2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致错处

上面是基本语法规则,很多都理清了以前的模糊地带,要好好记下来~
讲解二我觉得更实用,有针对性。

误区一 误认主语
1. 倒装句

2. 主语之后带有介词短语重要!错处
①The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×)
②The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
[解析] 第①句误认为apples, oranges是主语,因此谓语动词用are,而实际上the fruit才是该句的主语,like apples,oranges是介词短语作后置定语修饰the fruit.该句译为“像苹果、桔子之类的水果对我们的身体是有好处的”。因此第②句是正确的。
特别提醒 类似的结构有:主语+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ,谓语动词应与主语一致,而与介词短语之后的名词无关。这一条也就是对应讲解一的第3条

3. One of . . . + 名词复数或复数代词,用单数谓语。

4. 定语从句。定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。

误区二 被主语的表象迷惑

1. 看似复数却表单数概念
①Maths are my favorite subject. (×)
②Maths is my favorite subject. (√)
[解析] maths本身是一个以“s”结尾的单词,而不是一个复数名词,表示单数概念“数学”这一学科,因此第②句正确。
类似的有:physics,news,politics . . .

2. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×)
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
[解析] the police译为“警方”,表示复数概念,而不是表示“那个警察”,因此第②句正确,类似的词有:people,the +形容词,the +姓+family等均表复数概念。police已经记住了,复数谓语!回忆一下,其他的还有people,cattle,poultry!

3. 名词的单复数同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (×)
②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (√)
[解析] sheep是一个单复数形式相同的名词,由于sheep之前用的a little修饰,加上Can you see it中的it指代单数,因此a little sheep译为“一只小绵羊”,因此第②句正确。如果将原题改为:There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又会怎么样呢。惭愧,这题虽然没错,却没有看出来it的玄机,算是侥幸。
特别提醒 类似的单复数形式相同的词还有fish, Chinese, Japanese等,要根据句子的含义和结构暗示来判断其单复数

4. 集合名词
family,类似的还有group,class,team等既可表单数也可表复数。

误区三 误用语言规则

1. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语
①Ten years are quite a long time. (×)
②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)
[解析] 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词的复数作主语时看作一个整体,谓语动词要用单数,容易错误理解为复数而出现第①句的错误。
结合讲解一的4-(3),把这一条好好记下来

2. 由and连接的并列主语
3. 就近原则

4. This kind of,a piece of,this pair of等短语作主语 重要。错处
①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×)
②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)
[解析] trousers作主语时,谓语动词用复数,但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 this kind of,a piece of,a bag of,a box of等,这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定,而与它们所修饰的名词无关

5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×)
②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
[解析] 根据句意和句子结构可以判断the rest of it中的it,指the work,而work是不可数名词,因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 all of,most of,half of,the rest of,以及a lot of,some,any+名词作主语时,要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。

6. 一句话提示
合成不定代词(如something,anybody等)作主语,谓语动词用单数
②动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数;
③a number of +名词(复)作主语,谓语用复数,the number of +名词(复)作主语,谓语用单数;
none of . . . 作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数

附加题选摘:

11. Every girl and every boy _______ (have) the right to join the club.
答案:
has
两个并列的名词由eachevery no等修饰时,谓语动词一般用单数



12. --- _______ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ________(be).

答案:is am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or either...or neither...nor not only...but also连接时,谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。疑问句里面she离得近,就用is!


15. A knife and fork _______ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil _______ (be) on the desk.
答案:is are。前面的a knife and fork是一套餐具,单数。



语法的漏洞好大!要好好补课了。但不知道四十期在12号之前能不能看完……

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发表于 2009-11-10 14:11:11 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2009-11-10 14:43 编辑

第二期 情态动词
情态动词的搭配、用法、常见错误(语气、句型里面的误用、漏用)

1—— 情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生
2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

2 ——比较can 和be able to
1)can could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意:could不表示时态  这一点是一直不清楚的。could可以用在现在时里,但过去时态里面如果要用can的话要用could。
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

3—— 比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小
2) 成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.

4—— 比较have to和must
1)两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。间接引语,转述用must.
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3) 在否定结构中: don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止",
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。这个语法点虽然不熟悉,但其实经常遇到,意思也明白
比较:
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法 根据所推测事情所处的时间段不同,在情态动词后面加不同的时态。涉及到过去的一律用完成时。涉及到正在发生的用进行时
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如 can, may

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词 完成式的结构表明讨论的是一个已经完成的事情,至于讨论的方面和侧重点是啥(推测、应不应该、需不需要),就由情态动词决定。
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8—— should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强had better的语气原来是强于should的啊,是因为有隐约的胁迫意思么

9—— had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形没有TO没有TO没有TO没有TO……
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"。完成式——评论已经结束的事件
You had better have come earlier.

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思
其中的情态动词都是过去式
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句, would 提前,所以选B。

11—— will和would
注意:
1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2)Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any
Would you like some cake?
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气
Won't you sit down?

12 ——情态动词的回答方式
问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。
2)---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't。
3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。

13—— 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it. 否定形式——ought not to
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once?
疑问形式——Ought sb to do?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用 have。

14 ——比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略
1) 实义动词: need(需要, 要求)
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动
need doing = need to be done

情态动词在托福写作中的运用

1,首先是情态动词,尤其是Will的漏掉
(1)表示观点一定要用情态动词
中国考生受汉语影响,一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了,以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如:
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词,这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实,而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。

(2),与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中, so that或者 in order that引导的从句,或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句,要用情态动词
有表示条件的意味,要用情态动词。
错误的例子如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.

2,是情态动词的误用。
即,保证灵活性,保证客观性。
主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟,而英式的学风历来讲究严谨,像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等,同时还要搭配一定程度的副词,如:
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观,因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏,但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。

另外一个容易误用的词是should,多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任,而在比较正式的议论文写作中,多数句子是以客观事物做主语的, 所以用should就有些不太恰当,如:
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替, 或者是shall,但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号,而表示的是一种情态

至于must, 因为语气实在强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如:
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.

虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目,但也会在一定程度上影响到分数,所以希望能引起足够的重视。
1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
解析:选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”;
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would
解析:选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been
解析:选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为:你本来应该更细心的。
4.Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
解析:选C. can’t be at home 意为:不可能在家。
5.---I can’t understand why our boss is late.
---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed
C. can have missed D. might miss
解析:选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断,意为:可能做了某事。注意:can表示可能时,只能用于疑问句和反问句。
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been
解析:选D. 表示:对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。
7.The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
解析:选D. 意为:她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。
8.He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having
C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
解析:选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。
9.I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen
C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
解析:选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。
10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析:选C. used to do的疑问式,可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
解析:选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。后面不加to
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析:选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称,也表示征求意见shall并不是只有第一人称可以用的!
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?
---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. Must D. mustn’t
解析:选C. Yes的意思是:不。意为:恐怕我必须现在就做。注意反义疑问句的回答
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
解析:选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?
----Of course.
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
解析:选B. shall 用在疑问句中,常用于第一,三人称, 表示征求意见或请求指示。
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
解析:选B. 根据句意用mustn’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析:选C. have to 表示客观需要,must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?”
“Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done
C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
解析:选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为:当时是不情愿做的
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”
“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析:选D. A为错误的表达方式;B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
解析:选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时,要用句子的实义动词
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not
解析:选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t
22. “Do you have to leave now?”
“I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’tB. haveC. shouldD. must
解析:选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答really 和must 在一起,有点不习惯,不过是正确选项
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”
“_________”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you
D. No, we’d better not
解析:选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。若问will you则可用B回答。
24. “Can I take it away?”
“ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. Could C. Would D. had
解析:选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语,可以变成疑问句:Hadn’t you better----
25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
解析:选B. 本来不必要做某事.
26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析:选C. 表推测时A,B都用作疑问句。
27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should
解析:选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t
28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. Can D. need
解析:选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must
29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析:选D. “something must be done” 意为:必须采取措施。
30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. Can C. would D. should
解析:选D. ought 后应用to

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发表于 2009-11-10 14:30:53 |只看该作者
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”

这道题目的关键在于“shall we”,所以只能选yes/no, we什么什么的~

如果对方说“Let us go to the library, will you?”
你就可以选,Yes, I will了~

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发表于 2009-11-10 14:41:42 |只看该作者
原来如此,谢谢!

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Golden Apple

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发表于 2009-11-10 14:42:53 |只看该作者
8客气~:p

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发表于 2009-11-10 19:39:33 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2009-11-22 16:40 编辑

第一次作业   语法

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词


冠词

一.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。

二. 不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人、事或物;这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。
2.泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。
3.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。
4.表示“每一”,相当于every. 例如,I go to school five days a week.
5.用在序数词前,表示“又一”。例如,I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.

三.定冠词的用法
①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。  
②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某(些)人或某(些)事物
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前
④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。
⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如:     
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会     
⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。例如:也算是某种普通名词构成的专有名词吧。     
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海     
the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山     
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋     
⑦用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。
注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语,谓语动词用复数。      
⑧the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物。   
用在乐器前面与球类的零冠词情况对比着记
⑩用在“the+形容词比较级+the+形容词比较级”结构中,表示“越来……越……”。
(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时,该名词前用冠词。     
(12)用在表示方向的名词前。例如:     
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方     
(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。例如:  这种其实常用到,但以前属于概念模糊区,不确定对也不确定不对,以后确定了~
The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物。     
The camel is a useful animal. 骆驼是一种有用的动物。     
The computer is an interesting tool. 电脑是一种有趣的工具。     
(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。例如:     
in the morning 在早上(上午) in the early morning 一大清早     
in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头(端)     
in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     
in the end 最后,终于 the next day 第二天     
at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     
at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……(内部)的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右(左)边

四.零冠词的用法

以前的简记口诀:星月季节,三餐学球,特定专有
1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如,Class Two,Tian’an Men Square,water
2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及所有格限制时。例如my book(正);my the book(误)
3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如,They are teachers.
4.在星期,月份,季节,节日前。例如:on Sunday,in March,in spring,on Women’s Day
(特例:如果月份,季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时,则要加定冠词:He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)
5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:Tom,Mum
6.在学科名称,三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如:I have lunch at school every day.
特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)
7.在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。例如:No.25 Middle School
8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前:by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship,但take a bus,in a boat,on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组:day and night日日夜夜;brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻;here and there到处
(3)介词词组:in surprise;on foot;on duty;at work;on time;in class;on show;in bed等
(4)go 短语:go home;go to bed;go to school ;go to work;go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing

六.用与不用冠词的差异

冠词有特定、指定的感觉,用冠词就是字面的意思,把名词理解为某种物体;不用冠词有宽泛的感觉,名词理解为引申的意义。
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上,在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后,将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的,办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

数词

一.基数词
基数词相当于名词,在句中可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如:
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.

二.序数词
1)序数词的构成:
★大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th构成。如:seven—seventh;ten—tenth
★以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如:eight—eighth
★以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为f再加-th。如:five—fifth;twelve—twelfth
★以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th。如:twenty—twentieth,thirty—thirtieth
★几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如:twenty-one—twenty-first;thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序数词:
one—first;two—second;three—third; nine—ninth 但注意是nineteen和ninety!
2)序数词在句中同样可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如:
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.

三.数词的用法:
1)表示年、月、日,“年”用基数词,“日”用序数词。如:May eleventh,2007
2)表示时间。如: It’s eleven twenty.
3)表示编号。编号既可以用基数词表示,也可以用序数词表示。区别是基数词用在名词之后,序数词位于名词之前,并加定冠词。如:Lesson Nine;the Ninth Lesson
4)介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式,表示年龄。如:
She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)
5)序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。如:Can I try a second time? 冠词部分a与an的用法也提到
6)在hundred,thousand,million,billion前有数词时为实数意义,它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义,hundred,thousand,million,billion可加复数,并可和of连用,构成短语。如:five hundred students;millions of people 其谓语的单复数应该是看名词来的吧

四.分数的构成
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s。主谓一致,谓语单复数看接的名词

五.小数的表示法
0.09:point zero nine
2.7:two point seven

六.百分数的表达法
90%:ninety percent
0.5%:point five percent
数词+percent+of+sth;这时后面谓语的单复数以percent后面跟的主语为主
还有一种表达方法是用percentage.The percentage of +sth+ is, 注意这里不管后面跟的是什么词,谓语动词都是单数。

七.倍数表达法
表示两倍时用twice,表示三倍以上的倍数时用times。如:
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.

八.算式表达法:
5+6:five plus six(or five and six)
7-6:seven minus six
2×3:two multiplied by three(or two times three) 涉及到plus,multiply等的时候后面常用equals,注意是用单数的equal
8/4:eight divided by four

九.与数词相关的主谓一致原则
1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时,往往根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看做一个整体,谓语采用单数形式。如:
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“数词”单用,表示人或物,谓语动词一般用复数。如:
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式:如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
3)如果主语是many a,more than one+单数名词构成,尽管从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
4)a+单数名词+or two做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.

冠词练习题选摘

4.At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby.
A.a      B.an      C.the      D./
A。one 虽以元音字母开头,但以辅音音素[w]开头,故填 a

10.He used to be _______  teacher but later he turned _______  writer.
A.a;a    B.a;the      C./;a     D.a;/
D。第一个空是泛指;第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词

11.They made him _______  king.
A.a      B.the      C.an     D./
D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。

数词练习题选摘
1.Could you tell us how to read the number 18,306,211?
读数字时要先从右边开始确定出数位,右边开始数第三位要读thousand,再往前数三位读million,接着往前再数三位就是billion;hundred, thousand,million和billion都是数词不加s,百位和十位之间读时要加and;如果十位是0,也读and。

2.Shakespeare was born in ______。
  A.1660s        B.1660’s
  C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s
D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为:“in the+年代’s”,如:在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s,表示从1980—1989这期间的10年;如果是in 1980=在1980年,一年的时间。

7.——What’s your room number?
  ——It’s ______。
  A.The 601 Room
  B.601 Room
  C.The Room 601
  D.Room 601
房间号的表达属于专有名词类,也不用冠词,所以首字母要大些,号码用阿拉伯数字表达。第几排也是同样的表达方法,如:第5排=Row 5

9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。
  A.of thousand    B.thousands
  C.thousand of    D.thousand
D。several表达有三四个那样的基数词,thousand是数词时,前面有基数词,它本身也不加s;thousand是名词时构成短语thousands of,这个短语的前面不用基数词。

11.We have stayed at this school for _______ 。
  Which following choice is wrong?
  A.two and a half years
  B.two years and a half
  C.two years and half a year
  D.both A and B
D。几个半的表示法有两种:
  “基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”
  “基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”

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发表于 2009-11-10 20:08:08 |只看该作者
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气
凡是与现实不合都用虚拟,如许多情绪化场合。常用到的就是几个特定单词、短语后面的虚拟语气,还有固定句型的虚拟语气,倒装。

一、介绍:虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象,主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述,常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。
可大致分为三类:

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式:If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例句:If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上,I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上,She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
If they were here, they would help you.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式:If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句:If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事实上:She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上:It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.  
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. 
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式:If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句:If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上:他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装
例句:Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1)用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:
                                                             真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作(be的过去式为were) 现在时 过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生(had+过去分词) 过去时 过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could+动词原形
这个表格看得有点纠结。我的理解是,涉及一个一般事实或者现在的状态,wish后用过去时;涉及一个过去的事情,wish后用完成时;涉及未来,wish后加would.这个与情态动词表推测时候的时态推导过程一样。
例句:
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2)Wish to do表达法。
例句: Wish sb / sth to do
    I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
    I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

1,wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb.to do sth.),而hope却没有这种用法(×hope sb.to do sth)
2,hope与wish都可以跟从句,不同在于:hope用一般将来时或一般现在时,表达的希望是能够实现的;wish只能使用虚拟语气,表达的愿望是无法实现的(宾语从句使用动词过去时或过去完成时)或难以实现的(宾语从句使用would do或could do时。
3,wish可用在wish+间宾+直宾(I wish you success.)结构中,hope不能

6、比较if only与only if:
only if表示"只有";if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句:I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。
   If only the alarm clock had rung.   当时闹钟响了,就好了。
   If only he comes early.       但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,但should不可省略

例句:It is time that the children went to bed.
   It is high time that the children should go to bed.

8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示:
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示:
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句:John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家,没有遇上John的车。)

9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构

例句:
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. it指代business.selling goods or shipping them仅是列举,并非确定,所以算虚拟的意思

注意1:部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气,形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有:insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句: We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现(如以表语从句,同位语从句形式出现)时,后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句:He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2:在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟,来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情 因为不是真的,所以用虚拟语气,从意思上理解就好
这类习语有:as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest
例句: But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助,我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3:在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do,但是由于 should经常被省略,所以实际上用的就是动词原形。 重要!这一点以前几乎没有注意过,事实上,都不知道有这一条啊……
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句:It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4:在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were",不用was,
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句:If I were you, I would go to look for him. (如果我是你,就会去找他。)
   If he were here, everything would be all right. (如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。)

注意5:如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事",即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时,宾语从句用陈述语气
例句:The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

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发表于 2009-11-10 20:42:10 |只看该作者
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
这一节可谓是最不熟悉的部分之一。倒装的目的:语法要求、强调、修辞。语法要求比如虚拟语气的倒装,句首否定的倒装;强调可以强调状语(条件、方位等等)、定语等,强调什么就把什么放前面;修辞可以提前副词、动词等,为了更生动。关于强调,以前常用的句型是it is XXX that XXX,以后可以跟倒装句掺着用,免得太单调了~

【什么是倒装】
如果句子谓语提前,则句子为倒装语序(inverted order),分为 完全倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)
Full inversion: 整个谓语提前,如:
Down fell half a dozen apples
忽然掉下来五六个苹果。
There comes the bus
公车来了。
Partial inversion: 只有部分谓语提前,如:
How are you doing?
  
【一些常见的倒装句】
1,由引导词there 引导的句子:原来这个也算倒装啊
There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park

2, 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。

3, 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子:

【一些状语从句中的倒装语序】
1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句(主要包含有were, had, should 的从句),可以把IF省略,把上述动词放到主语前面去:参见虚拟语气的倒装——这一条说的就是这个吧!
Weren’t it for their assitance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.
Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.
Should Mary call, say that I'll be back in an hour.

2、有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况,(主要把标语或部分谓语提前):
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.
Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.
Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.
Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood

【某些副词或状语引导的倒装句】
1、有否定意义的副词,若放在句首,句子常用倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Never before has such a high standard been achieved.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came

2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时,又是也会有这个现象:
Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.

3, 有些短语,(特别是介词短语)移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序:
On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语,类似的还有:In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的,如:only in this way
So…that结构: So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.

【一些谓语前移的情况】
1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前,而把主语放在谓语后面去
Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原
After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。
From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。

2、为了描绘更生动,有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首,把主语放在谓语后面
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃,进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。
Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。


【分词和表语移到句首的情况】
1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首,来对这个动作加以强调
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
Standing beside the table was an interpreter
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists.

2, 过去分词做表语的句子,过去分词有时也可以提前,把主语放到后面去
The most widely distributed is the Hui people
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.

3, 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment.
Around the lake are a huge number of farms.
Near the sourthen end of the village was a large pear orchard.

4, 其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant.
Higher up were forests of white birches. 在往上去是一片白桦林。

【其他倒装句】
1,祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁!
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。
2、间接引语后的插入语,主语有时可放在谓语后面:
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
3, 有时修辞上的考虑,表语也可以提前:
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人,没问题。

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发表于 2009-11-10 22:01:20 |只看该作者
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句

从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。

名词性从句

主语从句
1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。
2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语。
3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.

宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句
2. 宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中,如果谓语是否定的,一般将否定词移至主句谓语上,宾语从句则变成肯定形式。

表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外,还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句,不可用because.

同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
    a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 我喜欢理解它为一般描述
    b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 新闻体,报告体,统计体~
    c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
    d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 感觉有些时刻显得相对上面三个活泼一点,毕竟有个可变的动词在

形容词性从句(即定语从句)

定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。

限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词,对先行词起修饰作用,紧接先行词之后,无逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom, whose用于指人,whose有时也可指物,相当于of which;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定语从句中也就是说,that前面怎么样都不能有逗号的。关系代词除了引导定语从句,替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句。

2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构

非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整个主句,起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开,若省去,原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略

*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配,或先行词的习惯搭配。
与关系副词引导的定语从句比较一下,这里的介词是固定搭配中的介词,是不能够跟which who等代词合并的,必须单独列出来
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

副词性从句(即状语从句)

时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有:
1)when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。

地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.

比较:because, since, as和for
1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since
  I didn't go, because I was afraid.
  Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for
  He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
  He must be ill, for he is absent today.

结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有:so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。

比较: so和 such
 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。
 ( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)
  so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有:so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等,从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not. 
  Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
  If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构,具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词)+as+主语+谓语”。
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)

1)though, although
 注意:
当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用
 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
 伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。(谚语)

2) as, though 引导的倒装句
  as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。
  Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
 = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意: a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词
    b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前
   Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
  = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
 虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3) even if, even though. 即使

4) whether…or-  不管……都

5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
   No matter what happened, he would not mind.
   Whatever happened, he would not mind.
  注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句
 (错)No matter what you say is of no use now.这一句简直就是我常犯的错
 (对)Whatever you say is of no use now.
    你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
 (错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
 (对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。(方式状语)

从句部分练习题(1)选摘:

7. --- Would you like a cigarette?--- No. It’s several years _____ I gave up smoking.
A. after        B.  since        C.  when        D.  before
自从戒烟之后,since

13. We’ll start off as we planned _____.
A. no matter he will come or not       B.  no matter whether he will come or not
C.  whether is he coming or not       D.  whether he comes or not
be+ing表将来呀将来~

14. To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, _____ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before.
A. that        B.  which        C.  where        D.  when
因为后面有个it,所以前面的先行词肯定不会是指代钱包

从句部分练习题(2)选摘:

5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting.
A. by which        B.  in which        C.  that        D.  where

从句部分练习题(3)选摘:

3. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the art of learning.
        A. than        B.  rather than        C.  nor        D.  as
not so much to xxx as to xxx,not more xxx than xxx.

5. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel.
        A. presently        B.  quickly        C.  directly        D.  at once
directly,直接地,立即

10. I had not been reading for half an hour _____ I heard steps outside.
        A. when        B.  that        C.  while        D.  as

11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
        A. to which        B.  the place which       C.  the place        D.  where
刚开始选的时候看到在of后面就把where排除了,囧……where=the place to which

12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
      ---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
        A. While        B.  Although        C.  Since        D.  As far as

答案是选B,但我选的是C,为什么不能是:因为他们打算等到Bob毕业后才搬过来,所以不打算买更多家具?

20. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____ he can walk correctly and safely.
        A. when        B.  where        C.  which        D.  how

22. After five hours’ drive, they reached _____ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
        A. that        B.  where        C.  which        D.  what
reach后面缺少一个名词做宾语。which是代词,没有一个先行的名词,它找不到依托,where是介词+代词的综合,也不能有名词的功能。

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发表于 2009-11-10 23:02:34 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2009-11-22 16:47 编辑

第一次作业  FW

呼,语法好纠结,赶快把今天份的FW总结一下。


FW 第六讲 文章主题

位置:必须出现在开头段的最后!

主题句的目的是两个,首先抓住读者的注意力,然后告诉他接下来他会遇到什么。

最重要的几点要有议论的价值!简明直接!具体但不要过于庞大!态度明确!要记住自己是要说服别人,因此必须表现得确信而有底气,决不能显出犹疑、模棱两可和不确定。

这其中,态度明确这一点对于整篇文章都是很重要的。不要为了体现什么辩证性而各打五十大板,要记住AW是个persuade的过程。

而要有议论的价值,这个在写到主题句之前就该确定。所谓议论的价值一方面指能够较容易地找到论据论证;另一方面指它不是cliche,而是能够激起读者兴趣或参与感的话题。
对于第一方面,在定题之时翻阅材料和论证,选定角度时就要决定哪个题目比较有价值深入。有时候会碰到这样的情况:很中意这句话!然而它止步于此,无法发展下去。这时候只好割爱。
第二方面提到用so what大法检验价值,很有意思。谈及,应该写的主题应当是about a problem that is still debated, controversial, up in the air. 总之就是尽力引起观众兴趣。在主题句的具体写法中,有一个技巧是把对立方的观点融进来,跟自己的观点做对比,这也是为了引起争议和兴趣。作文也好演讲也好,开头都要先声夺人!

公式
specific topic+Attitude/Argument=Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it= Thesis

检验主题句是否合格也是围绕上面的几点来的:吸引人、有价值、适合论述。还有就是它要合理,即不能过于绝对,同时要能够提示下文,起到提纲挈领的作用。

分析了几个主题句的例子,大致的组成有两种:对象+大纲,对象+态度。

对象+大纲比如:the causes of the civil war were economic, social, and political.
这样子很容易让人看出下文走向。

对象+态度比如:E-coil contamination should not happen.
这样子会让人大致预期下文会给出理由和解释。
在对象+态度中的特殊例子就是引入反对法的态度,比如:Often dismissed because it is animated, the simpsons treats the issue of ethnicity more powerfully than did the critically praised all in the family.
这样子更能够引入争议,在介绍背景的同时更好地吸引读者注意。读者会预期下文可能是对二者的比较,于是开始一个persuade的过程。

接着来看怎么构思主题句。提到的几个点都是非常精辟而有效的!尤其是对比和类比,在搜集资料和论据的时候就应该同步做。
提出系列问题,大致思路是这样:

事件——原因
     ——重要性
     ——现状——与其他选项对比
                ——改进方法——可能的状态
     ——与读者互动——如何论证自己的观点?
                        ——可能有什么反对意见?——如何反驳他?
                        ——足够而有效了么?

关于主题的头脑风暴
1,拿到题目可以做的事有两方面:扩大范围与缩小范围。前者可以通过横向比较纵向分析来实现,后者则是定位特点词语、挖掘问题与回答、反驳与解释等,但最终都必须做到——唯一、明确、具体!

2,论据和论证的收集会随时影响自己的主题的~

3,问自己问题,确定以及对这个题目十分了解了~

关于主题的其他注意事项
不算其他了,都是重复的几点。
1,客观!因为要客观,所以不能绝对,要有讨论和发展的空间。

2,明确!明确的意思就是只能讨论一件事。如果有多个因素,选一个做主要的,把其他的跟它串联起来。

3,具体!具体的意思就是对象要具体——定义明确范围在力所能及之内,态度或大纲要具体——能够说出下文接着会谈论什么。

而在拿到一个题目的时候,要思考主题可能的方向可以是:引入对比,解释原因,介绍背景,指出态度。

以上。

这一讲好精彩啊好精彩~!

FW 第十一讲 文章结尾

看完主题后就看去看结论写法了~段落得等明天看了~

结尾是我最觉棘手的一部分,比开头还棘手。最常用的结尾方法大概是echo,首尾呼应,但看了这一讲才知道以前用的都不叫首尾呼应,叫无意义的重复。而结尾最大忌讳之一就是此类冗赘,之二是企图以情动人,之三是妄图另辟新话题。

结尾应该做的就是一件事:让这篇文章给人留下深刻印象。
所以说可以综合全文观点写结论,可以强调文章重要性,可以尝试让读者深入思考一下,总之标准就是一定要跟本文密切相关,一定要给人印象。如果要再加一条的话,就是一定要精炼(但绝不是单薄)。

里面指出来的几个必须避免的错处,最常犯的就是in summary, in conclusion之类,记住它们是不需要——不能出现的。

==============================
这两节都相当精彩!看完之后感觉对写作有了一个新的认识,大致感觉到那是一种怎样的风格了。

今天做了单词、精读、语法、FW,睡前再复习一遍单词。明天要看的是FW的段落部分,继续语法等。

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发表于 2009-11-11 09:27:45 |只看该作者
楼主笔记做的好强大,像楼主学习哦。。

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发表于 2009-11-11 12:53:06 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 pluka 于 2009-11-22 16:52 编辑

呵呵~我也是想到什么就记下来而已。每个人都有自己的笔记风格~其实我倒是希望语法部分能好好总结精炼一下,奈何语法就是这么多,不扎实的地方也这么多,再精炼也减不下来……

第一次作业  FW(看完)


今天份的FW,关于段落的部分,大致是第7-10讲。

首先是主题句的问题。
各段的主题句与全文的主题应该是紧密联系的,把它们串在一起,大致上就知道全文的组成。
每段的主题句要注意的仍然是至于句首、明确有力,注意段落之间的链接,同时要注意句式变换
句式变换这一点是很需要注意的~!主要策略是使用复合句、提出问题。至于使用bridge sentence和pivot什么的,个人感觉某些情况下可能很适用,但应用没有前两者广吧。
signposts的部分略有启发,但理解还不深入,下一阶段结合范文分析。

接着是论据论证部分。
将论据与自己的观点结合,可以使用的方法有:正面支持、反面驳斥、多面讨论。后两者尤其能够促进对主题的深入发展。
在结合的过程中尤其要注意逻辑上的合理关系。大概是中国式思维的通病,喜欢省略一些自以为self-evident的东西,然此为论证大忌。要明确地给出思维过渡的过程。用适当解释与逻辑连接词去做。要具体,绝不空泛。
更进一步地提高与检验论证:在提供了对主题的论证之后,给出一些例子从另一角度说明该主题的应用是可行的。也就是提出观点-论证观点-应用观点并由此进一步说明其可行性

关于段落内部的关系。
目的是两个:首先要告诉读者,所以需要逻辑性需要精炼;其次要让读者跟得上,所以需要不停地确保两个句子之间、新老概念之间的过渡是令人满意的。
有逻辑而精炼的段落中每一个句子都有自己的任务,每个句子都与其他句子相连——指示词、逻辑连接词、重复(同一个词、从句……)。很神奇的一个技巧是使用pronominal adjectives,代词!强调词也是一个方法,但要适度。
特别提到需要涉及新旧事物的时候宜用对比而非顺序罗列,但这个也不是绝对的,这种对比的情况往往会有一个侧重方,以体现进步、扩大、优势等等。在段落顺序部分也讲到了同时有好几个对象需要讨论的情况,发现可以分开罗列也可以逐步对比。

尝试做了一下这一节后面的练习。
题目:
·         1, Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year.
·         2,They expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
·         3,The new DC-12 aircraft proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's.
·         4,Older, unprofitable routes were dropped.
·         5,Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.
·         6,Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago.
·         7,Their record has been accident-free since 1950.
·         8,Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year.
·         9,Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

连接后:

Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing more. Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year, in contrast to only one-million passengers two years ago, which made global planes have averaged 80-percent full. Consequently, they expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada, while older, unprofitable routes were dropped. Also, the new DC-12 aircraft, having an accident-free record since 1950, proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's. Thus Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

觉得不好处理的地方主要在于第五句Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing和第七句Their record has been accident-free since 1950,不知道该怎么样恰当地把它们融入整个段落讨论的主题内。此外第七句中的their不知道指代的到底是什么。求指教~


最后是段落间的关系。
排序的问题。
因为是要给读者看,所以要设身处地地换位思考一下,沿着对方的可能思路依次回答他可能提出的问题。其次,注意整篇文章的主角是自己的观点,而不是论据,在安排顺序的时候要以观点为导向,绝不是以论据为导向以至于写成堆叠的事实和例子——Be wary of paragraph openers that lead off with "time" words ("first," "next," "after," "then") or "listing" words ("also," "another," "in addition"). Alhough they don't always signal trouble, these paragraph openers often indicate that an essay's thesis and structure need work: they suggest that the essay simply reproduces the chronology of the source text (in the case of time words: first this happens, then that, and afterwards another thing . . . ) or simply lists example after example ("In addition, the use of color indicates another way that the painting differentiates between good and evil").

还有一个关于结尾段的指南,可以结合第十二节conclusion一起来理解一下。
Concluding Paragraph
·
sum up what different angles have shown in research question

·
critically evaluate what is still needed in the field, or if you looked at three equally strong cases, analyze why one is still more convincing

·
look at the implications



============================

看一遍FW,收获很大,对于写作的目的、要点、指标的认识开始明确起来了。接下来希望能够结合范文,当然也要不断回头重温FW~ 另外还需要好好研究一下AW评分标准和相关信息,更具体化一些。

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RE: 1006G备考日记 by pluka——Pursuit of simplicity(谢幕) [修改]
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