1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by tequilawine [无]--最初的梦想绝对会到达

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Once again, Wall Street is all about capitalism when it comes to the upside, but all about socialism when it comes to the downside, that is, from each, according to his ability, to each, whatever he can get away with. 句子简练，用到了演绎等修辞手法。

To 番茄斗斗 ，前半句说：“华尔街在繁华时期施行资本主义，低谷时期施行社会主义”，作者的意思是繁华的时候，公司大佬们都拿绩效工资，这样拿的多啊，经济低迷时，开始靠政府救济，这时候就不讲绩效了，大佬们就想能多分奖金就多分。

后半句，我觉得作者是在演绎马克思的一句话“From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.——Karl Marx”，这句话的意思是“各尽所能，按需分配 --百度”，文中的“from each, according to his ability, to each, whatever he can get away with.”这句话估计是讽刺现存的分配制度不合理，也就是“各尽所能，无论如何一部分有特权的人都可能侥幸获得更多”

The preponderance of the data and, even Ms Minow's "outlier" "anecdotes," therefore, fail to provide any evidence that top executive compensation had much to do with the financial crisis. 写驳论文的时候可以模仿的句子。

背景知识

金色降落伞
Golden Parachute
　　[词条释义]
　　金色降落伞也称黄金降落伞，是指按照聘用合同中公司控制权变动条款对高层管理人员进行补偿的规定，金色降落伞规定在目标公司被收购的情况下，公司高层管理人员无论是主动还是被迫离开公司，都可以得到一笔巨额安置补偿费用。
　　[释义延伸]
　　金色降落伞制度最早产生于美国，“金色”意指补偿丰厚，“降落伞”意指高管可规避公司控制权变动带来的冲击而实现平稳过渡。这种让收购者“大出血”的策略，属于反收购的“毒丸计划”之一。其原理可扩大适用到经营者各种原因的退职补偿。巨额的补偿方案使收购方的收购成本增加，成为抵御恶意收购的一种防御措施。但其弊端是，但也有可能诱导管理层低价出售企业。
　　我国企业也可以大胆吸收“金色降落伞”制度的精髓，合理安排企业经营者的退出机制。与之相配套的还有金手铐（针对股权）和金阶梯（针对职业成长），并称“三金”，适用于核心管理团队，特别是企业家阶层，具有程序严、弹性大、价值高等特点。
　　[实用指针]
　　金色降落伞制度在中国应用时应注意的问题：
　　1．授予的对象的确定 金色降落伞在国外的授予对象主要是企业的高级管理人员，但由于我国企业中存在“元老问题”的主要是国有企业，企业的成长过程中对企业作过重要贡献的人员较多，因此授予的面应该相对放宽，因包括企业的创业者或企业的成长过程中对企业的发展起过重要作用的人员，如公司的业务骨干、技术骨干等。
　　2．金色降落伞的授予形式 西方国家的金色降落伞主要包括一次性的契约解除补偿金、津贴和股票期权等。在我国大部分企业领导人领到的是一笔退休金。而按照我国现行的退休制度，每月发放一定的退休金是必然的选择，其余的可以包括一次性的奖金或是股票期权。
　　3．授予金额的限制 美国在其《国内税收法案》中就对金色降落伞金额作了限定，即被授予人在“突发事件”前的五年以内的各年工资的平均值。如果超出这个限额，就要对其超出的部分征收20%的税款，而同时公司也会失去相当于超出授予部分的税收减免。由于我国的企业元老们的工资收入远远低于西方发达国家，因此，对数额的限制应适当放宽，每月的退休金应以不低于其在位时工资为限，并应考虑到国内同类型企业的水平，其总额应与元老在位时企业的经营情况、元老在职时间的长短、元老对企业的贡献大小等多方面进行衡量。
　　[经典案例]
　　在美国，公司里最痛苦的离别一直是由最甜蜜的经济奖励开道的，许多公司都为高官退休后的平稳着陆提供了“黄金降落伞”。不过，股东和投资者对“为一个失败的CEO支付高额退职福利”感到愤慨。
　　2008年，就在华尔街风暴当中一个个金融公司接连垮掉，员工丢掉饭碗的同时，这些公司的高管却带着“黄金降落伞”离开——获得数以千万美元计的巨额离职费。随着华尔街危机的蔓延，这些破产企业高管的天价报酬激起了众怒。美国财长保尔森表示将“支持限制金融机构高管薪资，以化解国会议员的疑虑”。
　　[相关词条]
　　锡降落伞 灰色降落伞
　　内容摘自柏明顿《人力资源管理词典》　
　　“金色降落伞”是按照聘用合同中公司控制权变动条款对高层管理人员进行补偿的规定，最早产生在美国。“金色”意指补偿丰厚，“降落伞”意指高管可规避公司控制权变动带来的冲击而实现平稳过渡。这种让收购者“大出血”的策略，属于反收购的“毒丸计划”之一。
　　在公司并购与反并购中，“降落伞计划”是目标公司设置的，旨在防止发生收购者在公司并购完成后对目标公司的管理人员和普通员工进行解雇的策略。为了解决目标公司管理人员及普通员工的可能会被解雇的后顾之忧，美国的公司首先创设了降落伞这一策略。在实际操作中，降落伞计划一般分为金降落伞、银色降落伞和锡降落伞。
　　金降落伞计划主要是针对目标公司的董事会成员和高级管理人员的。在公司并购之前，由目标公司董事会通过决议，由公司董事及高层管理人员与目标公司签订合同，约定在目标公司被并购接管后，目标公司的董事及高层管理人员被解雇的时候，可一次性领到巨额的退休金、股票期权收入或额外津贴。目标公司董事和高级管理人员的这种收益就象一把降落伞，让高层管理者从高高的职位上安全下来，故名"降落伞"计划；又因其收益丰厚如金，故名"金降落伞".。

矛盾修饰法 oxymoron
　　A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.
　　矛盾修饰法：一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默 和 悲伤的乐观
　　所谓矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用，来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之，它使用两种不相协调，甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物，以增强语言感染力。在阅读理解解码过程中，矛盾修辞法可以产生出两种强烈的修辞效果。第一，出人意料。由于两部分语义相互矛盾，合并使用有悖常理，所以矛盾修辞强烈碰撞读者的神经思维，起到意想不到，启发思维的作用，为进一步深化理解奠定了基础。例如英语的cruel kindness,汉语的“真实的谎言”和“甜美的复仇”便是矛盾修辞法的具体表现。读到上述那样的矛盾词语组合读者肯定会有出乎意料的感觉。第二，引人入胜。矛盾词语的冲击会激发读者进一步深化理解的欲望。在仔细推敲这种看似矛盾的语言表达之后，读者会发现矛盾修辞法所表示的语义矛盾不仅符合逻辑，而且使文章更加形象生动，意蕴丰富且深刻。例如徐志摩的《赠日本女郎》一诗：
　　赠日本女郎
　　最是那一低头的温柔，
　　像一朵水莲花不胜凉风的娇羞，
　　道一声珍重，道一声珍重，
　　那一声珍重里有蜜甜的忧愁——
　　沙扬娜拉！

tequilawineUID: 2702008

novelty 新颖新奇性n  brass founder 黄铜铸工 prolific多产的 consign把。。。托付给人 代售  

1 They know that inflation has always been the art dealer’s friend.
2 Nearly 40% of the lots in Sotheby’s sale were bought in.什么意思？

The trend in art industry may last for while, as we see from the passage, the taste for clutter and realism. And author found some pattern from the trends in this industry, that is , they are happy to pay over the odds for top ranking pictures, but leave the rest untouched.This is just explain the upper one said"They know that inflation has always been the art dealer’s friend."

But what really impressed me in the passage is the painting the company sold intrigueing me to explore more about author and relevant things.
First, i have to admit that personnally i am more prone to be a surrealism arts, since i think it can give people more optimistic vision to dream.As the opposite way pretty in real focusing on giving us impressive boring world, no one can get rid of the inner spirit trying to convey the humanity in that period.



  

tequilawineUID: 2702008

After finishing the article and back to read the title, it seems quite perplexing.
To be frank, I am totally confused by the article since I cannot find any connection between the title and the article.
After going over the whole passage, the title- back to the future- confuses me a lot.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Renaissance 复兴 再生
in the midst of 入。。。之中 在。。。中途
mob 聚众包围v

Frenzy

Frenzy or a frenzy is great excitement or wild behaviour that often results from losing control of your feelings.

The country was gripped by a frenzy of nationalism.
Forging 锻炼 伪造 forge v
hand in glove 亲密的 勾结着
evangelist福音传教士
Satire
noun讽刺，讥讽
in all instances 在一切情况下
High-flyer抱负极高的人
flock to 成群结队的走向。。。
be it在某方面是个了不起的人物
by no means一点也不 绝不
deviator 变相装置 致偏器 something of a达到某种程度 roll-call 点名n

capital-intensive

Capital-intensive industries and businesses need the investment of large sums of money.

Semiconductors 半导体 tedious乏味的，单调的 pantheon 万神庙 伟人祠 pharmaceutical制药的 配药的 stand up to对抗 勇敢的面对 in the wake of尾随,紧跟,仿效

1 This special report will argue that the entrepreneurial idea has gone mainstream, supported by political leaders on the left as well as on the right, championed by powerful pressure groups, reinforced by a growing infrastructure of universities and venture capitalists and embodied by wildly popular business heroes such as Oprah Winfrey, Richard Branson and India’s software kings.

2 Innovative entrepreneurs are not only more interesting than the replicative sort, they also carry more economic weight because they generate many more jobs.
3 Entrepreneurs may be more independent than the usual suits who merely follow the rules, but they almost always need business partners and social networks to succeed.
4 Monitor, a management consultancy that has recently conducted an extensive survey of entrepreneurs, emphasises the importance of “angel” investors, who operate somewhere in the middle ground between venture capitalists and family and friends.
5 The fourth myth is that to succeed, entrepreneurs must produce some world-changing new product.
6 Jack Welch tried to transform General Electric from a Goliath into a collection of entrepreneurial Davids.
7 Harder times will eliminate the also-rans and, in the long run, could make it easier for the survivors to grow.
8 In 1937 Ronald Coase argued, in his path-breaking article on “The Nature of the Firm”, that companies make economic sense when the bureaucratic cost of performing transactions under one roof is less than the cost of doing the same thing through the market.什么意思呀?
I have to admit the essay is really very clear, showing the audience methodic illustration. We can notice that author didn’t tell forward about the entrepreneur
and its growing process, until he intrigues our curiosity, being eager to make clear that how does it work and if what we guess is right.

Following upper story, it comes out five misunderstanding of the entrepreneur, correcting people’s misconstrue, which outlines the whole main stuff when u start up a business. Which is also mean that we need to focus on the right one instead of the blurring, vague conception that all the ones are miracles crated by superman in super time.
At the meantime, we also can see some big companies are the same as start-ups, which means they also push their stuffs on their toes. With the downtown of global finance,
The entrepreneurs also face more difficulties, accompanying with more opportunities. So waiting beyond them, it maybe not a beautiful sunshine morning but definitely a glimmering dawn.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

sanctity 圣洁 a far cry from遥远的距离 大部相同的东西 tribal 部落的种族的 primordial原始的 hideous骇人听闻的 可怕的 side with 与某人站在同一边 有同样的见解  propensity倾向 is convinced that 确信 承认 prevail over 胜过  divine神的 神圣的 ecstasy入迷   limpid 清澈的
1 Perhaps, though, he oversimplifies the link between morality, in the sense of obedience to rules, and group solidarity based on common participation in ecstatic rites. 不错的插入语
2 All religion is concerned in varying degrees with metaphysical ideas, moral norms and mystical experience.
3 Max Weber, one of the fathers of religious sociology, contrasted the transcendental feelings enjoyed by Catholic mass-goers with the Protestant obsession with behaviour.作者想对比什么呢？
4 He endorses the radical view that the story of the Jews’ flight from Egypt is myth, rather than history.
5 He sympathises with daring ideas about Islam’s beginnings: so daring that many of its proponents work under false names. 感觉有讽刺
6 Perhaps his brief autobiographical reference to Eton should have noted the bonding effect not only of chapel, but also of songs like “Jolly Boating Weather”.
The Eton Boating Song is the best known of the school songs associated with Eton College that are sung at the end of year concert and on other important occasions. It is also played during the procession of boats. The words of the song were written by William Johnson Cory, an influential Master at the school. The melody was composed by an Old Etonian and former pupil of Cory, Capt. Algernon Drummond and transcribed by T. L. Mitchell-Innes. The piano accompaniment was written by Evelyn Wodehouse.[1] It was first performed on 4 June 1863. Contrary to popular belief however, it is not the school song, that being Carmen Etonense.

commet

No matter whether you ever think of this question before, just for fun or research, the author did bring us an approach to the entrancing world. With his clear mind and limpid prose style, we were guided almost effortlessly through 200 years of intellectual history.
In fact, sometimes the moral and the mystical have been intension, which seems like you can’t eat your cakes and have it. Mr Wade proved his deduction fairly, quoting Max Weber’s famous achievements and imperial Russian attempt, both in theory and practice,
At times, the book stumbles. It has some fallacies in places, trying to explain his standpoint with less convincing evidence, in some way, making people more dubious.
These objections aside, this is a masterly book. It lays the basis for a rich dialogue between biology, social science and religious history. And the book shold add more magnetic autobiographical  stuff.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Every day the trial makes a mockery of justice.嘲弄 把什么当做笑料
first and foremost 首要的
the comclusion drawn from the evidence metioned above is not convincing enough for us to accept.
rule out 用直线花掉  排除···可能性
again, without ruling out there above-mentioned possibilities, the causality is open to doubt.
the threshold problem 开始的问题
in the face of 面对
in fact, in the face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
by no means 绝不
be prone to do 倾向于
go in for 参加 追求 从事 赞成
in a word 总而言之
let alone更不用提
management practise 管理
open conflict and insidious 阴险的 conspiracy 阴谋 共谋 pervade 漫步 弥漫
bull run 股市活跃期
file for 申请 斥之法律
lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy.
eye-watering 惨不忍睹的
concide with 与···一致
smart from 伤心
sotheby's for its part, is still smarting from the public beating it received in America``````
muscle in on 硬挤进 干涉 抢夺
it's only a matter of time before both auctioneers started to muscle in on areas that had previously been the preserve of private dealers.
be fraught with= be full with
put the wind up 使····紧张不安起来
blow the whistle 检举 揭发
quoted company=listed company 上市公司
by and large 大体上
American patients(not to mention politicians and cancer advocacy groups)still subscribe to the view that every life is worth saving, no matter what cost, and when it comes to prevention, screening is always good and more is always better.
take account of  考虑到
North American should take account of eating soy regularly.
door busters 广告商品
they changed in and bought door busters, and when the door busters were out, it was over.
in part部分地
the conservative US Chamberof Commerce is spending millions to fight cap and trade, in part, by casting suspision over the science of climate change.
button down=figure out

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Retrospect 回顾
elaborate 详细描述V精心制作的allude to提到
暗指…说的
withering摧毁的
干燥处理的
escalate逐步升高
逐步加强ignite 点燃
a flight bound for the United States驶往catastrophic 悲惨的
灾难的
at stake 危险 危如累卵
overhaul检查
Revoke 撤回 废除 宣告无效

1 The president was told during a private briefing on Tuesday morning while vacationing here in Hawaii that the government had a variety of information in its possession before the thwarted bombing that would have been a clear warning sign had it been shared among agencies, a senior official said.
2 The aftermath of the attempted bombing has been marked by an increasingly fierce partisan exchange over culpability heading into a midterm election year.

Comment
The news explode at all the headline of newspaper around the world bringing the terrorist action into our sight again that means everywhere on earth need to take action to be antiterrorist. Although this catastrophic attack didn’t happen with the whole plane at stake near at last moment, we could do it better had it been efficiently investigated, from analyzing information to immediately forestalling. We desperately ought to reshape our temporary agency and system, after that revealing the breakdown in the intelligence system that didn’t not properly identify the suspect as a extremist who should have been prevented from flying to USA, as President Obama said, in order to give people more safe surroundings.
But ironically, with the incident occurring at the dawn of midterm election year, as a sign of the start-up of that, the two political party democrat and republican dramatically turn it into a weapon to assault each other, to riffle the campaign with more unpredictable, that means what they did not just only for people but also themselves. And I think it will weaken the confidence coming from the electorates on both sides. When facing human life, we should not do any tricks to swank ourselves at the cost of our morality.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

stand in the way of something 妨碍
overarch  vt. 使。。。成为中心
pluka   COMMENT
What I see is a chaotic political quarrel mixed with eager exculpations and ruthless fires nurtured under a receding presidential influence. Mr Obama rushed to a statement of "system failure" too early, and such haste came not for the first time. Earlier this year, at the issue concerning the black professor arrested without evidence, his cursory comment(police are stupid) provoked enough objection and criticism. One might expect the president to be more mature and considerate, yet this anticipation failed. While Republicans spare no effort trying to prepare their way for the midterm election in 2010, the president's power and charisma seem to be fading and the prospect for Democrats is not a one that shines: almost surely an urgly time ahead.

As for counterterrorism, uncertainties and tensions abound. The ultimate goal, of course, will be clear up existing malicious groups and cut off any recruitment. Yet this goal might be too ambitious to current systems. Mr Obama mentioned the out-dated equipment on relating department; besides, the theory needs to be renew. One of the characteristics of Terrorisim is that it never stop at one stage but keep on evolving, adapting itself into various environment and penetrating borders and fences. So must counterterrorism. A worldwide unity might achieve this, but only at the price of hard struggle and balance which, desperately, requires a commanding leader fully in control.

Here we return to the same question: will Mr Obama be tough enough to stand all up? The answer matters not only Democrats but the world.


Senate  参议院 上院 play politics with 弄权Republicans 共和党人 VS.     Democracts 民主党人 As the proverb always says "No pain, no gain", for America, it is "No war, no terrorism ". Certainly, I sympathize with those dead or wounded people in terrorist attacks, and unfortunately they afforded for their government's mistake.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

主谓一致是指：
1）
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）
意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
1、
并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important.
注意：
当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
2、
主谓一致中的就近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。

Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
3、
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
4 、谓语需用单数

1）
代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
2）
当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数
3）
表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语
时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
5、
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）
在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present.
(所有人都到齐了。)
2）
集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large.
他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students likes English.
6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致

1）
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2）
在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
讲解2
2. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×）
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)

[解析] the police译为“警方”，表示复数概念，而不是表示“那个警察”，因此第②句正确，类似的词有：people，the +形容词，the +姓+family等均表复数概念。
3. 名词的单复数同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (×）
②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (√)
sheep是一个单复数形式相同的名词，由于sheep之前用的a little修饰，加上Can you see it中的it指代单数，因此a little sheep译为“一只小绵羊”，因此第②句正确。如果将原题改为：There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them？那又会怎么样呢。
特别提醒
类似的单复数形式相同的词还有fish, Chinese, Japanese等，要根据句子的含义和结构暗示来判断其单复数。
4. This kind of，a piece of，this pair of等短语作主语
①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×）
②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)
[解析] trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。
5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×）
②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)

[解析] 根据句意和句子结构可以判断the rest of it中的it，指the work，而work是不可数名词，因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 all of，most of，half of，the rest of，以及a lot of，some，any+名词作主语时，要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。

tequilawineUID: 2702008

1—— 情态动词的语法特征


1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
2 ——比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
3—— 比较may和might

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
4—— 比较have to和must
1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"mustn't表示"禁止"，
5—— must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
6 ——表示推测的用法


can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词


1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
8—— should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
9—— had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
10—— would rather表示"宁愿"

would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
11—— will和would
注意：
1）would like；
Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
12 ——情态动词的回答方式


问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
13—— 带to 的情态动词


带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
14 ——比较need和dare

这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done

tequilawineUID: 2702008

托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况，而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价，所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析：
首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。
其次是情态动词的误用，主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目，但也会在一定程度上影响到分数，所以希望能引起足够的重视。
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析：选D. A为错误的表达方式；B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词

tequilawineUID: 2702008

冠词
一.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前，an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
二. 不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人、事或物；这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。
2.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。
3.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。
4.表示“每一”，相当于every. 例如，I go to school five days a week.
5.用在序数词前，表示“又一”。例如，I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
三.定冠词的用法
①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。
②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。
⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：

the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会     
⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。例如：     
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海     
the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山     
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋
⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。例如：     
the Greens 格林一家人   the Wangs 王家     
the Kings 肯一家人     
the Lis李家   
注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
⑧the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物。
⑨用在乐器前面。例如：     
the piano 钢琴   the violin 小提琴
⑩用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。
(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。
(12)用在表示方向的名词前。例如：     
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方
(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。例如：     
The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物。     
The camel is a useful animal. 骆驼是一种有用的动物。     
The computer is an interesting tool. 电脑是一种有趣的工具。
(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。例如：     
in the morning 在早上（上午） in the early morning 一大清早     
in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头（端）     
in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     
in the end 最后，终于 the next day 第二天     
at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     
at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右（左）边

四.零冠词的用法
1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian’an Men Square，water

2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/these，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格限制时。例如my book(正)；my the book(误)
3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如，They are teachers.
4.在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)
5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Tom，Mum
6.在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如：I have lunch at school every day.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)
7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School
8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
(4)go 短语：go home；go to bed；go to school ；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing
六.用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
数词
一.基数词
基数词相当于名词，在句中可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.
二.序数词
1)序数词的构成：
★大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th构成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序数词：
one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth
2)序数词在句中同样可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.
三.数词的用法：
1)表示年、月、日，“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词。如：May eleventh，2007
2)表示时间。如： It’s eleven twenty.
3)表示编号。编号既可以用基数词表示，也可以用序数词表示。区别是基数词用在名词之后，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
4)介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式，表示年龄。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)
5)序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。如：Can I try a second time?
6)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有数词时为实数意义，它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加复数，并可和of连用，构成短语。如：five hundred students；millions of people
四.分数的构成
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s，如：
1/5：one fifth
2/3：two thirds
2-：two and three quarters
五.小数的表示法
0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven
六.百分数的表达法
90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent
七.倍数表达法
表示两倍时用twice，表示三倍以上的倍数时用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.
八.算式表达法：
5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four
九.与数词相关的主谓一致原则
1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.
11．They made him _______  king．
A．a      B．the      C．an     D．／
11．D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。
.Shakespeare was born in ______。
　　A.1660s        B.1660’s
　　C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s
2.D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。
几个半的表示法有两种：
　　“基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”
　　“基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”

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T童鞋··新年快乐··HOHO

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Happy New Year!

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继KON同学的步伐，HAPPY NEW YEAR~~

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继上两位的步伐，HAPPY NEW YEAR~~~