1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by tequilawine [无]--最初的梦想绝对会到达

tequilawineUID: 2702008

最初的梦想紧握在手上
最想要去的地方
怎么能在半路就返航
最初的梦想绝对会到达
实现了真的渴望
才能够算到过了天堂

tequilawineUID: 2702008

空着

tequilawineUID: 2702008

趁热打铁，本来开贴的时间久晚了，所以就从第六次作业开始写了，今天按照第一次作业的20个问题写了一下10个ISSUE，才发现原来分析也不是那么的容易，感觉每个题目好像都是看懂了，可是如果真的按照那个写出来的话，就发现自己真的就无从下手了。

我想可能的确需要仔细的审题，找出切入点才可以。现在还是怕跑题，不知道改怎么写。
先到这里，继续补前几天的作业。

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Coping with Writing Anxiety
Follow a protocol you may have for organizing your time. Use a favorite pen if you have one. （回忆模板，摸摸自己的幸运物）
i tend to have this kind of situation cause i alway like use the same lucky pen.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

I think it the other ways to cope with writting block is perfect.At least ,next time i will try them which can be used when you are not prepared for aw.l
1 Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like.
2 Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people.
3 Change the AudiencePretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly.
4 Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

START TO WRITE
1 narrow down your choices
2 focus on it and got to know how to achieve it
3 collect information as much as possible
4 nutshell (简要) your idear
5 digram it and draft it

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Writing With Computers
this passage is pretty difficult for me to understand. But i think it just told us how to save edit and do the computer writing things.

下面是引用别人的，感觉比较好。
writing an e-mail message  好方法，可以联系英语老师、外国朋友，就当做各FREETALK
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
（记下一笔）


keeping a journal、creating a scrapfile、adding notes
这三个都说明，写作和生活方法都是通的，我一直在用“TO-DO”，GET THINGS DONE。
对于作文的想法、素材，我通常是一听到或阅读到对于作文有帮助的材料或想法时，赶紧记进TOUCH的TODO里，回头开电脑时都会看TODO list，然后将其写进相关的提纲中，将来待用。
（不过一个月没碰作文了，提纲忘光，下周浴火重生，还剩一个月）

creating a scrapfile
This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments.
这就是我电脑里的“INBOX”？ 有趣的想法或语句我都会存起来，定期去看看清理一下看别的题目能不能用。其实就是TODO的储存版。很好~~

Add notes
通常我先记进TODO里，回头放电脑提纲中或INBOX中。
对于提纲或文章内暂时多余的内容，通常我都将它放到提纲最下面，名叫【素材】之下，将来可能用到。

splitting screens
以前我也经常这样做，但现在觉得对模考不适合。我的做法通常是事前会看看提纲，留个印象。第二天早上起来模考时拿出纸笔，模拟考试时列提纲的情形，通常先BRAINSTOME把想法写下，然后按破题思路再想一次，然后把所有想法按THESIS,MAINIDEAS,REASONS AND EVIDENCE一层一层往外扩，连接。把有用的想法圈出来。避免看着提纲写作文，有助于培养考试感觉

staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
TOPIC SENTENCE非常重要，我明白。可惜ARGUMENT的TS我总是写不好，如何抽象出来，又不同于首段提到的情况，有待练习，这里记下一下笔。以后注意（记下一笔） 查看EW(7)段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
哇~这个重要，大规模内容移动时，记得备份一下。模考时，应注意 CUT 后 PASTE到最下面备份一个，然后再PASTE到所需地方。 发生什么意外时及时按撤销，好像撤销只能撤销上次动作，所以控制出错时要谨慎，马上停手，思索一下再决定下一步动作，不然撤销都没办法用！ 我就试过不小心弄错，欲哭无泪，大段大段的文章没了。。。（记下一笔）

highlighting sentence length （记下一笔）Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
大赞！！！！句子可以通过这个技巧来“发现”并“变化”，激动。。轻易看出句子是否需要做变化，一段话中的每个句子长短不一、形式不同，能够缓解考官的视觉疲劳。
比如说，一直都是Sb. does something.每一句都是这样很闷。
句子变化有很多种，除了正常的主谓宾外，可以尝试作以下句式变化。
It is adj. that…(强调某个形容词)
There is/are something that （强调某事/物）
As```, begin with, When..,if （一些状语从句提前）
（以上为随笔，稍迟会总结句式，这可能是个弱项，记下一笔。。。以后再补充句式变化的手法

using online tools （我有好建议）
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
关于语法拼写检查，每次模考留3~5分钟，再黏到WORD里。程式化的动作。。留意拼写错误，改习惯
关于词语变化，每次模考时我都会注意将重复较多的词打在文章最下部，模考结束后通过Ctrl+F查看这个词是否用得较多，然后通过同义词词典查词替换，并将同义词另开一个EXCEL收集起来，已经小有规模。可惜，还没背过，这里记下一笔，安排到复习形成力。写作的同义词也是要背的，不然查了也会忘。
即，建立两个EXCEL表， 一个存放拼写错误，一个存放同义词

changing the appearance of key features of your writing(记下一笔)
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
不错，不过这个方法修改作文也蛮累人的，试试。
“动词大写，被动斜体，形容词大字号，主题下划线”
通过这种方法，概观全文样貌，能够具体到句子提醒自己哪里做的不好，值得一试。估计我是描述性的词语做的不好，那么实操中可以通过补充的方式，体会到修饰的方法。记下一笔，值得一试。

editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.
利用WORD 2007的批注、修改功能可以轻易实现，话说2007真是好。
因为可以清楚统计出自己范了什么错误、哪些词语可以换成同义词。也是一种好的总结方法。
可是我只有头几篇有这个耐心，后面得文章都直接改了。
通常在互改时会用到，能让对方容易看出哪里修改并对照原文。但自己改自己的就不考虑那么多，决定了改大多数情况是改后的内容较好，似乎就不需要弄得文章七零八乱。而在修改时将同义词、或拼写错误统一集中到不同的EXCEL中，方便查看。
（不过收集了那么多，我也还没看这些拼写错误和同义词。要安排进复习进程中，记下一笔。）

tequilawineUID: 2702008

主题句不是事实和论据。
主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句。
对于AW：
主题句提出观点
主题句有理由和事实支撑
以合理的顺序进行叙述
主题句的属性
1有观点
2 文章支持
3 具体专注
4 依据事实提出自己的观点
5 引导读者阅读文章
6 能够遇见并驳斥其面对的问题
7 避免模糊词语
8 避免用第一人称
9 主题的可讨论性
公式：
Specific topic + attitude\angle\argument=thesis
What do u plan to argue+ how you plan to argue it= thesis

Five ways to test your thesis:
1 吸引读者思考
2 避免出现弱智观点
3 避免出现绝对论调
4 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者主题
5 主题句是否适合被展开论述

如何写出好的主题句：
1考虑重要性
2 对比考虑流行和反对观点
3感觉与现实
4好坏相比
5因果关系
6质疑否定

主题的头脑风暴注意的三点：
1 有趣的对比和比较或者模式出现在信息中
2 主题里是否有什么让你很吃惊
3 你是否遇到了让你思考为什么的问题？
4 是否有什么专家说的东西让你同意或者不同意。

Ask an interesting question and revise the question into a thesis, remember this argument is your “preliminary” or “working” thesis. As you read you may discover evidence that may affect your stance.
Create a list of sample questions to guide your research.

How to tell a strong thesis from a weak one
1 a strong thesis takes some sort of stand.
2 a strong thesis justifies discussion
3 a strong thesis expresses one main idea
4 a strong thesis is specific


感觉自己跟机器一样，一天都不断的再读背英语，来回反复没有停歇的时候，可是到头下来不知道自己真的能否得到满意的结果。不过总归还是要试一下不是么。
今天分析了主题句，感觉很有意思，最深刻的要是让主题句更具体，更有东西去说。

tequilawineUID: 2702008

Topic Sentences and Signposting
１．Complex sentences.  Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）
２．Questions.  （提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).  Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?"
３．Bridge sentences.  Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."  
（承上启下的过渡段落）
４．Pivots.  Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."(先肯定后否定)
Signposts
Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

段落间的关系
一些常见的逻辑顺序：
Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
psychological order
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and so on.
对应连接词：
1 more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more 2 expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly You do it by using fewer main headings and adding subheadings to them.  Thus you group your points, arguments, etc. under 3 or 4 main categories and let subheadings pick up the detail.  This makes a tighter structure that has more of a chance of achieving unity in the paper.
3 Each part will comprise one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper.
4 Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
反例一
DECREASING ORDER OF IMPORTANCE:
通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．        并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．        实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -        Results – Discussion
如何处理复杂顺序
１．三“W”法：Answering Questions:  The Parts of an Essay
It's helpful to think of the different essay sections as answering a series of questions your reader might ask when encountering your thesis.
"What?"  The first question to anticipate from a reader is "what": What evidence shows that the phenomenon described by your thesis is true?
"How?"  A reader will also want to know whether the claims of the thesis are true in all cases. The corresponding question is "how"
"Why?"  Your reader will also want to know what's at stake in your claim
2 文章地图法
State your thesis in a sentence or two, then write another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim.
Begin your next sentence like this: "To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . ." (Alternately, you may find that the first thing your reader needs to know is some background information.)
Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."  Once again, say why, and name some evidence. Continue until you've mapped out your essay.  
Your map should naturally take you through some preliminary answers to the basic questions of what, how, and why.
注意不要写成堆积型：A common structural flaw in college essays is the "walk-through" (also labeled "summary" or "description").

tequilawineUID: 2702008

第八次的作业开始做了好几天了，可是感觉GRE文章还真的很难，生词很多。读了难度文章，真的感觉云里雾里的，单词都认识的差不多，可是句子就是有一些看不懂，不知道到底是什么原因。在多看几篇，看看到底是什么原因。

tequilawineUID: 2702008

一口气读完了五个速度训练，感觉真的很累，同时也发现了自己速度还是没有达到要求，几乎是每一篇文章大概都要一分半钟左右，感觉并不是不懂单词，可是对句子的意思理解起来就较慢。所以还是需要加强阅读练习了。

tequilawineUID: 2702008

因为不能经常上网，所以只能在电脑上写完感想之后，集中发一下，这是自己写的一篇ISSUE.
TOPIC: ISSUE193 - "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."
WORDS: 347          TIME: 00:45:00          DATE: 2009-11-26 22:47:30

Nowdays in the fast pace world , people become more and more ignorance of the massive news that can not arouse their curiosity or anbitious unless u can give something that can stimulate their nerves. That means news need explosive expression.And it is the reason that explained why the headline making political events can mostly win over the seldom reported social transformations.

First of all, the less exposure revolution always appears less attractive than the other one, as we know, the former one is always much more important for all of us. But due to the profit driving medias, ordinary people almost only know the ones tha can draw more attention or more storical. For example, you always can notice that the time people spend on entainment and sports pages in the newspaper are much futher than that on the one that really matters our life. That is to say, people tend to engage into more tiny stuff that has little with them rather than something that will arouse their inner conscious abut the true life in real world.

Sencondly, sometimes the meaningful transformation is, however, just too difficult for us , common person, to figure it out, which laid in the shelter of bunch of  nomal phenomenons. The truely meaning of these is really hard to lay out before the audience. It sounds like when you read some novels written by famous writter, you hardly can know the meaning of it not because of you can not understand the meaning of the words but just may not grasp the words between lines.

Finally, we have to admit the head-line political events often make much much more effciency and quicky than the latter one which may take years to complish. People can easily feel the change of the powerful political policy without long time to wait for in the high-efficieny society. And at last, the only things exist in people's memory is just the ones that can remind them of the big events that is expressive.

In sum, we can not only rush for some quick running results that head-makeing political events make but also take time to digest to the bysmal ones that indeed are benificial for generations including us.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

一、段落的基本概念：
１．段落的作用
这里注意段落基本的三要素：
        一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
        一个合理的逻辑顺序
        没有无关细节
注意：段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的
The structure of a paragraph parallels the structure of an essay in order as well as content.
２．        段落的长短问题：
长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。

一、        段落的组成结构：
１．        The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．        Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
３．        The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。
段落组成实例：
In modern America, as it happens, the importance of overlooking is probably greater than ever before. Even a person trying to lead a quiet, simple life encounters an endless stream of annoyances, errors and petty demands such as paperwork, filing numbers and taxes; long lines at the bank; exponentially aggravating traffic jams and sullen, uncooperative coworkers and neighbors.  Those of us who cannot overlook such annoyances will invariably succumb to self-defeating dismay.
注意上面，划单线的是TS,划双线的是Conclusion，中间的是Supporting details.


二、        段落组成的内容：
内容基本原则：

•        Orient your reader to the subject.
•        Tie your ideas together.
•        Take it easy through technically dense passages.
•        Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence.

Three ways to do this are with orienting words and phrases, by letting the old amplify the new, and by adding explanatory words and phrases, where necessary.
（１）        USE ORIENTING WORDS AND PHRASES：
Here are a few orienting words and phrases you can use to introduce familiar concepts and to make your readers comfortable by touching base with things they already know:
•        of course
•        as you know
•        until now
•        obviously
•        normally
•        previously
•        everyone is familiar with
•        remember that

（２）        LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD：
avoid the traditional chronological approach that lists the old things before the new.

（３）        ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS AND PHRASES：
Generally, the more complex the ideas you have to present, the more explanatory material you will need.
In general, it's a good idea to put in more explanations than you think you need, because your writing is often read by people outside your expected audience.


三、        段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
        Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
        Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
        Connection－适当的连接句子

（一）利用逻辑连接词连接段落：
a paragraph should form a single logical unit.
connectives, （逻辑连接词）

Connective words that describe relationships:
ALSO         HOWEVER         ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY        THEREFORE        BESIDES
LIKEWISE        THUS        MEANWHILE
MOREOVER        USUALLY        FURTHERMORE
NEXT        WHATEVER        GENERALLY
YET        ACCORDINGLY        NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD        IN CONTRAST        FOR EXAMPLE




Connectives that give a sense of time:
FIRST         SECONDLY
FINALLY         NOW
ONCE         WHEN
ULTIMATELY         EVENTUALLY
LASTLY        LATER
MEANWHILE        PREVIOUSLY
THEN         SOON
FORMERLY        SOMETIMES
Other Connective phrases:
TO BEGIN WITH        ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF        IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY        MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF        IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS        ANOTHER WAY TO
FOR THE SAME REASON        NO MATTER WHAT
SUCH A        THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
IN FACT        WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY        ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY        AS A RESULT
SUMMING UP        IF SO / NOT
All of these words and phrases link ideas and assure continuity in your writing. (具体的这些连接词我在写作语言里边有更详细的总结)


（二）利用重复：
１．One easy way to follow this principle is to use pronominal adjectives like these to refer to nouns in previous sentences:
THIS        THAT
THESE        WHICH
THEIR        HIS
ITS        HER
利用人称和其他代词指代。
For example:
Dr. Quark testified that the only scientific value of creationism lies in its position among primitive superstitions and mythologies. His testimony helped strike down laws requiring its teachings to be included in biology textbooks.
２．Another way to assure continuity in your writing is simple repetition; that is, carry the same nouns from one sentence to the next.
核心词重复（或者改写重复）
For example:
Scientists map the winds and precipitation inside hurricanes by flying specially instrumented aircraft through them. These aircraft must withstand stresses of up to six times the force of gravity.
If you try to use these connective devices in your own writing, but have difficulty, be suspicious that the ideas that you're trying to link together in a single paragraph are merely a sequence (that is, a catalog) of logically unrelated ideas. Rearrange or rewrite them until you can logically tie them together. Remember: All the sentences in a paragraph should be logically related.
３．利用强调词：
INTENSIVES
The whale is by far the largest living mammal. In fact, the largest whales weigh as much as 150 tons and grow as long as 100 feet. These enormous animals consume 5 tons of food each day.
Notice how the bold words that have been added emphasize certain points the author deemed important.
Here is a list of some useful intensives:
ESPECIALLY         AS MUCH AS         EVEN IF/THOUGH
INCREASINGLY        BY FAR        SO...THAT
MORE IMPORTANTLY        HIGHLY        ONLY
PARTICULARLY        IN FACT         VERY
SIGNIFICANTLY        QUITE         SUCH
MOST         UNIQUE        AT ALL
ABOVE ALL        INDEED        IN ANY CASE

tequilawineUID: 2702008

1．        如何使用论据论证？
（１）        Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own. 正论
（２）        Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position 反论
（３）        Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition  正反论证
（４）        Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence  引用论证
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph(为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，应该：)
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim

2)        Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity．
This is a far better example, as the evidence is more smoothly integrated into the text, the link between the claim and the evidence is strengthened, and the evidence itself is analyzed to provide support for the claim
大家其实可以看出来这段的论证好在哪里：划线的部分首先是首尾都有明显的和中心联系的句子，让你知道你在读什么，然后就是后边的几乎每个句子都有逻辑的连接词汇连接了起来．
Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?