年底大贴——TPO阅读疑难问题汇总解答

伟大的战士UID: 2733693

tpo5 THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
Paragraph2: Scientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions.

4. The period discussed in the passage is referred to as an explosion because it
occurred 0.6 billion years ago, late in Earth’s history
was characterized by the unusually fast evolution of many new life-forms.
Was characterized by widespread animal extinction
Was characterized by violent volcanic eruptions
为什么不选第一个 本题题干只说了discussed in the passage 并没有定位在第二段 第一个的内容是第一段出现的 为何排除？

5. According to Paragraph2, which of the following is NOT a question that paleontologists asked about the Cambrian explosion?
Why was the origin of life a simple step in Earth’s history?
Why did it take so long for multicellular organisms to develop?
Why did animal life evolve so rapidly?
Why does the fossil record lack evidence of animal evolution during that time?
不明白选项一与文章哪儿矛盾了 saavedro的解析没看懂 难道问题出在我没读懂句子？第二个选项文章明显 not mention啊
请高人解答 感激万分

smalltownboyUID: 2718647

TPO6        William Smith
14. William Smith’s contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Each’s history．
            ●
            ●
            ●
        Answer Choices
Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and surveyors.               
Smith’s work on canals allowed him to coiled fossils and study rock layers all over England.
Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are．
Smith was named “the father of English geology” for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the field.
Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata.
The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth’s rock layers.

文章主要叙述Williams的成就，2，4选项都是以他为主语，为什么选6不选5呢？
TPO6 Infantile Amnesia
        Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．
       
9.The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief that

        ○the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the  encoding and retrieving process
        ○the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infants
        ○infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information
        ○infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do

谢谢楼主了，很感谢像楼主一样gter的帮助！！！

morning8427UID: 2725373

TPO9




THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII






Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on thebreezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at randomacross the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on thedark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon theland. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not singleindividual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus.The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organicmolecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passingthese on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliestliving things that built communities on these islands are examples ofsymbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or moreforms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.


3. Which of the sentences below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrectchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.
○Some of the earliest importantexamples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occurin island communities.
○Symbiosis-the close cooperation ofpairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in theseisland environments.
○The first organisms on theseislands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which isparticularly important on islands.
○It is significant to notethat organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannotsurvive without close cooperation.


帮忙分析一下这个难句结构吧

jiang08UID: 2391146

tpo5 THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
Paragraph2: Scientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions.
4. The period discussed in the passage is referred to as an explosion because it
occurred 0.6 billion years ago, late in Earth’s history
was characterized by the unusually fast evolution of many new life-forms.
Was characterized by widespread animal extinction
Was characterized by violent volcanic eruptions
为什么不选第一个 本题题干只说了discussed in the passage 并没有定位在第二段 第一个的内容是第一段出现的 为何排除？
5. According to Paragraph2, which of the following is NOT a question that paleontologists asked about the Cambrian explosion?
Why was the origin of life a simple step in Earth’s history?
Why did it take so long for multicellular organisms to develop?
Why did animal life evolve so rapidly?
Why does the fossil record lack evidence of animal evolution during that time?
不明白选项一与文章哪儿矛盾了 saavedro的解析没看懂 难道问题出在我没读懂句子？第二个选项文章明显 not mention啊
请高人解答 感激万分
伟大的战士 发表于 2009-12-16 13:50

第4：
题目的关键词是explosion，所以答案要表达出“爆炸”的特性：快，多
第一个答案没有解释为什么叫explosion（因为没有paraphrase爆炸的特性）。并不是因为在第一段的缘故被排除。
而第二个选项就很好的解释了爆炸的特性。

第5：
选项一和选项二缘于文中同一个句子：Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. 这里注意要联系第一段生物的起源：真核生物--〉动物（之间隔了0.9billion years，很长）所以刚刚那2句话的隐含意思是：看起来这是比较简单的一步（真核细胞到动物），但为什么之间用了那么久呢（后者在地球发展史里很晚）？
回到选项：1 和原文的意思不符，并不真的是simple step（只是“看起来是”）。
2 刚刚解释过了

jiang08UID: 2391146

TPO6        William Smith
14. William Smith’s contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Each’s history．
            ●
            ●
            ●
        Answer Choices
Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and surveyors.               
Smith’s work on canals allowed him to coiled fossils and study rock layers all over England.
Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are．
Smith was named “the father of English geology” for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the field.
Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata.
The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth’s rock layers.

文章主要叙述Williams的成就，2，4选项都是以他为主语，为什么选6不选5呢？
TPO6 Infantile Amnesia
        Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．
        
9.The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief that

        ○the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the  encoding and retrieving process
        ○the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infants
        ○infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information
        ○infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do

谢谢楼主了，很感谢像楼主一样gter的帮助！！！
smalltownboy 发表于 2009-12-16 17:37

William Smith：
文章是在说william smith对地理界的贡献没错，但是不能简单的用是否是以他作为主语来判断正确与否。
第5个选项：
这个选项是为了铺垫倒数第二段的最后一句（主题句：）Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history。（因为strata不可靠）

第6个选项：
虽然没有WS（刚发现这个缩写好汗。。）作为主语，注意看这个发现（faunal succession ）（最后一段）：“certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent”。这正是smith 发现的pattern。所以主语虽然是discovery，仍然在说WS对地理界的贡献。


*****************分割线***********************

Infantile Amnesia：

追上一段（paragraph5）。主题句是：incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it。 关键词：输入，输出，一致。题目就是要你paraphrase这个主题句，抓住关键词就好了。

jiang08UID: 2391146

TPO9

THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII

Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on thebreezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at randomacross the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on thedark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon theland. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not singleindividual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus.The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organicmolecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passingthese on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliestliving things that built communities on these islands are examples ofsymbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or moreforms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.


3. Which of the sentences below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrectchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.
○Some of the earliest importantexamples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occurin island communities.
○Symbiosis-the close cooperation ofpairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in theseisland environments.
○The first organisms on theseislands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which isparticularly important on islands.
○It is significant to notethat organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannotsurvive without close cooperation.


帮忙分析一下这个难句结构吧

morning8427 发表于 2009-12-17 02:11

划线的句子分析：
主要内容是： the earliest living things（ that built communities on these islands） are examples of symbiosis。括号里的是定语从句，修饰“早期生物”。phenomenon开始是同位从句（类似定语从句），解释什么是“共生”。这句话的重点是：共生关系对早期的岛屿生物很重要。

选项分析：
1 没说出共生的重要性
2 对共生的解释错误，不是pair/group，而是不同form的生物
4 原文没有说到cannot survive without共生

morning8427UID: 2725373

21# jiang08

Thanks, 怎么加强这方面分析能力呢

12067378UID: 2709682

08原来是妞哈哈

AmerigoUID: 2140122

08原来是妞哈哈
12067378 发表于 2009-12-17 22:19

;P

jc1028UID: 2590047

TPO 10 Chinese pottery

Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were 【these】 pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and 【instigated】 research into the method of their manufacture. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.
Just
12
The word “these” in the passage refers to
Religious ceremonies
Descriptions
Types of ware
Pots
答案是B
请求解答~谢谢！

jiang08UID: 2391146

21# jiang08

Thanks, 怎么加强这方面分析能力呢
morning8427 发表于 2009-12-17 12:36

长句分析，我的一点经验，仅供参考：
最主要的目标就是把长句break apart
1 找标点符号。一般逗号3个作用：并列的词语；2个句子的连接；一个词组修饰逗号前的名词
2 找关联词。如since，however, therefore等，这些多半会有逗号先行
3 找that/which/when/where/in which case等带领定语从句的代词。句子长了就可以把这部分先拿掉。

jiang08UID: 2391146

TPO 10 Chinese pottery

Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact o ...
jc1028 发表于 2009-12-18 04:38

那个，这题错位了:L 。。。我看了一下版上一个相机拍得TPO10，这题是针对paragraph6的，开头是“From early times pots were......”

jc1028UID: 2590047

那个，这题错位了:L 。。。我看了一下版上一个相机拍得TPO10，这题是针对paragraph6的，开头是“From early times pots were......”
jiang08 发表于 2009-12-18 11:54

哦，谢谢了！
make sense 多了~我是做的一个pdf 的 53篇吧~

伟大的战士UID: 2733693

Tpo6 William Smith

Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find．Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10000 miles per year．In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”,  map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today．

3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions．
○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented．
○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process．
○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata．
为啥选第二个啊 文章没说decreased的内容啊 不是说不能随便推断么
本段后半部分不就是说的第四个的意思么Canal builders找Surveyor来find。然后Smith也是干Surveyor这行的，通过studying the newly revealed strata来find。

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging：certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.

10. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○possibly
○absolutely
○surprisingly
○nearly
Virtually是事实上的意思 在but后面语气应该是较强烈的 为何不能选absolutely？

11. Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
○It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to flora．
○It was discovered independently by two different geologists，
○It describes how fossils are distributed in rock strata
○It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through time．
不明白为什么选第三个不选第四个 我觉的文章没有说how fossils are distributed啊
第四个plant和animal就是faunal不是都提及了么？为什么不能选啊？

感谢解答

伟大的战士UID: 2733693

Tpo6 infantile amnesia
Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising．0ne involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood．And this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.

5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?
○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions．
○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told．
○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones．
○Children’s long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions
文勇和saavedro版主的答案冲突了 到底该怎么选？

再次感谢 十分感谢