[CASK EFFECT] 难度【LSAT】1-6 解读

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题目请参考

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读全方位锻炼--难度【LSAT】1-6

原文解析
Historians generally agree that, of the great modern innovations, the railroad had the most far-reaching impact on major events in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly on the Industrial Revolution. There is, however, considerable disagreement among cultural historians regarding public attitudes toward the railroad, both at its inception in the 1830s and during the half century between 1880 and 1930, when the national rail system was completed and reached the zenith of its popularity in the United States. (前两句以“对比型开头”的方式陈述背景，这经常运用在我们的ISSUE写作中) In a recent book, John Stilgoe has addressed this issue by arguing that the “romantic-era distrust” of the railroad that he claims was present during the 1830s vanished in the decades after 1880 (这句话陈述攻击对象，对象有二：1”romantic-ear distrust”是否真的是distrust；2”vanished in the decades after 1880”，在1880年后是否真的消失。后文的两段就是根据这点展开。). But the argument he provides in support of this position is unconvincing.(这是一句废话，不过也表明了作者的负态度，以也象征性地表示“读者请注意，我要开始攻击了(类似我们写ARGUMENT)”)
What Stilgoe calls “romantic-era distrust” was in fact the reaction of a minority of writers, artistes, and intellectuals who distrusted the railroad not so much for what it was as for what it signified.(本段TS，表明JS错在以偏概全，以minority作家代替majority作家) Thoreau and Hawthorne appreciated, even admired, an improved means of moving things and people from one place to another(例举反例，说明还有“非DISTRUT”的人存在). What these writers and others were concerned about was not the new machinery as such (as such: intrinsically considered: in itself “as such the gift was worth little”), but the new kind of economy, social order, and culture that it prefigured(进一步深化“非DISTRUT”). In addition, Stilgoe is wrong to imply that the critical attitude of these writers was typical of the period(继续以偏概全，以minority作家代替当时整个社会): their distrust was largely a reaction against the prevailing attitude in the 1830s that the railroad was an unqualified improvement(普遍认为railroad还是好的).
Stilgoe’s assertion that the ambivalence toward the railroad exhibited by writers like Hawthorne and Thoreau disappeared after the 1880s is also misleading(本段TS，对”Vanish”进行攻击). In support (in support of: adv.支持, 支援) of this thesis, Stilgoe has unearthed an impressive volume of material, the work of hitherto unknown illustrators, journalists (a: a person engaged in journalism; especially: a writer or editor for a news medium b: a writer who aims at a mass audience), and novelists, all devotees of the railroad(这里出现devotees，是因为JS想通过它们证明vanish); but it is not clear what this new material proves except perhaps that the works of popular culture greatly expanded at the time. The volume of the material proves nothing if Stilgoe’s point is that the earlier distrust of a minority of intellectuals did not endure beyond the 1880s,(前述例子根本证明不了JS的vanish—not endure) and, oddly, much of Stilgoe’s other evidence indicates that it did(相反，这些例子却证明it did—distrust did endure beyond the 1880s。为什么？后一句进行例证阐述). When he glances at the treatment of railroads by writers like Henry James, Sinclair Lewis, or F. Scott Fitzgerald, what comes through (to become communicated) in spite of Stilgoe’s analysis is remarkably like Thoreau’s feeling of contrariety and ambivalence. (Had he looked at the work of Frank Norris, Eugene O’Neill, or Henry Adams, Stilgoe’s case would have been much stronger.) The point is that the sharp contrast between the enthusiastic supporters of the railroad in the 1830s and the minority of intellectual dissenters during that period extended into the 1880s and beyond.(这里告诉我们，并没有vanish)


至此，在Thesis Statement中提到的两点攻击完毕。可以看出，作者只是攻击JS存在的漏洞，并没有提出建议。

下面来答题
7. (E)
information to answer all of the following questions
(A) During what period did the railroad reach the zenith of its popularity in the United States?
--“during the half century between 1880 and 1930, when the national rail system was completed and reached the zenith of its popularity in the United States”
(B) How extensive was the impact of the railroad on the Industrial Revolution in the United States, relative to that of other modern innovations?
--“the railroad had the most far-reaching impact，particularly on the Industrial Revolution”
(C) Who are some of the writers of the 1830s who expressed ambivalence toward the railroad?
--“the ambivalence toward the railroad exhibited by writers like Hawthorne and Thoreau disappeared after the 1880s”
(D) In what way could Stilgoe have strengthened his argument regarding intellectuals’ attitudes toward the railroad in the years after the 1880s?
--“Had he looked at the work of Frank Norris, Eugene O’Neill, or Henry Adams, Stilgoe’s case would have been much stronger.”
(E) What arguments did the writers after the 1880s, as cited by Stilgoe, offer to justify their support for the railroad?
--原文只提到“the treatment of railroads”，并没有具体的说明

8(B)
“romantic-era distrust”, JS，To imply
结合前面的分析，即“以偏概全”，JS想要说明
“In addition, Stilgoe is wrong to imply that the critical attitude of these writers was typical of the period”
--“a commonly held attitude toward the railroad during the 1830s”

9(B)
定位原文
“When he glances at the treatment of railroads by writers like Henry James, Sinclair Lewis, or F. Scott Fitzgerald, what comes through in spite of Stilgoe’s analysis is remarkably like Thoreau’s feeling of contrariety and ambivalence.”
再结合该句的前句
“much of Stilgoe’s other evidence indicates that it did”，上面“原文解析”已说明“it did”指代内容
以及后文
“the sharp contrast between the enthusiastic supporters of the railroad in the 1830s and the minority of intellectual dissenters during that period extended into the 1880s and beyond”

选项“similar to that of the minority of writers who had expressed ambivalence toward the railroad prior to the 1880s”是顺理成章

10(E)
定位原文
“Stilgoe has unearthed an impressive volume of material, the work of hitherto unknown illustrators, journalists, and novelists, all devotees of the railroad; but it is not clear what this new material proves except perhaps that the works of popular culture greatly expanded at the time”再结合本段TS，JS是为了证明Vanish，可以选出最佳选项

本题干扰性较强的选项为(D)，但如果注意到时间1880/1830以及RJ和作者的意图就不能难排除了。

11(C)
定位原文
“Had he looked at the work of Frank Norris, Eugene O’Neill, or Henry Adams, Stilgoe’s case would have been much stronger.”
以及
“Thoreau’s feeling of contrariety and ambivalence”
再结合“括号一般表转折”
可以推断出他们主要支持，即
选项(C)

12(D)
关键词
Stilgoe，agree，regarding the study of cultural history

JS做出vanish判断的根据就是
“Stilgoe has unearthed an impressive volume of material, the work of hitherto unknown illustrators, journalists, and novelists, all devotees of the railroad; but it is not clear what this new material proves except perhaps that the works of popular culture greatly expanded at the time”
从JS对材料的引用可以看出
“The works of popular culture can serve as a reliable indicator of public attitudes toward modern innovations like the railroad.”

13(A)
基于以上所有分析，特别是“原文解析”，可以判断出(A)为最佳选项，对全文概括得比较全面。

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好贴
学习了！