1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES]备考日记 by jilinlin——苦中作乐

jilinlinUID: 2396929

今天写了4篇Argument的提纲，提纲也写了一些了，打算下周开始写全文，时间不多了，得抓紧~~
不过作业还是应该按时补的...
Comment: 01.15
Women’s status have been raised dramatically during the recent decades. Women are given more control over their own lives and able to participate in the labor force. Some women even run their own companies which in the past was unimaginable and implausible. However, just like what the author said in the article, unsatisfactory problems still exist about women’s economic empowerment. Due to women’s physical function, they have to make a choice between a promising job and a good mother. Motherhood distract women’s energy, and consequentially, they will earn significantly less than those childless ones. Certain improvements such as growing flexibility of the workplace, provided plenty of state-financed nurseries and so forth have been carried out because of the demand for female brains. Many a country looks for a better way to alleviate the difficulty of motherhood in order for the human resourses of the talented mother. With the efforts to address the issue, I believe females will contribute more to our society in the future.

jilinlinUID: 2396929

说真的，昨天的文章我花了好长好长时间去看它理解它，又花了好多时间去总结分析它，总算把comment写出来了~~
My comments: 01.16/17
        The discussion is about the necessity to launch a military strike towards Iran to distroy its nuclear facilities. I agree that the less countries master nuclear know-how, the less nuclear threatens to the overall humans will be. However, I am also wondering what the true reasons about the purposes of impeding Iran’s nuclear programme.
        In my point of view, the aim of both proposer and opposer of the military actions is to curb Iran’s attempt to develop nuclear weapons. The differences between them are the means of achieving the goal. One is through force, while the other is via moderate diplomacy. It is always hard to identify the rightness towards political aims when at different stances and on behalf of different interests. And sometimes war is the most immediate and effective way to resolve conflicts. Whether the US will fire depends on weighing the advantages and disadvantages of military approach which was argued in the article.
        The proposer provided three main viewpoints to support the military motion. Firstly, it may lack of sufficient time or short of other options before Iran researches its nuclear ambitions. Since Iran has worked on the programme for years and other options seem to be unreachable such as using internationally-backed biting sanctions or changing the current regime. Secondly, the arguer believed that military strikes play a positive role in averting a nuclear weapon-capable Iran by the means of air assets. In my opinion, the arguer oversimply considered the task of fixing the nuclear sites which is said to be achieved by Iran’s self-disclosure. What is more, the arguer pointed out the grave consequences of failing to stop Iran’s nuclear programme to persuade people to support the military strikes.
        The opposer of the military attack argues that US cannot achieve its goal via bombing Iran’s nuclear facilities especially at this late stage of the game. And the military strike could easily become the prelude to war. Moreover, such approach focuses on denying capabilities rather than altering states’ motivations which cannot resolve the problems fundamentally.

jilinlinUID: 2396929

还有啊，看见别人都把笔记贴出来，我也跟跟风，把自己的笔记贴出来晒晒吧
其实我不是不做笔记，只是喜欢简洁一点，平时就用高亮在文中划出来。
[comments][01.16-17]
thwart Iran’s nuclear ambitions.(thwart挫败vt.)
a nuclear weapons-capable Iran
last resort 最后一招
international security and peace
commendable efforts 值得称道的努力
reach out to 接触
yield no progress 没有取得进展
secretary of state 国务秘书，国务卿
a new round of sanctions against Iran 对伊朗新一轮的制裁
russian reluctance, chinese indifference and eu apprehension 俄罗斯的勉强，中国的冷淡，欧盟的恐惧
internationally-backed biting sanctions 国际支持的刺骨制裁
regime change 政权更替
have no compunction about 毫不后悔
quell protests 镇压反抗
the islamic revolutionary guard corps 伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队
deadly force 致命武器
political concessions 政治让步
wrest power 夺取权力
low-enriched uranium 低浓缩铀
nuclear know-how 核知识，核技能
in a position to 能够…，处在可以…的位置，有能力…
launch a punishing strike against 发动惩罚反击
derive significant advantages from… 从…中获得显著优势
border Iran 在伊朗边界
regional allies 区域盟国
coastal port defence capabilities 沿海港口防御能力
upgraded facilities and militaries 升级设施和军队
asset 资产 —— air assets航空资产，key assets关键资产
upcoming 即将来临的，预定将要的
Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) 巨型钻地弹
air units 航空兵部队
be conscious of 察觉，意识到
casualty (战争或事故中的)伤亡者/损失物品
persian gulf 波斯湾
embolden radicals 使激进派壮胆
throughout
遍及，贯穿，到处，自始至终prep.
an effective nuclear deterrent 一项有效的核威慑
be freer to 更自由
sponsor terrorism 资助恐怖主义
derail the middle east process 使中东和平进程出轨
violently repress its burgeoning democratic movement 暴力镇压民主运动的蓬勃发展
strategic landscape 战略格局
pre-emptive 先发制人的
the prelude to war 战争的序幕
the attacking state 进攻状态
the military strike => the military action => the military approach => the military attack => the military force
non-proliferation 不扩散，不扩散核武器n.
dictate the pace 主宰步伐

jilinlinUID: 2396929

01.18号的文章与01.13的有类似的地方
补作业~~
Comments: 01.13
I really appreciate the simile that “The realm of education may be like a field within a farm: it may cultivate a special crop. But the crop must still serve the purpose of the whole farm.” In my viewpoint, the main purpose of education is to teach pupils the capability to survive in the society and make contributions back to it when they grow up. No need is there to exaggerate the meaning of education. In the mean time, we cannot deny the positive aspects of modern education and claim it as nothing more than one gigantic evasion for it ignores religious education either. We are not aware of whether God will be annoyed about modern education without himself or not. Although the religious faith helps and save the soul in thorny situation, it is possible that Jehovah also will tolerate the modern education and pass preaching task to his missionary. I believe the mighty God has his own way to guide people.

jilinlinUID: 2396929

My comments: 01.18 [education of religion]
     In Western culture, religion serves as a spiritual supporter and a vital part in social life. Is it educational responsibility to cultivate a generation of religious illiterates? Is it a progress or a regress when religion becomes as unmentionable as syphilis in most state-operated schools? As a matter of fact, religious activities and practices have already been a social customs and institutions which greatly affect the conducts and behaviors of most general people in their daily life in most Western countries. Since religion at its best has always been an integrating force, a spiritual tonic for a soul racked by fear and cringing in weakness, it seems that the educators should add some classical courses such as Bible into students’ normal curriculum and teach students things concerning religion through community life.
     However, the US is a country of cultural diversity that unilaterally advocate one kind of religions in state-operated schools is not an appropriate choice because religious problems have always been the hot potatoes. For example, the lessons of Christianity like Bible may cause aversion of Islamic and Jewish students. What is worse, there will be a risk of arising conflicts and causing fights between diverse religious students if religion disciplines introduced into classes. Therefore, the best way to avoid the foregoing risks is to leave the preaching tasks to the missionaries.

环游世界UID: 2743584

加油！我也在补作业。

jilinlinUID: 2396929

Good sentence: Controlling a subordinate or a spouse with a souped-up laser pointer may be essential for science-fiction dystopia and late-night humor, but in reality optogenetics has emerged as the most important new technology for providing insight into the numbingly complex circuitry of the mammalian brain.
错词：neturalà neural
mysterical à mysterious
forturn àfortune
Comments: 01.20
      The workings of brain have always been mysterious to human beings. But current researches will gradually disclose the mechanism of brain by means of genes equipped in the brain.
      Optogenetics, emerged as a new technology having the ability to alter animal behavior recently. This technology is able to provide insight into the complex circuitry of the mammalian brain and some clues about the cause for Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia in neural level.
      In the experiment, a virus could be used to deliver a light-sensitive gene into specific sets of mammalian neurons which fired when exposed to light pulses. That means it would be possible to trigger or extinguish selected neurons precisely. And certain fundamental causes of a behavior can be elucidated through optogenetics. A study that helped to explain the workings of deep-brain stimulation was also published last spring.
      Like scientist Deisseroth, we will wonder whether a fortune or a disaster it is when we can master the approach of manipulating mammals’ brains and behaviors. It would be terrible things when imagining that the brain being controled by others.

jilinlinUID: 2396929

谢谢21楼的鼓励哦^-^
前两天事情太多了，又给耽搁了两天~~~郁闷ing!

jilinlinUID: 2396929

Comments: 01.22
It is a well-presented essay that full of beautiful phrases and sentences. There are a lot of useful examples and quotations in it.
     “The truth is individuality and conformity are merely different sides of the same coin.” Conformity is significant and beneficial in that it can ensure the peace and harmony of society. Individuality is the unique reactions toward the same fears, feelings, and fancies that we should not relinquish.
      We should treasure both conformity and individuality and strike a balance between them. Individuality inspire people to fulfill their self actualization which stimulating persons’ potentialities to make discoveries, inventions and innovations. We need to conform, but not at the price of abandoning individuality.
      Many Asian students lack creativity that we would like to do what someone else do. This is the consequence of placing too much emphasis on conformity rather than individuality in schools which seriously inhibit the imagination and innovative spirit of pupils. Educators should realize the educational deviation and begin to encourage them to be different.

jilinlinUID: 2396929

It is a quite difficult article for me in that I am not familiar with economy and it is full of new words. This is an essay with brief analysis of the cause of the bygone financial crises and potential solving policies.
Comments: 01.23
      Although banks have been bailed out by government’s financial rescue, the fundamental problems have not yet been solved in the US. The implicit blanket guarantee of banks’ all liabilities makes much subsidy go to bank staff instead of clients. And the examples of the mortgage agencies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac show that guarantee is also dangerous because those firms with subsidized funding lack risk of failure, and capital is probably misallocated and dysfunctional consequentially.
      To enhance the financial safety, the Basel club rewrite its rules on capital and liquidity which is said to be too moderate. The newspaper supports to add a liability levy on banks’ debt. And in long run what is needed is a way to create the halfway house of partial bankruptcy; or to give agency powers to deal with bad banks just like impose losses over part of a bank’s balance-sheet.
      By and large, since public backing of finance have reached unacceptable levels, the Obama administation must implement some potent policies to solve the banking problems.

jilinlinUID: 2396929

发现在写作时语法其实很重要，狂有用，所以再次回到语法，坚持把boring的东东看完！
第一次作业——语法-名词
以下是对模糊的内容的摘录

1. 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
　如：　two Marys    the Henrys    monkey---monkeys  　 holiday---holidays
　比较：层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos    piano---pianos 　 radio---radios  　zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato—potatoes     tomato--tomatoes
      c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs    roof---roofs    safe---safes    gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves    knife---knives    leaf---leaves
      wolf---wolves　　wife---wives    life---lives    thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
2. 名词复数的不规则变化
1) mouse---mice
2) German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
3) 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
4) 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
　如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
5) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
　　 b. news 是不可数名词。
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
6) 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
　　c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
　　　Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
　　　Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
7) 抽象名词有时也可数。
　　four freedoms 四大自由    the four modernizations四个现代化
3. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如：sports meeting 运动会    students reading-room 学生阅览室　
　　talks table 谈判桌    the foreign languages department 外语系
2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
　如：goods train (货车)　　　 arms produce　武器生产
　　　 customs papers 海关文件　　　 clothes brush衣刷
4. 不同国家的人的单复数
德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans
希腊人　　the Greek　　   a Greek　　   two Greeks
瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　　  two Swedes　　
5. 名词的格
1) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，
如：the barber's 理发店。
2) 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。　 如：a month or two's absence
6. 容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
advice 建议，忠告       living 生活，生计    equipment 装备，设备
knowledge 知识，学问        traffic 交通流量　　
baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱        trouble 烦恼，麻烦    cash 现金
work 工作，劳动     paper 纸，钞票     jewelry 珠宝
7. 其他：
1) 就近原则: 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的主语, 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。　　Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
2) 就远原则: 主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
　　同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
3) 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
　　One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.
　　Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.
　　自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 ( twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。)
4) and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
     War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
5) 动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
　 Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise. ( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
6) 在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
　　More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
7) 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
　　Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
　　No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
　　More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
8) 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用单数。One and a half apples is left on the plate.
9) 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。
　　A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
　　A large portion of her poems was published after her death.
8. 做错的题：(括号内为正确答案)
13. Tables are made of ______(B)
A. wood    B. woods    C. wooden     D. some woods
15. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ______ in teaching.(B)
A. many experiences   B. much experience   C. an experience   D. a lot of experience
19. You should do more _____. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your ____(A)
A. exercise; exercises B, exercises; exercise   C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise
20. What____! Where did you get them?(A)
A. big fish    B. a big fish    C a piece of big fish    D. big a fish
21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?(D)
A. a word     B. words    C, the word   D. word

jilinlinUID: 2396929

第一次作业：语法-代词
模糊内容摘抄笔记
    1. 并列人称代词的排列顺序
    1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称à 第三人称à 第一人称  you à he/she; it à I
You, he and I should return on time.
    2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称à 第二人称à 第三人称  we à you à They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，It was I and John that made her angry.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时
    2. 反身代词
    1). 有些动词需有反身代词 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。
    2). 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
    3). 说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多。
(错) He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）
(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）
    3. 其他
    1)：无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：
Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘？
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘？
    2)：Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
    3). all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如all day, all night, all the year; 但习惯上不说all hour, all century。
    4). 作定语与单数名词连用, 但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。谓语采用就近原则。
neither 与nor 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor, 不用neither。He can't sing, nor dance, nor skate.
    5). ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any, 而不用 ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes, I 've bought some.
    6). the others = the rest剩余的全部；泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
    7). anyone仅指人, any one既可指人, 也可指物。
a)none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b)none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
    8). every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等; each没有。
every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

jilinlinUID: 2396929

语法之动词的时态笔记
1 一般现在时的用法
表示格言或警句中：注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
2 一般过去时的用法
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
4 一般将来时
be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
5 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
6 一般现在时表将来
1) 下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
2) 在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
3)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
7 比较过去时与现在完成时
一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语；
现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
8 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
9 延续动词与瞬间动词
用于till / until从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到 ……，才……"
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met  B. have met  C. met  D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
10 过去完成时
1) 用法: a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
2). 状语从句: 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
had no sooner… than刚…… 就…… He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
12 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。