1006G[redemption]备考贴 by (BZR2915/小鸟--小鸟)--即使化成灰也要拼搏到底！

bzr2915UID：2612029

即使倒下一千次也要勇敢地站起来，即使化成灰也要拼搏到底！

铭志小诗~

哦，要做鸟，就做鹰吧，高飞的鹰，
哦，要做兽，就做狮子吧，勇壮的狮子，
哦，要做人，就做个不平凡的英雄，
但是矛盾啊，我厌憎平凡，我又爱慕平凡，
那么，以鹰作平凡的鸟吧！
以狮子作平凡的兽吧！
以英雄作平凡的人吧！

我爱飞折羽翼的鹰，
我爱垂死而被辱的狮子，
我也爱那红照西天的夕阳，
美丽的死去还是美丽的啊，
可敬的死去还是可敬的啊！
我乞求着，神啊！
给我高飞的羽翼，
给我壮大的气魄与力，
给我英雄的平凡，对待平凡的庸众吧！

逝去吧，不安的梦幻！
逝去吧，心造的爱恋！
逝去吧，是我苦恼的友情！
变换吧，死水般的周遭！
枯萎吧，迷惑人的希望的花朵！
人间既然有了我，就应有我的业绩，
我得喝现实的乳液，流劳动人民的汗啊！我冀望生活的大海啊！
哪怕是狂风暴雨，
或是惊涛骇浪！
宁可在酣战中显出我自己的胆怯，
宁可在伟大中暴露我自己的渺小！
让我醉于诗，醉于工作，醉于战斗……
让我欢乐，悲愁，让我嘲笑和激怒罢！
我既骑在马上，就得揽辔扬鞭，驰骋奔腾，
我得掌握我自己啊！

                               --林林

复习计划：
目标：
Issue 5.5 Argument 6
要求
Issue 3.5 Argument 4
工作所得：
50个精辟的例子 ---- 通用性、文采性、独创性
25个精辟的论述 ---- 通用性、文采性
40篇Issue习作 ---- 熟悉例子和论述、把握整体做到衔接自然

注意：原则就是直接能用，早就文中亮点；不能采用，吸收句型精华。

工作：
每日两个精辟的例子
每日两段论述
每日两页好词好句
每日1—2篇习作
分析一次整体的题库 ---- 熟练分析方法、找出论述的反面、找出题目之间的通用性

注意：原则就是宁缺勿烂

习作修改
1. 是否跑题
2. 要点是否表达清晰，说服力如何
3. 主题句是否涵盖段落内容，有无废话
4. 整体把握，衔接是否自然，开头和结尾是否简短精彩


个人目标：
1. 熟练掌握50个事例
2. 熟练掌握目前所有总结好的句型
3. 准备60题高频详细提纲
4. 修改20篇高频习作（观点、结构、事例、句型）
5. 244题题库熟悉（知晓中文、准备没有思路题目的提纲）

bzr2915UID：2612029

OK 第一次作业从ARGUMENT开始吧

Sample Argument Topic

【Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller skating accidents indicate
the need for more protective equipment.（调查类错误，此处并未指明调查的总体规模，抑或是个体情况是否适于普遍性）.Within this group of people, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.).(此处作者提出了带护具就能减免ROLLER SKATERS事故的假设，<缺乏证据>充分必要类错误） Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in（因果关系混淆，此处说的是投资高质量的配备导致结果，而此投资与ROLLER SKATERS之间并没有直接关系<买了是否会会穿，买什么样的?>） high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment, roller skaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured in an accident.（此处GEAR与injured之间存在充分必要类错误）】

Essay Response * – Score 6

The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion .After all, it is the intent of these products to either provent accidents from occuring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur.However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear.（长短句结合，转折递进层次清晰，对驳论部分给予了相当的重视，进行了较详细的论述。让步转折结构--GEAR与PROTECTION之间--充分必要类错误）
First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear - preventative gear (such as
light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmets). Preventative gear is intended to warn
others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater. It works only if the
"other" is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention.
Protective gear is intended to reduce the effect of any accident, whether it is caused by an other, the skater
or some force of nature.Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to
reduce the injuries that occur in an accident. The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more
interesting if the skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only,
those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both. These statistics could provide skaters with a
clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial.（从两种GEAR 功能上显著的不同提出文中样本取样的漏洞，总-分-总结构，点出调查类错误，方法学错误）
The argument above is weakened by the fact that（模板化句子）it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not. If is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and/or safety conscious individuals. The skaters who wear gear may be less likely to cause accidents through careless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact, be their natural caution and repsonsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself.(方法类错误，带护具的个体与不带护具个体之间有差异）

The statistic also goes not differentiate between severity of injuries. （对重伤进行质疑）The conclusion that safety gear prevents severe injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries. This is certainly not the case. Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evenings and weekends (when doctors' offices are closed), skater with less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment（也许受轻伤的SKATORS 也会去急诊室治疗）
Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is
any more beneficial than other kinds of gear. For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same
preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only for skating. Before skaters are
encouraged to invest heavily in gear, a more complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual
pieces of gear would be helpful.（high quality is not necessary for the individual）
The argument for safety gear based on emergency room statistics could provide important information and
potentially saves lives. Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made
in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits are needed. After all, a false
confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.（总结并对上段驳论进行强调）

bzr2915UID：2612029

main points:
1.that preventive and protective gear are not the same
2.that skaters who wear gear may be less prone to accidents because they are, by nature, more responsible and cautious
3.that the statistics do not differentiate by the severity of the injuries
4.that gear may not need to be high-quality to be beneficial


I feel that the essay has a strong logical orgnization and the language is esay to understand but with little mistakes.It's sentences are varied and complex, and diction is expressive and precise.I was deeply impressed by some points which i have never thought about before.Such as the difference between the two gears and the concept about the severity of the injuries.Whatever I'm far from to be perfect,just practice~


my points
1.that the statistics do not declare  how many skators they have been investigated
2.that wearing gear doesn't mean that you never go to the emergency room
3.that investing a high quality gear doesn't mean that you could get a better protection

bzr2915UID：2612029

Benchmark 5
The argument presented is limited but useful. It indicates a possible relationship between a high percentage of accidents and a lack of protective equipment.(模板化开头） The statistics cited compel（To necessitate or pressure by force; 使必要） a further investigation of the usefulness of protective gear in preventing or mitigating roller-skating related injuries. However, the conclusion that protective gear and reflective equipment would "greatly reduce...risk of being severely injured" is premature. Data is lacking with reference to the total population of skaters and the relative levels of experience, skill and physical coordination （协调性）of that population.（指出调查类错误，样本总体及采样个体是否具有普适性） It is entirely possible that further research would indicate that most serious injury is averted by the skater's ability to react quickly and skillfully in emergency situations.
Another area of investigation necessary before conclusions can be reached is identification of the types of injuries that occur and the various causes of those injuries. The article fails to identify the most prevalent types of roller-skating related injuries. It also fails to correlate the absence of protective gear and reflective equipment to those injuries.（未指出skators受的是何种伤，同时也未指出PROTECTIV GEAR AND REFLECTIV GEAR 能抵御何种伤，这两个错误是递进关系，很犀利） For example, if the majority of injuries are skin abrasions and closed-head injuries, then a case can be made for the usefulness of protective clothing mentioned. Likewise, if injuries are caused by collision with vehicles (e.g. bicycles, cars) or pedestrians, then light-reflective equipment might mitigate the occurences. However, if the primary types of injuries are soft-tissue injuries such as torn（磨损的） ligaments and muscles, back injuries and the like, then a greater case could be made for training and experience as preventative measures.(例证驳论观点，软组织的磨损等伤并非是GEAR可以抵御）
怎么感觉没有结尾....TO SUM UP...
整体来看这篇文章并没有展的十分开，对逻辑错误的分析主要采用先指出错误，再举出反例推翻原论点，全文只举出了两个错误逻辑进行了讨论，最后没有总结，给人一种虎头蛇尾的不爽。文章的语言、主旨、层次感很好，有很多模板化的句子可以学习，恩，先到这里。。

bzr2915UID：2612029

小结：
对ARGUMENT6分的理解


1.clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them insightfully.(对逻辑错误的把握，深刻的认识）
2.develops ideas cogently,organizes then logically,and connects them with clear tansitions(对整体结构的把握，紧凑，强逻辑，逢转折必见犀利）
3.effectively supports the main points of the critique(对好例子的把握，说服力第一，宁缺毋滥）
4.demonstrates control of language,including diction and syntactic variety（对语言文字的把握，长短句结合，铿锵有力，蹂躏组合他人精华为我所用，大量、疯狂积累）
5.demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written english but may have minor flaws(狂背、狂吸收）

形成自己的模板不求多变，但求稳定发挥。积累他人模板，牛句，蹂躏、蹂躏、再蹂躏，必为我用。熟悉所有经典错误，争取0犹豫上稿...

bzr2915UID：2612029

ISSUE
  In this era of rapid social and technological  change  leading to increasing life complexity and
psychological displacement,  both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a
balance in which there are both specialists and generalists. (中性观点）
累死我了终于找到能用的机子了...

Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate
the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely
disseminated through mass global media. （点明专才的重要性，主题句）I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is onlyAs the head of Pharmacology（药理学） at my university once said (and I paraphrase):"I can only research what  because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to t lahedder, but together we can climb to the moon." （引用权威论证主题句）This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us. （再次点明专才的作用）

Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea （沉入藻海？）of information overload. While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas
that existed during their times, now, no one individual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the
knowledge in any given area. （没有专才，这个世界就会崩溃，论证：没有人能消化的了现存的大量知识）

On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow focii（foci）in which people can lose the larger picture（只见树木不见森林）.No one can the huhope to understand man body by only inspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails, we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists. Simply throwing out various discovieries means we have a pile of useless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture.
（点出专才的局限性，引出通才的必要性）
Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of
knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universall（universal） issues.（进一步指出过度专才化的害处） Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment. （通才有更宽广的视野来发现问题）With specialization, each person focusses on their research and their goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies are driven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existence in which true advancement may mean stifling（扼杀） individual specialists for the greater good of all.

  Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological
compartmentalization. People are forced into pigeon holes（鸽子洞。。） early in life (at least by university) and must conciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuli and information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe. Not only does this make for narrowly focussed and generally pooprly-educated individuals, but it guarantees  a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.

Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recongnizes the impotance of braod-mindedness and fora for sharing generalities, individuals become
isolated.（反证通才的重要性） Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know what the stakes are.（中性观点）

bzr2915UID：2612029

额 5分的 今天看的眼都花了 明天去买眼药水


Specialists are not overrated today. More generalists may be needed, but not to overshadow the specialists.（中性观点，TS)Generalists can provide a great deal of information on many topics of interest with a broad range of ideas.People who look at the overall view of things can help with some of the large problems our society faces today. But specialists are necessary to gain a better understanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixing things.（分别讨论了通才和专才的重要性，支撑ts，语言较6分文章略显粗糙）

One good example of why specialists are not overrated is in the medical field.（TS专才的不必要性) Doctors are necessary for people to live healthy lives. When a person is sick, he may go to a general practitioner to find out the cause of his problems. Usually, this kind of "generalized" doctor can help most ailments with simple and effective treatments. Sometimes, though, a sickness may go beyond a family doctor's knowledge or the prescribed treatments don't work the way they should. When a sickness progresses or becomes diagnosed as a disease that requires more care than a family doctor can provide, he may be referred to a specialist. For instance, a person with constant breathing problems that require hospitalization may be suggested to visit an asthma specialist. Since a family doctor has a great deal of knowledge of medicine, he can decide when his methods are not effective and the patient needs to see someone who knows more about the specific problem; someone who knows how it begins, progresses, and specified treatments. This is an excellent example of how a generalied person may not be equipped enough to handle something as well as a specialized one can.(冗长的例子支撑TS，这个例子怎么感觉有点恶心...)

Another example of a specialist who is needed instead of a generalist involves teaching.(TS 专才的必要性） In grammar school, children learn all the basic principles of reading, writing, and arithematic. But as children get older and progress in school, they gain a better understanding of the language and mathematical processes. As the years in school increase, they need to learn more and more specifics and details about various subjects.
They start out by learning basic math concepts such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication.
A few years later, they are ready to begin algebraic concepts, geometry, and calculus. They are also ready
to learn more advanced vocabulary, the principles of how all life is composed and how it functions. One
teacher or professor can not provide as much in depth discussion on all of these topics as well as one who
has learned the specifics and studied mainly to know everything that is currently known about one of these
subjects. Generalized teachers are required to begin molding students at a very early age so they can get
ready for the future ahead of them in gaining more facts about the basic subjects and finding out new facts
on the old ones.（又一个冗长的例子....)
These are only two examples of why specialists are not highly overrated and more generalists are not
necessary to the point of overshadowing them. Generalists are needed to give the public a broad
understanding of some things. But , specialists are important to help maintain the status, health, and safety
of our society. Specialists are very necessary.（中性观点 压题）

bzr2915UID：2612029

第二次作业
刚写的A51，有点底气不足.....
哪位童鞋有兴趣就拍死我吧，求你了...

TOPIC: ARGUMENT51 - The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."

提纲：1、服用抗生素并不能排除二次感染（因果关系错误）
      2、两组病人身体情况可能不一样（调查类错误）
      3、两组医生不同，对待患者的情况可能不一样（调查类错误）
字数 445   时间  1个半小时
借鉴了一些模板化的句子 感觉写的有点单薄..


In this argument the author concludes that secondary infection keep patients from healing quickly after sever muscle strain. Furthermore zhe author offered an study to substiate the conclusion. At the first glance,this argument seems to be convincing but with further reflection the evidences neither constituting a logical statement in support for the conclusion nor providing compelling support making the argument sounded and invulnerable.

The threshold of the problem is that the author assumes that antibiotics could keep the patients from the secondary infections.As all we know antibiotics have a sounded effection to kill the virlus,however,it can't keep the patient from the secondary infections in 100 percents.If so ,hundrends of patient who were killed by the bird flu and H1N1 would be saved their lives by taking the antibiotics.Thus it is not safe to conclude that the first group of patients resume quickly artibuted to away from the secondary infection .It's most likely that the antibiotics has the function to accelerat healing process.Until the author provided further evidence to exclude this factor,it is unfouded to reach the conclusion involved in the argument.

The second flaw which weaken the logic of the argument is that the author assume that  two groups of patients are in the same condition.Nevertheless,there is no guarantee that it is a necessarily case and it quite possible that the first group of patients are more stronger than the second group.They heal more quickly than the common even though they don't  take antibiotics.An appreciate example is not too far to seek,the troops often have to suffer more painfull musclediseases than the common ,but they resume quickly than the normal people ,because they have been trained to get a high quality boby.In short without better evidences to exclude this and other alternative explantation,it is reasonable to cast considerable doubts on the assumption.

The last but not the least important,even if the author could substiate all the forgoing assumption,his assumption that the two doctors executed the same work except giving the different medichine is unwrranted.As all we know the doctor who specilizes in the sport has more experience to deal with the muscle strain .It's much more possible that the first groups' doctor gived more professional heal to them and the other were just treat as common.If the two groups' doctor is not the same one ,we reasonable to think that the two groups got different treatment,which contribute the different result of the study.

To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the study cited in the analysis does not lent strong support to what the argument maintains.Therefore,if the author had considered the given factors discuss above,the argument would more through and logically acceptable.
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1054642&pid=1773549148&page=1&extra=page%3D1

bzr2915UID：2612029

A总结
错字连篇..
第一段攻击本想写抗生素排除不了二次感染，使对照丧失意义。结果写成了对抗生素治疗效果的讨论。。100 Percent 写的很不妥
模板套用的也太多了，最后一段完全模板化，不具体
层次感觉有点太过简单了，论述单薄，面浅
晚上重新写一下

bzr2915UID：2612029

ISSUE:130."How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." （教育类）
1.孩子的社会化对社会的命运确有重大关系
1.1人是社会类动物，对社会化的抵制会使孩子丧失竞争力和人性
   例证：狼娃的例子、鲁滨逊的例子
1.2孩子是构成社会未来的重要元素，孩子对社会化的抵制会给整个社会带来厄运
   把上面的例子推广，无数个狼娃鲁滨逊组成的社会必然是漠然的毫无竞争力的   社会
1.3小结 强调社会化对孩子和社会未来的重要性
2.现有体制对教育孩子成为对社会有用之人做的不错（反对原观点）
2.1从历史来看社会是向前发展的，无疑孩子是推动这发展的巨大动力
2.2教育（社会 学校 家庭）对孩子的作用是不可磨灭的
   例证：美国注重教育孩子的表现力\日本培养孩子们的创新能力
2.3推出历史上对孩子的教育是适当的、并对社会有益，同时对(NOT YET)这一说法进行批驳。
3.过度的社会化或者不适当的教育确会对孩子及社会带来不利影响。
4.适当的教育以及合理的约束或促进孩子的社会化，是必须的。
483字 2小时
As we can see from the speaker's assertion that there are two main points in the line.At first,how to socialize children is important to our future society.The second,we have not yet learned how to educate our children to be an useful person for the society.I am agreeable to accept the first claim,however,the second is not so comfortable.

Obviously,how to socialized children determines the destiny of our future society.After all,human beings are the group living and highly socialized animal.Without the socialization the children will be far away from the humanity and losing all the competence to struggle in the world definitely.An appreciate example is not so hard to seek.It is known for the world that some children who were brought up by the wolves in some jungle country.After many years,the children were saved by the native inhabitant,however,the wolf children will never speak or contact the people because they afraid people and couldn't melt to the local society.They lived alone until leaving the world.Another example is the Robinson Crusoe the famous literature figure created by Defoe.Robinson was marooned in an solitary island which far from the place where people live.After many years he was got away from the island by some sailors,however,the society seemed to cast him or he cast the society living away,living lonely.He lost almost all the skills to live in the society and died for the solitude.What's more ,unimaginable consequence would be brought up if the children boycott the socialization.Just like we can't imagine that there is a world that full of thousands of wolf children or Robinsons would be like.

The second point of the assertion claims that we have not yet known how to educate our children to be useful for the society.It seems not true at all.Just inspect the human history you will find that the society is developing as the time goes.I assume that the speaker's assertion is correct,the 'we' should stand for families schools and the society, by this condition we could easy conclude that the children educated by themselves and they push the world's development by themselves.In this analyse the point is collapsed by itself.By contrast,not only we know how to educate children but also we could do it better.An example is that the American educate their children to be more positive and more completely express themselves,which brings up hundreds of excellent statesmen.And the Japanese teach their children creative spirit,which brings up the soar development of the country.In short the speaker's second claim is biased,as I see it.

While there are many counterexamples to support that the excessive socialization and incorrect education are harmful to children and the future of society,but we sill can't deny the importance of socialization and the achievement of our education.

In sum when it comes to whether a child grows up to contribute to a better society,the modest socialization is necessary.And I fundamentally disagree with the second assertion of the speaker.
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1055168-1-1.html

bzr2915UID：2612029

第三次作业

53 Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor（气味） or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived（怀孕） in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin（褪黑激素）—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.

提纲：
即便STUDY正确结论也不对
1.1before birth 指代时间不明，STUDY中为怀孕期，此处可能是怀孕之前
1.2同理 later life 是什么概念 （中年老年？）STUDY 中只能证明到TEENAGERS
STUDY中的漏洞
2.1实验样本有问题只找了奇怪的气味和声音下有反应的（可能在这种情况下都有反应）
2.2秋天有诸多因素产生不一定只是MELATONIN
2.3STUDY有断电N年之间可能发生了很多事情
STUDY的不确切同样推不出结论


In this argument the author concludes that increased levels of melatonin before birth is the main reason leads to the shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life by an imperfect study.This conclusion seems to be convincing ,at first sight,but further reflection reveals that the study neither constituting a logical statement in support nor proving a compelling evidence to make the argument sound and invulnerable.

Even though I concede that the study is strict and scientific ,the conclusion will also be troubled in two respects.First,the notion that before birth is vague and confusing.It is most likely that the time is before mothers conceive,which obviously change the notion in the study.Second,the conclusion unnecessarily extant the time that up to the teenager which proved by the study to a vague notion that a later life.It is not too much we understand the time is relating to a middle age.In short if the author can't exclude all these and other explanation,it is unfounded to reach the conclusion involved in the argument.

Furthermore,the study's process is not scientific which weakens the conclusion in the following respects. At first,the group of 25 infants is can't be the effective example for the study. It is most likely that the odor and the unusual voice are impacting on all the infants to make them distress.Because the study lack a contrast group ,it is reasonable to bring up such assumption.The second flaw that weaken the study is that the author assumes that the melatonin is the only factor that stimulated by autumn.Nevertheless,there is no guarantee that it is a necessarily case and it is possible that other hormone causes the fact.The third,even though the author could substantiate all the foregoing assumptions,his assumption that the shyness will continue to the teenager is unwarranted.While the study make a research to show that many of them are shyness when they are teenager, yet during these years lots of incidence may happen which is the real reason to stimulated these children to be shyness.In conclusion,under any scenario,adopting the study's proposal  might harm rather than benefit.

TO sum up,the conclusion lack credibility because the study cited by the argument does not lent a strong support to the analyse.Thus , if the author does not consider the factors that discussed above such like a precisely describe to the conclusion and the correctness of the study ,it is reasonable to cast considerable doubts on this argument.

bzr2915UID：2612029

写点阶段总结吧
A、现在对各类错误有了一定的理解，但逻辑攻击，逻辑层次的把握还是有一些偏差
   语言部分在逐渐摆脱通用模板，开始基本80%都是
   文字拼写真是烂到了极点，通篇错字，一复制到WORD就没法睁眼了 ╮(╯▽╰)╭
I、在探索逻辑，结构中，这两天在背范文，很多人反对模仿北美范文，其实我觉得倒也不妨学习一下他们的语言结构，虽然他们的例子我们使用不了了，但其中的一些精辟分析真的很让我折服。青出于蓝而胜于蓝，消化吸收绝不是简单的模仿，每天两篇，下个周重点放在素材收集和范文背诵了。


明天小组大总结一下，感觉这个星期的问题很多~~ 今晚通宵奋斗~~~

tunicateUID：2722773

提纲：
即便STUDY正确结论也不对
1.1before birth 指代时间不明，STUDY中为怀孕期，此处可能是怀孕之前
1.2同理 later life 是什么概念 （中年老年？）STUDY 中只能证明到TEENAGERS
STUDY中的漏洞
2.1实验样本有问题只找了奇怪的气味和声音下有反应的（可能在这种情况下都有反应）
2.2秋天有诸多因素产生不一定只是MELATONIN
2.3STUDY有断电N年之间可能发生了很多事情
STUDY的不确切同样推不出结论


In this argument the author concludes that increased levels of melatonin before birth is the main reason leads to the shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life by an imperfect study.This conclusion seems to be convincing ,at first sight,but further reflection reveals that the study neither constituting a logical statement in support nor proving a compelling evidence to make the argument sound and invulnerable.

Even though I concede that the study is strict and scientific ,the conclusion will also be troubled in two respects. (concededly, the study…比较好，一般客观句>主观句 ) First, the notion that before birth is vague and confusing. It is most likely that the time is before mothers conceive,which obviously change the notion in the study. Second, the conclusion unnecessarily extant the time that up to the teenager which proved by the study to a vague notion that a later life.It is not too much we understand the time is relating to a middle age. In short if the author can't exclude all these and other explanation, it is unfounded to reach the conclusion involved in the argument.

Furthermore,the study's process is not scientific which weakens the conclusion in the following respects. At first, the group of 25 infants is can't be the effective example for the study. It is most likely that the odor and the unusual voice are impacting on all the infants to make them distress.Because the study lack a contrast group ,it is reasonable to bring up such assumption.The second flaw that weaken the study is that the author assumes that the melatonin is the only factor that stimulated by autumn.Nevertheless,there is no guarantee that it is a necessarily case and it is possible that other hormone causes the fact. The third, even though the author could substantiate all the foregoing assumptions,his assumption that the shyness will continue to the teenager is unwarranted.While the study make a research to show that many of them are shyness when they are teenager, yet during these years lots of incidence may happen which is the real reason to stimulated these children to be shyness.In conclusion,under any scenario,adopting the study's proposal  might harm rather than benefit.

TO sum up,the conclusion lack credibility because the study cited by the argument does not lent a strong support to the analyse. Thus, if the author does not consider the factors that discussed above such like a precisely describe (总之名词动词之类还是要留意下滴~) to the conclusion and the correctness of the study ,it is reasonable to cast considerable doubts on this argument.

比第一篇文看得顺多了，可能是攻击要点更准确了，错字也纠过了的原因：>
结构很标准，但有个问题和上次差不多，结尾的模板化太明显了，如果改成To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the study cited above that concerns a group of 25 infants doesn’t lend a strong support to the analysis, for the mayor fails to certify the relation between infants’ sensibility to stimulation as well as unify the ambience in which they were brought up. The author also neglects other factors such as….. 后面保留就是了~重申原文还是必要的~

笔误是最最次要的问题，米有关系啦~

12# bzr2915

bzr2915UID：2612029

第四次作业
28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的学生是学不到多少东西的

提纲：
1、
原观点过于极端两方面
1.1并非所有学习都必须掌握来龙去脉才能开始----这种学习在某些情况下是低效的、乏力的
1.1.1让步 诚然对某些知识的领悟通过全面的学习有助于理解和记忆—一些经典的几何定理的演绎推导
1.1.2
转折 但是当摆脱较少FACTS组成的知识点时，全面的掌握每个FACT的来龙去脉是低效率的——大多数的工程问题，对基本定理只了解其结论 直接应用
1.1.3
这种学习在某些情况下是乏力的、甚至很难展开--儿童教育 往往只是简单地教给他们FACTs，如果要给他们展开就需要借用他们无法理解的FACTs来解释，只会使他们更加混乱—1+1=2 哲学问题 至今无法解释？
1.2只学习FACTs本身的学生可能学习不到多少东西—这种学习方式也是极端的
1.2.1
只学习facts缺乏对facts之间的联系性的了解，很难达到大师的高度—真正的大师大多是博学的 很多数学家同时是哲学家 亚里士多德等
2、重申对俩种极端情况观点的部分支持反对，并基于上述论证提出一种可能的中立的观点也许是必要的和有效的
WORDS: 521
TIME: 01:09:28
DATE: 2010-1-31 13:20:38

The speaker argues that students should learn the relating knowledge before memorized a fact , on the other hand the students will learn little.While I strongly agree with the last statement which relating to the point that students who have learned only facts learned little , however, I do not agree with the first statement which might be troubled in the following respects.

Although learning the relating knowledge before memorize a fact is helpful for our understanding and
memorization, nevertheless, it might be cause an low-effective study style or a hardly carry out study way in most cases. First, it is troubled in the effective problem. Consider, for example, an electronic worker who product a chip in the factory assert a certain part just following as the circuit-diagram which designed by some engineers.In this case there is no necessary for him to know the principle of the chip or the function of the certain part what needed him to do is just make up these parts together. On the contrast , the factory educate any workers to know all the relating knowledge about the chip that might be costly for the company both in time and money , which leading to an low-effective product process. Second, it might be hardly carry outin some particular cases,such as the children's education. Consider, for example , a simple mathmathics' problem which is about the result of one plus one. The result is simply two but it can't be proved up to now. However, most of teachers will teach the children result is two and never tell them why because if they explain this problem will make the children confuse and it is hard for them to understand the relating knowledge. In short, memorizing facts only after learned the relating knowledge might be an ineffective studied method and sometimes it is hardly to carry out .I disagree with the speaker who unnecessary to embrace any study in this study way.

I strongly agree with the statement that students who have learned only facts have learned little, which might be an ineffective study method for most of people. It might lead to a lack of knowing the correlation of some certain facts which limit us to reach a higher level to achieve the apex of study. Consider , for example, Aristotle（亚里士多德） , a distinguish mathematician, philosopher as well as an excellent scientist,found out the relationship of different academic field to bring out amazing miracle to the world. The same to some other academic masters such like Einstein , Descartes（笛卡尔）.

To sum up I agree with the speakers' statement that just learned the facts is not an effective study way, while I disagree with the statement that before learning a fact we must know about the relating knowledge. In the final analyse which depends on the above discussion, a study way that to the necessary facts we should know the ideas , trend , and concepts before we memorize it , however to some other professional issue there is no need for us to memorize the relating knowledge instead of learning the facts might be more effective and accessible.

bzr2915UID：2612029

TOPIC: ARGUMENT45 - The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."
WORDS: 337        TIME: 00:30:00          DATE: 2010-2-9 12:37:28

The argument is not cogent in several facets. First, the hunter's reports can not reveal the real situation about the population of arctic deer. In addition, global warming trends could not indicate the local temperature. The argument also fails to consider other possible factors that could lead to population decrease in group of Arctic deer. I will discuss all the logical flaws as follows.

To begin with, the hunters' reports might not be convincing in some special conditions which would deceive hunters' eyes. For example, arctic deer might move unusually in the report year, animals might have some distinctive actions in emergent situation such as earthquake, which resulted in a false judgement to even the most experience hunters. Another explanation is that the hunters don't have a systematic training in how to make a scientific survey, their conclusion could not be convincing.

The second flaw that weakens the logic of this argument is that the author's assumption that the area where arctic deer live will be involved in global warming is unwarranted. The general situation might not be suitable to the local mar, it is likely that the local temperature is as normal as the usual. The coincide global warming can not be true to this region.

Finally, even if the author can substantiate all of the forgoing assumptions, his assumption that the decreasing population is the merely result from the local temperature is unwarranted. There might be other factors such like, over-hunting,epidemic disease,which could lead to a lower population among Arctic deer groups. Therefore, it lacks credibility to get a conclusion that the deer's population decrease is due to a warmer temperature before ruling out all these other affected factors.

To sum up, the argument, while it seems logical at first, has several flaws as discussed. The argument could be improved by providing a convincing survey about the population of Attic deer and making a credit study about the local temperature. It could be further strengthen by ruling out other factors which could influent the conclusion.