1006G[redemption]备考贴 by (BZR2915/小鸟--小鸟)--即使化成灰也要拼搏到底！

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第一天
A35
35The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.

"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."


There are some obvious flaws, which weaken the logic of the argument, such as the arguer neglect or forget to mention the function of salicylates, the effect of other factors, the process of 20 years study, as well as the use method and the sub-effect of this special chemical. I will point out all these logical flaws and discuss why as follows.

While salicylates are members of chemical family as aspirin, there is no evidence or a further explanation to substantiate its medical function as the same as aspirin. It is quite possible that the steady headache decline due to other effective factors, which has no relative with salicylates, such as the improvement of medical technology, more healthy life-style, a better living environment and a more comfortable job than 20 years ago. In this argument we should also pay attention to the particular area,
Mentia, whose citizen might be suit for all the foregoing conditions under a higher living quality and govenment's powerful policy to improve the environment. In this case, whether salicylates have the function or contribute to decline headache is open to doubt. Thus, regardless of all these alternative explanations and the real function of salicylates, it is too hasty to reach the conclusion that salicylates which used as preservatives result in a steady decline headache.

In addition, the information about the 20 years study is too vague to convince the readers, which lacks of details about the research area, related people and the number of samples. Whether some major groups participated in the study, such as the citizen of Mentia, and whether the sample pool is large enough to draw a general conclusion are not mentioned at all. Also, who conduct the survey is not mentioned, if the study was made by the food-processing companies, which would fail to strengthen its reliability. Therefore, without a more specific statement about the study which as the main evidence of the argument to make a better support, it is not reasonable to draw the conclusion of salicylats' work.

The argument also fails to consider about the sub-effect of salicylates, it is likely that this chemical is harmful to human beings by a slight way, the fatal effect might be appear after several years. What's more, is it the more the better about the use of salicylates? What about an over-use of it? Without a further study related about the use method of salicylates, the author claim that use salicylates as flavor additives is far from responsibility, and s/he also can not draw a general conclusion about the steady decline headache would be continue by a more comprehensive use of salicylates.

To sum up, the argument, while it seems logical at first glance, has some flaws as discussed. It would be improved by providing a specific statement about the function and the use method of salicylates. And it could also be more accessible by showing the details of the 20 years study which could excludes all the other exploitations of the conclusion.  

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I43
字数547 未限时
提纲： 观点 成为一个杰出的领袖不需要恪守最高标准的道德伦理准则
       分论点1 道德准范对领袖起到一定的积极作用但不是必要条件
       分论点2 与道德相比，一个领袖的其他品质更值得我们关注
       分论点3 过分强调高规格的道德基调反而会阻碍领袖的发展


It is just an illusion or a sound expectation to the public that all the effective leaders should maintain the highest moral and ethical standards. In my view, if a public official want to become an effective leader, s/he should keep an relative higher moral standards rather than the highest that should maintain by moralists and educators.

Admittedly, excellent ethical and moral qualities are important to an effective leader. The chief function of morality is to direct and regulate the relationship between persons and persons, persons and groups, which is similar to the leader's responsibility that to maintain a good relationship between his subordinates and direct them to maximize the interest of his nation, district or company. Keeping good ethical and moral standards is benefit for the leaders to make correct decision, but there is not exist a casual relationship between morality and leadership or an extreme moral require for one who want to be effective leader.

A perfect ethical and moral manner, to some extent, is important to the public leader, which could help them to achieve a wonderful performance to the masses, and help them to maintain their position as a leader. However, the importance of ethical and moral standards has been less emphasized, compared with the leader's capability, ambition, interrelationship with subordinates, under the highly developed and transparent media. An appropriate example is not too far to seek. Silvio Berlusconi, the current longest-severing prime minister of Italy, as well as the leader of the people of political freedom movement party, is an successful public leader, however, he suffered from accusations of extramarital affairs, bribing his private tax consultant, holding naked party and secretly protecting gangster during the administration, which constitute a vivid contrast between an effective leader and a lower level of ethical and moral standards. And in some other cases, a sound ethical and moral manner is just a gimmick for the election or re-election, there is no politician wanting his ethical scandal or moral flaws is exhibited by the opponents.

Also, the strictest require, which related to the highest ethical and moral standards, is harmful to an effective leader let alone maintain it. An effective leader, no matter in what fields, need a relative free platform for them to cast their talent rather than limit them in the circle of the strict require of morality. Berlusconi, under a relative freedom of moral and ethical limit, promotes the prosperity and international status of Italy, there is also a similar situation as president Clinton, who contribute to the economy revive of America and be accused at a series of extramarital affairs. In addition, the highest ethical and moral standards state is also somewhat idealism which is nearly impossible to achieve. Just as the saying goes: no gold is pure and no man is perfect.

In the final analysis, comparing with maintain the highest standards of morality, it is more realistic to keep a relative higher standards which could also achieve the same effect. Furthermore it would be more effective for a public official, who wants to grow up as a leader, to improve their own aptitude related to be an outstanding leader, such as operational capability, interrelationship with various persons and groups and the charisma, rather than boast their higher standards of moral qualities.

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第二天 A18 （限时失败）
TOPIC: ARGUMENT18 - The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.

"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."
WORDS: 544          TIME: 00:30:00          DATE: 2010-2-19 20:56:10

The argument contains several fatal flaws, which weaken the logic of the statement, such as the author fail to articulate whether PC's safety effort has failed, why BC's successful experience could transplant to PC, as well as what are the real reason lead to a lower accident rate of BC. I will point out all these logical flaws and discuss why as follows.

While most drivers are exceeding 55mph and the car accidents slow down slightly, without a further study about the executive time and other roads accident case, it is too hasty to draw the conclusion that the safety effort has failed. For a country, not too small, carries out a new policy need a certain time, in this case, the author does not mention any information about how long the new speed limit has operated. It is likely that the new policy just execute one month or less, which is short enough not to be carried out effectively. Furthermore, the accident rate is too vague to accuse the new speed limit. In the argument, there is no detail information about how and where the accident occurred, it is quit possible that mainly accident occur in some other sub-road not the major road, or the main reason lead to car accidents is caused by over-alcohol during a special festival which is happened to be held in the specific period. Without more information and a further study about how long the project has been carried out, as well as when and where the accident occurred, the author can not draw the conclusion.

In addition, even though we accept that speed limit is not a successful safety policy, there is no sufficient reasons to copy Butler County's( BC) experience to Prunty County(PC). Unless, BC and PC has enough similarities of the various variables to the car accident and the road conditions, which is not mentioned by the author at all, we can deduct that BC's experience has a positive effect to PC. In fact, it is quite possible that PC situation is very different from BC, for example, most of PC's roads are built among the mountains, whose cost are much higher than other cases, and BC's on the plain, in this case, adopting BC's measures to PC would run out an significant part of the whole country's income meanwhile speed limit is the best choice.

Even though the author could substantiate BC's situation is extremely similar to PC, the argument also fails to consider other factors which could influent the accident rate of BC, such as the drivers' personal qualities and a higher punishment. Also five years could change lot of things,
whether the lane widths and resurfacing roads' effect is still working is opened to doubt. If the author can not make a further study about the real reason BC's lower accident rate, the conclusion involved in the argument can not convince the readers.

To sum up, the argument, while it seems logical at first glance, has some flaws as discussed. It
would be improved by providing a specific statement about the process of safety effort. It could also be more acceptable by providing a convince evidence to prove and point out that BC and PC are comparable and BC's fundamental successful experience.