1006G[redemption]备考贴 by fayafay

lcv8006UID: 2452096

ISSUE 11
The speaker assumes that all nations should support to develop a globalized university. It is quite acceptable that a university being connection with other universities will be very beneficial to both its country and its students. However, the aim of building such universities is to engage students in solving the world's most complicated social problems may remain some defects.（开篇提出论点）

First and foremost, to establish an international university of a nation means build up bridges among nations all over the world. It will greatly stimulate the nation's economic development and the tourism as well. Reflect back to the Han Dynasty, under the leadership of Zhang Qian, the silk-road appeared. Many western merchants came to China to begin their business, especially for the silk trading, it was the most prosperous. Countless people had set foot on the silk-road, not excepting Marco Polo. He came to China and when he returned back to Italy, he told his stories to his friends. Those unbelievable miseries and wonders he had seen attracted a great amount of Europeans pour into China in order to feed their curiosities. In addition, the birth of The Travels of Marco Polo was emerged as the time required. （论证好像和大学没有关系:L ）

In addition, a multi-culture learning environment is very advantageous for students not only on enriching their horizon, but also on the accumulation of life experience. Many colleges have several exchanging items with schools abroad each semester, which provide students of some courses from other colleges. It is an increasing trend that students are eager to apply for those items to studying abroad. Rome was not built in a day. People's thirst for knowledge is everlasting. Many poets wrote down their poems because they could not help loving the sceneries that was far away from their hometown which they had been used to for decades. William Wordsworth composed "Tintern Abbey" on his way home. This poem had been passed on from generation to generation.（后面提到的诗人的例子有一点牵强）

From all the examples above, it is necessary for nation to support of a global university. Meanwhile, the purpose of the support is not involving the students into social problems as the speaker considered. Since the problems are the most persistent, even the politicians have not solved it yet, what can a college student do to deal with them? In fact, they are too young to engage themselves into those issues. They lacking in life and working experiences to tackle with those complicated problems when they are confronted with them.（没有谓语） They may be not able to have a comprehensive view on the issues. The age limitation of candidates who want to join the U.S. presidential election is the most persuasive proof. People under the age of 35 are not qualified to apply for the election. The reason is obvious. Experience is always proportionate to age, and age is always proportionate to the sense of being trust. （这一段论证的相当漂亮）

In sum, a nation should help to back up the establishment of global university, but not aim to expecting the students to solve the most persistent social problems. What the students can do to help is to absorb both the oriental and occidental culture. If possible, try to involve themselves into those less complicated social issues.

整篇文章立论和结论都很好，主要是注意论证过程中，论据，论点和论证的一致性。

fayafayUID: 2743416

Topic136: "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
没有选择的情况少之又少
字数：527
提纲：
— 很多情况下都需要选择
1.        人总是要面对选择（普通生活；Hamlet，to be or not to be）
2.        在特定情况下，选择是必须的，是事件能够得以继续发展进行的基础，也是人们使用权利的机会（总统选举，代表选举，投票选择一项法规是否能够通过）
— 虽然没有选择的情况少之又少，但是还是存在的
1. 自然法则，自然规律（人有生老病死，月有阴晴圆缺；达尔文进化论-物种起源< On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life>, 适者生存）

The speaker assumes that people are confronting with the dilemma of making choices in most of the times, and it is very rare to meet a situation without choice. I agree with the assertion totally, because the circumstances which are full of choices exactly exist during our daily lives, whereas in some other occasions we have no choices.

First and foremost, we have to make up our minds and decide which one to choose in many situations. While in daily lives, choices can be seen in everywhere. For instance, when a housewife went to supermarket to buy materials for supper, she was confronted with a great amount of choices.  There was a wide range of food in the market, from vegetables to meat diet, from main ingredients to fixings. Thus, she had to make choices on which to buy. During her cooking, she was troubled by the choices of the matches of the materials. In the preparation of a meal, the choices are always there and they seem to be endless. Not to mention the choices in the other fields. The most typical dilemma appeared in literature must be “to be or not to be, that's a question”. This is a famous sentence said by Hamlet, when he cannot make a choice whether to revenge or misgiving. Both his pains and struggles are come from the choice. It is a great suffering for people to make decisions, especially when the decisions are difficult.

Besides, in many other occasions, making a choice and expressing one's own opinion is necessary, or even the basic requirements for an event to be continued, and sometimes, it is a kind of activity that allow people to use their rights. For example, the presidential election, the delegates’ selection and the vote for a bill, to name just a few, all those mentioned events’ development require the choices of all people present. Each person plays a crucial role in the final result. Therefore, making choices is not always symbolizes troubles and pains, but a chance for people to utilize their legal rights.

Meanwhile, we have no choices to make in some other occasions. It is the nature that arranged all the rules. Every human being has to go through a circle, which has existed for thousands of centuries, from birth to age, illness and death. Just like the moon is subjected to the changes of being full and crescent, cloudy and clear. Another compelling example is the evolution theory that was founded by Charles Darwin. He said in the book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” that only the fittest would survive. Being a member in the biosphere, it is unavoidable to become a part of the food chain, and there is no choice being left at all.

In conclusion, it seems that life is full of choices while from the natural view, we have no choices. It is the order of nature, which cannot be changed by our own choices. But we can choose to obey and follow it and try to be the fittest in order to survive.

SasakiKojiroUID: 2678315

Topic136: "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare." 没有选择的情况少之又少 字数：527 提纲： — 很多情况下都需要选择 1.        人总是要面对选择（普通生活；Hamlet，to be or not to be） 2.        在特定情况下，选择是必须的，是事件能够得以继续发展进行的基础，也是人们使用权利的机会（总统选举，代表选举，投票选择一项法规是否能够通过） — 虽然没有选择的情况少之又少，但是还是存在的 1. 自然法则，自然规律（人有生老病死，月有阴晴圆缺；达尔文进化论-物种起源< On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life>, 适者生存） The speaker assumes that people are confronting with the dilemma of making choices in most of the times, and it is very rare to meet a situation without choice. I agree with the assertion totally, because the circumstances which are full of choices exactly exist during our daily lives, whereas in some other occasions we have no choices. First and foremost, we have to make up our minds and decide which one to choose in many situations. While in daily lives, choices can be seen in everywhere. For instance, when a housewife went to supermarket to buy materials for supper, she was confronted with a great amount of choices.  There was a wide range of food in the market, from vegetables to meat diet, from main ingredients to fixings. （说的很精彩）Thus, she had to make choices on which to buy. During her cooking, she was troubled by the choices of the matches of the materials. In the preparation of a meal, the choices are always there and they seem to be endless. Not to mention the choices in the other fields. The most typical dilemma appeared in literature must be “to be or not to be, that's a question”. This is a famous sentence said by Hamlet, when he cannot make a choice whether to revenge or misgiving(LZ确定是这个词吗？). Both his pains and struggles are come from the choice. It is a great suffering for people to make decisions, especially when the decisions are difficult. 第一个例子很好，但是感觉hemlet这个有点偏了，你开头写的是we have to ... and decide which one to choose ... 而在hemlet的例子后，表达的却是人们虽然有选择但难进行选择 Besides, in many other occasions, making a choice and expressing one's own opinion is necessary, or even the basic requirements for an event to be continued, and sometimes, it is a kind of activity that allow people to use their rights. For example, the presidential election, the delegates’ selection and the vote for a bill, to name just a few, all those mentioned events’ development require the choices of all people present. Each person plays a crucial role in the final result. Therefore, making choices is not always symbolizes troubles and pains, but a chance for people to utilize their legal rights. Meanwhile, we have no choices to make in some other occasions. It is the nature that arranged all the rules. Every human being has to go through a circle, which has existed for thousands of centuries, from birth to age, illness and death. Just like the moon is subjected to the changes of being full and crescent, cloudy and clear. Another compelling example is the evolution theory that was founded by Charles Darwin. He said in the book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” that only the fittest would survive. Being a member in the biosphere, it is unavoidable to become a part of the food chain, and there is no choice being left at all. In conclusion, it seems that life is full of choices while from the natural view, we have no choices. It is the order of nature, which cannot be changed by our own choices. But we can choose to obey and follow it and try to be the fittest in order to survive. 论证的很清楚 语言也比较到位 看来我还是以学习为主好了 O(∩_∩)O

fayafayUID: 2743416

第七次作业
issue部分~
TOPIC: ISSUE70
"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
在任何领域中——商业、政治、教育、政府——掌权者应该在五年之后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力。

提纲：
—        领导者连任好
1.        政治：在某些情况下，领导者必须连任，而且，事实证明他们的连任是正确的，最终取得了成功（总统的连任：罗斯福，4届，打破华盛顿先例，新政推行成功，出色的经济措施，世界战争频繁，为保证美国对外政策的一致性。）
2.        商业：是公司股东利益的最高代表，理论上讲是公司管理层所有权力的来源。领导者的连任有利于消除与员工的磨合，并形成一个完善的管理体系，有利于建立公司的精神和凝聚力
3.        教育：是好的精神的延续（孔子，儒教的发展）

— 更换掌权者也好,但是不一定要以五年为期
1.        给领导者约束，有时也是形势所逼。（防止独裁，贪污等的发生；尼克松：水门事件）
2.        新的思想，新的创意，不同见解，给有才的人提供了一个发展的机会。（广告公司，讲的就是创意）

The speaker assumes that leaders of any profession should step down after five years which will be helpful to paving the way for whatever enterprises. I support the point that sometimes, new ideas are needed, while in some other situations, the leader should not be changed.

To begin with, the merits of continuing a leadership is required by the society, or in other words, by the current situation of that time. In politics, Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the United States, which had broken the precedent made by President Washington. His talent in economy and the successful carrying out of the new policy had saved the U.S. from the Great Depression. What's more, the continuity of his presidential term was required by the situation. Frequent wars took place at that time, and in order to keep the consistency of the policy, it was a wise choice to select President Roosevelt to continue his presidential term, and, of course, it was in favor of the general public.

Besides, from a business view, an enterprises' leader cannot be changed easily for the chair was the representative of the greatest interests, and he or she was the resource of all power of the enterprise. Also, if leaders run the company consistently, it would be easier for them to form a complete management system which would be beneficial for the company to operate smoothly and properly.

In additional, the leader cannot be changed when the leader himself was a symbol of a kind of spirit or even belief. Just like Confucius, he was an outstanding educator, and Confucianism was founded by him, he needed time to complete it and also, to develop it.

Admittedly，leaders cannot be changed in some fields. However, in spite of the time limitation of five years, in some occasions, people in power should step down, especially in the profession of government. On one hand, the change of the leader prevents those bribery takers or dictators from being long time government officials. On the other hand, it works as punishments to those leaders who misused their power. For example, President Nixon's resignation after the Water Gate Scandal was the most compelling. After the scandal being disclosed, he was criticized by the public and took the blame to himself and resigned. The change of the president was unavoidable.

Additionally, the stepping down of the leader provided an opportunity for those gifted people to present their talents, and enables them to have a better development of themselves. Just take advertisement companies for example, the ability of creation and innovation was both the most basic and important. If the leader kept to be the same person, it was very likely that the produced ads were in the same style. Thus, in some fields, the change of the leaders might equal to the change of ideas and styles, and moreover, a chance for refresh, which would be the turning point of the revitalization of the enterprise.

In sum, whether the people in power should step down or not cannot be judged simply, because the answer would turn out to be totally different from different points of views.




TOPIC: ISSUE221 –"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
研究历史最大的好处就是打破了这种假象： 不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的

提纲：
—        研究历史有助于打破假象
1.        有的理论在被建立的当时不被宗教以及世人所接受，但是，通过多历史的研究，证明了那些理论（哥白尼Mikolaj Kopernik，伽利略Galileo Galilei，布鲁诺Giordano Bruno推翻地心说，支持日心说理论，）
—        但是研究历史最大的好处不一定是打破假象
1.        是传统文化的传承，是未来发展必须参照的基础。
2.        警示作用。可以让人们避免犯错或者是避免犯同样的错误。（避免大规模杀伤性武器的使用，如美国在二战期间向日本广岛Hiroshima和长崎Nagasaki上空投掷了原子弹，死伤无数。）
3.        借鉴作用。不同领域的人研究不同领域的相关历史（如：法官在判案时，可以借鉴过去相同的案例；将领在带兵打仗前，通过研究过去战斗中的好的战略，来规划部署战斗的具体策略）

The writer assumes that the study of history is beneficial because it will help a lot to break down the illusions which is the chief benefit of studying history. I agree that learning history does do some good to some facts, but whether it is the most significant advantage still remains suspectable.

First and foremost, the study of history makes theories which were not accepted by the church or the whole society be proofed to be true. For example, Mikolaj Kopernik, Galileo Galilei and Giordano Bruno, they all supported the heliocentric theory and negated to the geocentric theory. During that time, their opinions were not acceptable, and even stood for heresies. All of them had been suffered a lot from the society's misunderstanding. People's thoughts were greatly controlled by church instead of fact. But now, after learning history, we know that their theories are true and what they have concluded is the rule of nature, and in other word, the truth. It is the study of history that breaks down people's illusions of the theories which was not acceptable at that time, and helps people to see through the appearance to get the essence.

However, breaking of illusions is not the most beneficial point which history studying can bring, there are also some other merits. Learning history is a kind of way to pass on a nation's culture from generation to generation and the requirement which is essential to the nation’s future development. For individuals, only when you know the past, will you have a clear mind of yourself, and thus, can you make arrangements for the future. The same can be applied to the progress of a country. Only when its people know the country’s history well, can they work out a developing direction which is suitable for the country’s future.

Besides, to learn history can play a cautious role. It will prevent people from making mistakes, or at least, from making the same mistakes. In today's world, many countries are eager to strengthen their military power by developing Weapons of Mass Destruction, but few of them will be likely to use them, unless they have no choice. The reason is that history has showed their great destructive power. In the Second World War, America threw two atomic bombs to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, which had caused a considerable number of deaths, and it took the two areas a very long time to recover from it. What's more, people there are still have some incurable diseases caused, more or less, by the radiation of the explosion. Therefore, history will tell people a lesson which is to be careful to use Weapons of Mass Destruction, because the result will turn out to be immeasurable.

In additional, sometimes, study history is necessary required by some specific fields. For the judicial systems, it would be better for the judges to learn some similar cases which were judged previously before he or she made a judgment. Also, the generals should learn the strategies which had led one side to the victory in history and then, after his learning, he could make out a proper and skillful military tactic in the present wars.

In sum, studying history will not only breaks down the illusions of people, but also can be regarded as beneficial from some other aspects. It was the learning of history that enables people to live quite differently from people who live in other time, because they can absorb the merits and give up or turn the demerits into merits and then make good use of them.

fayafayUID: 2743416

argument
TOPIC: ARGUMENT137 -

提纲：
1.        就算曾经存在有关水质的投诉，但是，这也不一定是唯一导致M市市民很少利用附近的M河进行娱乐活动的原因。
2.        若市民认为该河水质有问题，仅凭一条“公告”是不会很快解决问题的。
3.        澄清河水计划的施行，并不一定会导致河流的娱乐用途增加。
4.        政府是否该拨款给M河沿岸公共土地的建设转移了话题。

The editor of the newspaper suggested that the Mason City council should increase its budget for the improvement of the publicly owned lands along the Mason River for the reason that the recreational use in that area is likely to increase. From the argument, the editor had displayed some reasons to support his assertion, while it still remains several logic defects which have made it become less convincing.

To begin with, even conceding that there have been some complaints about the quality of the water in the river, absent evidence has showed that it is the only cause which has led to the residents of Mason City seldom do some recreational activity along the Mason river. Perhaps, the areas around the river is under reconstruction, and it is not open to public recently, because of the local government has released some provisions to build some railings along the Mason River to protect those children who were playing near the river from drowning. Besides, other causes might brought the same phenomenon as well, the weather was not suitable for outdoor activities as it has been raining heavily for a whole week or it is too cold outside in winter for people to go out.

Secondly, if residents really regard the water in the river is not clear enough, only the announcement of a plan will not be sufficient enough. What people will concern about would be the confirmed information of when will the cleaning work get started and finished, or what kind of measure will be taken to clear the water. However, the editor failed to mention the above key questions in the argument.

Thirdly, whether the Mason City Council will provide money to the improvement of the areas nearby the river has nothing to do with the cleaning plan of the river, and inadequate evidence has proved that after the plan the recreational use of the bank areas will be increased. The reason why the Mason City Council plans to clear the water is from the environmental aspect rather than to increase the usage rates of the nearby areas of the river.

To conclude, although the editor have provided some evidence to explain why residents of the Mason City seldom go to Mason River to do some recreational activity, he failed to take some other facts into consideration, and thus, make the argument less convincing. I suggest that it would be better for the editor to give some more relative information about the plan or to conduct some more studies in detail before he comes to a conclusion.



TOPIC: ARGUMENT150 –
1.        鲑鱼的引入不是导致两栖动物数量减少的原因，并不一定是因为他不能解释全球范围的两栖动物的数量下降。
2.        导致全球两栖动物数量减少的原因不一定是全球空气污染和水污染
3.        调查结果显示两栖动物数量减少有可能是因为有部分公园内的动物没有被调查到
4.        两次研究时隔较长，无法保证在研究人员，调查方法，数据处理方面的统一性。

The writer of the letter drew the conclusion in the argument that the cause of the amphibians’ number became smaller globally was the water and air pollution according to the two studies which was conducted in 1915 and another one in 1992 instead of the introduction of trout. The argument seems to be logical, but it still remains several logic defects which have made it become less convincing.

First and foremost, the reason that the introduction of trout is not the real reason of amphibians' decline might be some other causes, not only because its failing to explain the worldwide decline as the writer denied.  As we all know, trout lived in water and, of course, they sought food in water. Not all kind of amphibians lay eggs in the water, such as snakes and tortoises, they have their eggs laid on land, and thus, trout are not able to eat their eggs. What’s more, the taut live in the sea, while some amphibians live in river. Even their living environment is different, how will the trout affect the number of amphibians?

Secondly, the writer claims that trout's introduction to the Yosemite National Park (YNP) is not the real reason that causes the number of amphibians' becoming smaller, but he assumes that the real cause was the pollution of water and air. He failed to take some other facts into account, such as the climate change, the natural disaster like flood and earthquake, to name just a few. All these reasons are possible reasons for the declining of the amphibians.

Thirdly, the declined number of amphibians in the study is not convincing enough to show that the total number of amphibians of the YNP had become smaller. Maybe some of the amphibians were not being studied, or some places were omitted by the second group of researchers. Besides, if the second study was conducted in winter, it was very probable that some animals were hibernating during the research time.

Last but not least, the result of the two studies maybe not comparable. Since it had been a very long time from the first study to the second one, less evidence was provided by the writer whether the researchers of the two studies were still remained the same. Even suppose that the people who did the study were not changed, the method they took to conduct the studies, might change, or the way they used to tackle the number was different.

In sum, it would be better for the writer to provide some more detailed evidence to support his assertion and to strengthen the argument. All kind of possibilities should be considered while finding out the real reason for the declining of the amphibians in YNP.

娃娃衫公主UID: 2677493

The writer assumes that the study of history is beneficial because it will help a lot to break down the illusions which is the chief benefit (建议换词) of studying history. I agree that learning history does do some good to some facts, but whether it is the most significant advantage still remains suspectable.

First and foremost, the study of history makes theories which were not accepted by the church or the whole society be proofed to be true. For example, Mikolaj Kopernik, Galileo Galilei and Giordano Bruno, they all supported the heliocentric theory and negated to the geocentric theory. During that time, their opinions were not acceptable, and even stood for heresies. All of them had been suffered a lot from the society's misunderstanding. People's thoughts were greatly controlled by church instead of fact. But now, after learning history, we know that their theories are true and what they have concluded is the rule of nature, and in other word, the truth. It is the study of history that breaks down people's illusions of the theories which was not acceptable at that time, and helps people to see through the appearance to get the essence.

However, breaking （down）of illusions is not the most beneficial point which history studying can bring, there are also some other merits. Learning history is a kind of way to pass on a nation's culture from generation to generation and the requirement which is essential to the nation’s future development. For individuals, only when you know the past, will you have a clear mind of yourself, and thus, can you make arrangements for the future. The same can be applied to the progress of a country. Only when its people know the country’s history well, can they work out a developing direction which is suitable for the country’s future.

Besides, to learn history can play a cautious role. It will prevent people from making mistakes, or at least, from making the same mistakes. In today's world, many countries are eager to strengthen their military power by developing Weapons of Mass Destruction, but few of them will be likely to use them, unless they have no choice. The reason is that history has showed their great destructive power. In the Second World War, America threw two atomic bombs to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, which had caused a considerable number of deaths, and it took the two areas a very long time to recover from it. What's more, people there are still have some incurable diseases caused（？）, more or less, by the radiation of the explosion. Therefore, history will tell（teach） people a lesson which is（删） to be careful to use Weapons of Mass Destruction, because the result will turn out to be immeasurable.

In additional（addition）, sometimes, study（studying） history is necessary required by(in) some specific fields. For the judicial systems, it would be better for the judges to learn some similar cases which were judged previously before he or she made a judgment. Also, the generals should learn the strategies which had led one side to the victory in history and then, after his learning, he could make out a proper and skillful military tactic in the present wars.

In sum, studying history will not only breaks down the illusions of people, but also can be regarded as beneficial from（in） some other aspects. It was the learning of history that enables people to live quite differently from people who live in other time, because they can absorb the merits and give up or turn the demerits into merits and then make good use of them.【最后一句，different在前文的论述中没有讲出啊】

就我个人看法，加之昨晚组长给的帖，觉得题目的重点在“打破了这种假象： 不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的”,其中的假象是特定的。这一点你似乎米有涉及.

娃娃衫公主UID: 2677493

Issue 70
The speaker assumes that leaders of any profession should step down after five years which will be helpful to paving the way for whatever enterprises. I support the point that sometimes, new ideas are needed, while in some other situations, the leader should not be changed.（论点）

To begin with, the merits of continuing a leadership is required by the society, or in other words, by the current situation of that time. In politics, Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the United States, which had broken the precedent made by President Washington. His talent in economy and the successful carrying out of the new policy had saved the U.S. from the Great Depression. What's more, the continuity of his presidential term was required by the situation. Frequent wars took place at that time, and in order to keep the consistency of the policy, it was a wise choice to select President Roosevelt to continue his presidential term, and, of course, it was in favor of the general public.（好例子）

Besides, from a business view, an enterprises' leader cannot be changed easily for the chair was the representative of the greatest interests, and he or she was the resource of all power of the enterprise. Also, if leaders run the company consistently, it would be easier for them to form a complete management system which would be beneficial for the company to operate smoothly and properly.

In additional, the leader cannot be changed when the leader himself was a symbol of a kind of spirit or even belief. （改成教育领域更好，不然有些sprit领袖是错误的呀，像希特勒）Just like Confucius, he was an outstanding educator, and Confucianism was founded by him, he needed time to complete it and also, to develop it.

Admittedly，leaders cannot be changed in some fields. However, in spite of the time limitation of five years, in some occasions, people in power should step down, especially in the profession of government. On one hand, the change of the leader prevents those bribery takers or dictators from being long time government officials. On the other hand, it works as punishments to those leaders who misused their power. For example, President Nixon's resignation after the Water Gate Scandal was the most compelling. After the scandal being disclosed, he was criticized by the public and took the blame to himself and resigned. The change of the president was unavoidable.（你的该分论点我明白，但是这样的论述看上去似乎与原论点的出发点有出入）

Additionally, the stepping down of the leader provided an opportunity for those gifted people to present their talents, and enables them to have a better development of themselves. Just take advertisement companies for example, the ability of creation and innovation was both the most basic and important. If the leader kept to be（being） the same person, it was very likely that the produced ads were in the same style. Thus, in some fields, the change of the leaders might equal to the change of ideas and styles, and moreover, a chance for refresh, which would be the turning point of the revitalization of the enterprise.

In sum, whether the people in power should step down or not cannot be judged simply, because the answer would turn out to be totally different from different points of views.（结尾详细些更好）

fayafayUID: 2743416

第八次作业
TOPIC: ARGUMENT7 -
提纲：
1.        工厂数量的增加不一定表示Frank Braun没有保护环境
2.        就算Frank Braun在环境保护方面的措施不到位，Ann Green的上任也并不一定就能解决问题；而且她是GEC的成员并不代表她擅长于治理环境
3.        呼吸道疾病人数的上升不一定是因为空气污染

The editor suggested the citizens of Clearview to vote for Ann Green instead of Frank Braun, and in order to support his suggestion, he had cited abundant evidences as under the leadership of Frank Brown, the number of the factories had doubled during the past year, and air pollution levels had increased, and he also assumes that if people elected Ann Green as the major, the environmental problems will surely be solved. However, from my point of view, there exist some logic defects which have greatly weakened the argument.

To begin with, the editor supposed that the increasing in number of the factories was due to Frank Brown's not protecting the environment. However, less evidence had shown that the newly- established factories had done any harm to the environment. It is very possible that the factories which have been built during recent years are environmental-friendly, and compared with the former ones, these factories would do much less harm to the environment. Besides, the growth in numbers of factories is not substantiating enough to indicate that Frank Brown does not pay attention to protect the environment. Maybe he has taken some measures or promulgated some rules to control the establishment of factories, whereas the manufacturers choose to ignore the rules, and turn blind eyes toward those regulations. Absent evidence has shown that Frank Braun do not help to the environmental problems.

Even assuming that Frank Braun's policies had done little to help to solve the environmental problems, the editor failed to prove that selected Ann Green as the new major would manage to deal with those problems. Ann Green’s being a member of Good Earth Coalition did not indicate that she was able or good at dealing with those environmental problems. Moreover, the capability of a candidate in a mayoral election to solve the environmental problems is not the only criterion when judging he or she is the new major proper. His or her abilities should be considered from many other prospects. For example, his or her talents in tackling with the economy affairs, or the supporting ratio he or she has received from the citizens, to name just a few.

To further support his argument, the editor also pointed out that the local hospital has treated more patients with respiratory illness due to the air pollution level has increased. Meanwhile, there was absolutely no evidence to prove that the air pollution level's increase was attributable. There might be some other factors, which would lead to the increasing of respiratory illness as well. Just take the weather as an example, the temperature differed greatly from daytime to night, which would make people catch cold more easily, or it was the season which always had a high-frequency of such respiratory illnesses as cough and asthma.

In sum, the logic in the argument is weak, and unconvincing. In order to make people believe to choose Ann Green as the new major instead of Frank Braun, the editor should better give some more compelling evidences, such as Ann Green’s achievements toward environmental protection, to make his suggestion more reasonable and sound.




TOPIC: ARGUMENT37 -

提纲：
1.        河流现在很宽很深并不代表以前也是这样
2.        P没有船，不代表L没有船
3.        没有大船不足以证明篮子不能被传播到L地
4.        丰富的果实和小型动物并不一定是篮子传播不到对岸的原因

The author made his conclusion that "Palean" basket was no longer only owned by the Palean people by present such evidence as archaeologists discovered the basket in Lithos which was located cross a river from Palea. For the reason that the Palea people had no boat to cross the deep wide river and they had sufficient nuts, berries, and small game. From my point of view, there exist several logic defects in this argument.

First and foremost, the author mentioned that the river "is" wide and deep, which had hinder the Palea people from crossing the river. However, there was absolutely no evidence had indicated that the river was so difficult to cross. It was quite possible that the river was not even a river during that time, and it was just a small ditch, and thus, crossing it was just a piece of cake for the Palea people.

Even assuming that the river was the same as now, boat was not the case which had made Palea people not able to get to Lithos, or in other words, the baskets of the Paleans could not be circulated to Lithos. The author said in the argument that the Palea people had not got boat, but what would it turn out to be, if the people in Lithos had got their own boats? As a result, the Lithos people could cross the river and got the basket from the Palea people and then brought the baskets back.

Admittedly, boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were needed for the occasions that people had to transfer considerable number of goods. However, if the amount of the cargoes was very small, and only one person would be enough for the transportation, the great boats would not be necessary. Small boats or even a piece bamboo raft could do. It was very probable for the Palea people to take their baskets to cross the river to the Lithos.

In order to further support the conclusion, the author also mentioned that there were enough nuts, berries, and small game in Palea, but less evidence had indicated that that was the reason why Paleans did not want to cross the river. Or, from another perspective, that was the reason, why the Lithos people were eager to come to Palea. On one hand, the Paleans might go to Lithos to sale the nuts, berries, and small game, and it was possible for them to pack them in the baskets. On the other hand, the Lithos people went to Palea to buy the goods which was badly needed by them, and thus, they would buy a large quantity of goods, and as a result, the Palea people would put the goods into the baskets which enabled the Lithos people to carry more easily.

In sum, the argument is unconvincing. In order to make people believe that the baskets will not be unique and owned by the Palea people any longer, the author would better list more detailed evidences to support his conclusion.

after17UID: 2681985

The editor suggested the citizens of Clearview to vote for Ann Green instead of Frank Braun, and in order to support his suggestion, he had cited abundant evidences evidence不可数 as under the leadership of Frank Brown, the number of the factories had doubled during the past year, and air pollution levels had increased, and he also assumes that if people elected Ann Green as the major, the environmental problems will surely be solved. However, from my point of view, there exist some logic defects which have greatly weakened the argument.

To begin with, the editor supposed that the increasing in number of the factories was due to Frank Brown's not protecting the environment. However, less evidence had shown that the newly- established factories had done any harm to the environment. It is very possible that the factories which have been built during recent years are environmental-friendly, and compared with the former ones, these factories would do much less harm to the environment. Besides, the growth in numbers of factories is not substantiating enough to indicate that Frank Brown does not pay attention to protect the environment. Maybe he has taken some measures or promulgated some rules to control the establishment of factories, whereas the manufacturers choose to ignore the rules, and turn blind eyes toward those regulations. Absent evidence has shown that Frank Braun do not help to the environmental problems.

Even assuming that Frank Braun's policies had done little to help to solve the environmental problems, the editor failed to prove that selected Ann Green as the new major would manage to deal with those problems. Ann Green’s being a member of Good Earth Coalition did not indicate that she was able or good at dealing with those environmental problems. Moreover, the capability of a candidate in a mayoral election to solve the environmental problems is not the only criterion when judging he or she is the new major proper. His or her abilities should be considered from many other prospects. For example, his or her talents in tackling with the economy affairs, or the supporting ratio he or she has received from the citizens, to name just a few. 建议把一些he or she 换成one。要不然这段读着很别扭。

To further support his argument, the editor also pointed out that the local hospital has treated more patients with respiratory illness due to the air pollution level has increased. Meanwhile, there was absolutely no evidence to prove that the air pollution level's increase（increasing） was attributable. There might be some other factors, which would lead to the increasing of respiratory illness as well. Just take the weather as an example, the temperature differed greatly from daytime to night, which would make people catch cold more easily, or it was the season which always had a high-frequency of such respiratory illnesses as cough and asthma.

In sum, the logic in the argument is weak, and unconvincing. In order to make people believe to choose Ann Green as the new major instead of Frank Braun, the editor should better give some more compelling evidences, such as Ann Green’s achievements toward environmental protection, to make his suggestion more reasonable and sound.

描述作者的观点的时候是不是也用一般现在时呢？感觉文章时态有点乱

after17UID: 2681985

The author made his conclusion that "Palean" basket was no longer only owned by the Palean people by present这句和原文有些不符合。by present 说的是现在是独有的。而原文说的是一直就不是独有的 such evidence as archaeologists discovered the basket in Lithos which was located cross a river from Palea. For the reason that the Palea people had no boat to cross the deep wide river and they had sufficient nuts, berries, and small game. From my point of view, there exist several logic defects in this argument.

First and foremost, the author mentioned that the river "is" wide and deep, which had hinder（hindered） the Palea people from crossing the river. However, there was absolutely no evidence had indicated that the river was so difficult to cross. It was quite possible that the river was not even a river during that time, and it was just a small ditch, and thus, crossing it was just a piece of cake 用法很好for the Palea people.

Even assuming that the river was the same as now, boat was not the case which had made Palea people not able to get to Lithos, or in other words, the baskets of the Paleans could not be circulated to Lithos. The author said in the argument that the Palea people had not got boat, but what would it turn out to be, if the people in Lithos had got their own boats? As a result, the Lithos people could cross the river and got the basket from the Palea people and then brought the baskets back.

Admittedly, boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were needed for the occasions that people had to transfer considerable number of goods. However, if the amount of the cargoes was very small, and only one person would be enough for the transportation, the great boats 这是说很多船的意思还是大船？ would not be necessary. Small boats or even a piece bamboo raft could do. It was very probable for the Palea people to take their baskets to cross the river to the Lithos.

In order to further support the conclusion, the author also mentioned that there were enough nuts, berries, and small game in Palea, but less evidence had indicated that that was the reason why Paleans did not want to cross the river. Or, from another perspective, that was the reason, why the Lithos people were eager to come to Palea. On one hand, the Paleans might go to Lithos to sale the nuts, berries, and small game, and it was possible for them to pack them in the baskets. On the other hand, the Lithos people went to Palea to buy the goods which was badly needed by them, and thus, they would buy a large quantity of goods, and as a result, the Palea people would put the goods into the baskets which enabled the Lithos people to carry more easily.

In sum, the argument is unconvincing. In order to make people believe that the baskets will not be unique and owned by the Palea people any longer, the author would better list more detailed evidences to support his conclusion.

fayafayUID: 2743416

第十次作业~
56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。

提纲：
—        政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急
1.        灾难发生的时候，政府应致力于救灾和安顿灾民，避免灾难扩大（印尼海啸，海地地震）
2.        当务之急不解决，国家无法发展，甚至灭亡。（罗斯福新政，解决美国经济大萧条，使美国经济蓬勃发展；前苏联解体）
—        有些情况下，政府需要将注意力放在解决将来预期问题上的
1.        当这个问题是用哪怕很长的时间都无法弥补和挽救的时候。（哥本哈根全球会议—global warming）

The speaker claimed that government should pay much attention on dealing with the immediate problems of today instead of tackling the problems of the future. From my point of view, it might be too extreme to consider the problem in this way, it should be regarded respectively according to the current situation of each country.

First and foremost, it is true that the government of a country should focus on solving the problems which are happening now and take measures as soon as possible, especially when its people are under great sufferings. For example, when Indonesia were stricken by the Tsunami, and the Haiti people were struggling because of the devastating earthquake, what the government had done first was to take actions to rescue the people immediately, and then, they had spared no efforts to help those people to rebuild their motherland. The government has to do so, because it is not only the responsibility, but also a firm believe that during that time span, time means life. The faster the actions have been taken, the more life it can save.

Additionally, it was a must for the government to focus more on solving the immediate problems in some occasions, because it would matter a lot for the future development of the country. For instance, when America was experiencing the Great Recession, President Roosevelt carried out a series of new economic policies to solving the problem. His policies, finally, proved to be a great success in the battle field against the recession, which had brought the economy of America back into prosperity. However, the former Soviet Union was not so lucky to survive from its economy problems.  During the cold war, the government paid too much attention on studying and developing of the nuclear weapons, and ignored the people's protest. Therefore, the country finally separated. The government failed to solve the current problems carefully, and let the problems to accumulate, until it’s too tough and big to solve, which led to the country to an end.

It was primarily important for government to focus on finding out solutions to deal with the immediate problems. However, from another prospective, the government should not neglect the potential problem which might happen in the future. If a problem is so serious that it is impossible for human beings to solve it in a very short time with whatever means they take, or they have not yet found a way to solve it, the governments of different countries should work together to prevent the disaster from happening, or in other words, try to delay the breaking out of the problem. For example, a summit was held in Copenhagen to have a discussion about the global warming. Leaders of different countries had attended the meeting to show their concerning toward the problem as delegators of their countries. The conference had received a great social concern because people were aware of the seriousness of the problem. Even the common people had paid much attention to the problem, would the government sit idle? If government does not take actions to prevent it from becoming worse, once it happens, the situation will be out of control. There will appear more serious natural disasters hit the earth and it will be too late for people to protect the environment and to regret for what they have done. Thus, the global warming, as a problem which might seem not so immediate now, should be paid much attention, and it is very crucial for the government to take effective measures to prevent the terrible catastrophe from happening.

In sum, the importance of the immediate problems is equally to the anticipated problems of the future. The government should not neglect either kind of the problems.

fayafayUID: 2743416

TOPIC: ARGUMENT76 -
提纲：
1        志愿者是否具有代表性？
2        皮肤真的有改善吗？
3        皮肤改善仅仅因为面霜吗？

The writer made a conclusion that the Luxess face cream was effective in improving the facial skin's condition according to a study which involved a group of volunteers who had applied the face cream every morning after washing their faces for a wholly month, and they responded that they felt their skin looked better. This argument seems to be reasonable while there still are some logical defects existing.

To begin with, whether the volunteers who had participated in the study was not mentioned. In order to provide more convincing evidence, the writer should tell us the volunteers' gender, age, or at least, their original facial conditions. However, the writer failed to do that, and thus, made the result of the study become less convincing.

Even assuming that the volunteers concluded many different facial conditions of variety people of different age, were their feelings so believable? They said in the report that the way their skin looked and felt was markedly improved, but this kind of judgment was too subjective to be persuasive. The study should set a control group during the test, and after a month, compared the skin conditions of the two groups, and then, the result could be relatively compelling.

Provided that the skin conditions of the volunteers did get significant improvement, there was absolutely no evidence presented by the writer that it was the Luxess facial cream's effect. It was quite possible that the volunteers had a balanced diet during that month, or they did more frequent exercises, or they slept very well at night during the month, to name just a few. The writer failed to take these conditions into account. Nevertheless, the writer's hypothesis that the improvement of volunteers' facial skin condition was due to the applying of the Luxess was doubtful. Less evidence had proved that it was merely the effect of the face cream. Perhaps the final result was led by the effect combined with the wild soap and the face cream. However, the writer did not give any explanation or proof toward this case.

In sum, the argument was weakened by several logic flaws. It would be better for the writer give some more detailed information about the volunteers, the different facial skin conditions between the volunteers and that of the members in the controlling group. And more evidence should be given to support the good effect of the cream to make the article more convincing and compelling.



TOPIC: ARGUMENT140 -
提纲：
1        本校最大的班级并不代表是她受欢迎，可能只是随机分配的，同业，这也不代表该班是本校最好的班级，同样的，也无法证明她的教学质量好
2        她给学校带来的捐助过去两年都超过了她的年薪并不代表她以前带来的捐助有这么多，也没有说她一直会给学校带来捐助，同时，捐助金的多少与她的研究能力无关。就算她带来了这么多捐助金，也将该资金全部用于自己的课题研究，但是，作者并未给出她的研究成果
3        就算升了职，年薪增加了，也无法保证教授不会离开该学校。两者没有必然的联系。也许她想要放弃教育工作，自己成立一个植物学研究所专门从事研究工作。

The author suggested that the committee should raise Professor Thomas and offer a promotion to her as a Department Chairperson to prevent her from leave for another college according to what the author had given to show her teaching and research abilities. This argument seems to be logic, whereas it still has several defects existing.

To begin with, the author had mentioned in the argument that Professor Thomas's class was one of the biggest classes at the university. However, it neither necessarily indicated that she neither was good at teaching, nor proved she was popular among the students. It was very possible that her being a teacher of that class was just a random arrangement by the computer system, or there was only one class of botany within that university.

Even assuming that Professor Thomas's teaching skills were good and she was welcomed by students, less evidence had been presented to show that the money she had brought to the university in research had nothing to with her research abilities. Provided that she used all the money she had brought on her own researches, the author failed to list any of her researching results. What's more, the amount of money was exceeded her salary in each of the last two years did not indicated that she would continue to bring money to university in the future.

Furthermore, the author's conclusion was based on his hypothesis that Professor Thomas would not leave the university if she got a higher salary and a promotion. But there was absolutely no evidence had been presented that Professor Thomas was not satisfied in these two aspects. It might be some other reasons for her leaving, such as she decided to give up teaching and devote herself in botanic researches or she wanted to establish a school of her own, to name just a few. As a result, the amount of money or the height of her position did not mean very much to her, or in other words, she did not care about that. Therefore, the author failed to take these factors into consideration.

In conclusion, the argument was weakened by the logic flaws mentioned above. To substantiate it, the author should provide more detailed information about the teaching and research abilities of Professor Thomas, such as the students' comment on her and the frequency of her paper publishing, etc., which will make this argument be more convincing and persuasive.