1006G【】备考日志 by tofee

tofeeUID: 2485486

寄托ID： tofee


1. 考试时间3月19 北京

2. AWintro读过，题库看过

3. 两年前考过G，这次是第二次。

4. 在职考G，除了工作的时间，其他就全部在G上了！

5. 可以保证组内的沟通时间。

6. 红宝书看过，并且一直在背，难句看过一些。

Runing in the team, in my view, is the safest way to reach the destination. We help each other away from the loneliness, share experiences, as well as, pains.

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今天下午才找到了这个小组，自己准备了一段时间，因为是在职的关系，就是清晨起来看巴郎，晚上看ECO，练习快速阅读，同时挑单词，将可以用到的句子摘录下来，在ECO中搜索词的上下文细看。但是写作跟进很慢，想跟着大家一起做。以前考过一次G，作文是3分，希望有所提高。我努力按时完成作业。谢谢大家

【clover】作业
1.把日志的标题改成 1006G 【clover】备考日志 by xxx--标题。。记住每天更新。。记录一天所学。。然后回忆巩固
2.每天去阅读一篇eco，做好词好句照抄，然后背诵，并且，挖掘你所看的eco里面可以用于写作的素材。届时bela和我会开eco作业贴。
3.仔细看看下面这个关于写作的指导。。务必反复阅读。。然后在你的日志上更新你看了多少。。有什么启示和收获。。自己以前的文章里面做到了这点没有。。应该如何改进。。。
    Fundamental Course of Writtng
4.intro再研读一遍，然后把感想写在日志上，写出根据intro的要求，以及自己的考试时间，自己的优缺点，写出自己的大致规划。
5.argu和issue的题库每天各十五左右的提纲练习，issue可以是一类的，给自己十到十五分钟深刻思考题目，然后记录下自己的思想瓶颈以及为什么会遇到这样的障碍，在日志里更新，我们到时候会总结。
6.题库继续过，尤其是argu。issue要熟悉所有的题目，不至于看到题目后，会觉得没看到过或者印象不深刻。argu的题库一周至少一次，也是以熟悉为目标。
7.每天背诵红包2-3个list。。毕竟你们已经背过至少一遍了。。
8.难句每天看五句，分析语法，然后再抛弃语法，反复练习。

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大多数的argument是自然的铺陈开的，用审题20问来破题，我来想想看。
1. What does X mean? (Definition) 限定讨论的对象，比如“为儿童建立的社会项目指的是。。。”“被社会认为有最大价值的东西是指。。”方便下文的讨论。有些大而泛的题目经过限定，仿佛就容易讨论了。
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)--这个也是
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
前边这几个可以在开篇时引入


2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)--引出各个特征，一个问题的几个方面讨论，比如“领导决断力在政治上，公司里，社团间”

4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)

论证中出现
因果关系，
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)

对比关系
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)

一下的这几天应该能算做总结
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)---
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)---关于另一些“价值”，也可以作为分析的开始，比如一些“社会教育的终极价值是成员的社会性”“法律的本质是公平约束”“个人价值观的本质是实现满足感”“公司的根本是实现利润”等，一些题目可以打开。
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

以上的提问对文章的内容丰富似有帮助，但是还是没有领会对写作立意和统筹的帮助，需要继续领会、、、

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以下的是海王泪关于这20问的讨论，写的很有心得；；；；；；；；；；；
20题个人用法

36# xiguan_33

呵呵，LS说得对～不过草木斑其实也有个前提。。可能是对于完全刚接触AW的童鞋，希望能初步激起思考。。

看：“凡是一篇文章，无论第一看多么的恶心，静下心来用这20个问题问过自己去，都能找到思路”
                                                                                                 --草木斑竹

我想如果看着题目不恶心，就不一定要用这20个问题问自己。但是，这20个问题其实可以用作补充。
作用在于激发想法，应该不是限制个人思维习惯。。

我也是不太喜欢考试时狂问自己20下～不过呢！
可以这样。
1）Revise文章或提纲时，看看这20题，说不定产生有趣的、有效的新想法。
2）看着这20题，发现自己文章里有哪个特别好的想法具有该题特征。。
3）记录下有趣的、有效的想法属于哪个问（EXCEL）
4）列一定提纲、写一定题目后，回顾一下哪几个问题能特别多地给予新的有趣的想法，默默记住这几个特别能激起想法而又说不定在个人思维习惯外的问题。

以上方法纯属YY，我会尝试一下。。但也不知道最后是否真会有那么集体鹤立鸡群～成为思维习惯外的Lighter
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个人一个月前曾经用过的思维模板

另外关于思维模板，其实。。。很难说。。至少我在BRAINSTORM后整理完初步想法，就会有用到相关的方式。。

我看到题目会先对题型分类，考虑TOPIC中的想法从而何来。

然后根据题目分析类型，看看产生什么想法
因果类：『逻辑链』 前提是否成立，结论在前提成立的基础上是否有反例、他因
        Indication: 所有因果关系连词，还有一部分隐藏关系（通常为论述反面后果，即因）

建议类：『可行性』，『利弊』，有无『替代或折衷方案』（ARGUMENT也适用此条）

是非类：『为什么会有这种看法』
判断是主观判断还是事实判断？『客观VS主观』
讨论的概念『定义』
价值判断标准（动机、立场）是什么以及是否需要修正？『立场』

上面是参考ISSUE5.5，觉得这样写下来文章也比乱想会清晰点。
毕竟。。因果类着重前提、结论，建议类的则无非看是否有可行性、利弊、替代方案，是非类就多关注一下立场、主客观

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AW INTRO（官方文件）中的问题

另外，下面是AW INTRO（官方文件）中给予的提示，也可以用这个问问自己～感觉还不错

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:

• What, precisely, is the central issue? Topic, scope

• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not? Conclusion 对比

建议产生的结果：好的方面，坏的方面

• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable? Assumptions 质疑假设

• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they? 分情况讨论

• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim? Keywords 解释

• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position? 支持自己立场的原因

• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling? 举例

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:

• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position? 反方意见。

• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay? 如何加条件承认或反驳。

最最终能够要的是思考的结果会产生两类想法，要么同意，要么不同意；不过不要忽视反方想法。
我们可以1）选定一方，给予另一方驳斥 2）加条件，复合型的论证


100128 THU
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety  
在做练习的时候，这种情况常有，考试的时候往往根本来不及忧虑有开始了，提到的几点是很对的，抛弃掉没有用处的思路，练习的时候想的往往比较多，容易发散。
100129 FIR

Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block  对于神经性写作便秘的症状介绍及治疗建议

Symptom
You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining...
Possible Cures
·
Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline 指的是那20个发散的问题么？
Symptom
You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you....
Possible Cures
·
Choose a particular aspect of the topic you are interested in (if the writing situation will allow it...i.e. if the goal of your writing can be adjusted and is not given to you specifically, or if the teacher or project coordinator will allow it)
·
personalize a topic to make it more interestingGRE写作中自由的尺度有多大？不会有“跑题”的风险？
Symptom
You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well...
Possible Cures
·
Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor.
·
assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with.
·
Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea.硬上。。
·
Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later.我通常是先写中间的，然后看情况再立论点。。。。。。
Other Strategies for Getting Over Writer's BlockIf you have tried the other strategies and are still having problems, try some of these general techniques for getting over writer's block. These strategies will prove more helpful when you're drafting your writing.
Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like通常我就是这样. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be.
Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people.
Tape the PaperTalk into a tape recorder,
Change the Audience Pretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly.多半会写出以介绍题目开始么的文章吧
Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it.思辨。。。。

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ECO的阅读笔记：
领导的个人意志：
The political system is fraught with checks and balance: a president can not tell Congress what to do. Everything take time and compromise
学科间偏倚：
but the most striking things is not the budding scientists retreat behind their Bunsen burners untroubled by the cold war or anti-colonialism, but this policy could rob student of critical ablilities to understand such things that mean to their ambience or nation

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今天出了趟远门，还好背单词早上完成了，太累了，好的是明天可以休息一整天，那么会补上的。

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写提纲的，多写了点:)
235"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=1055299&extra=

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写提纲的是后想到了之前的一篇ECO，是关于传媒产业的，今天重读了一下，发现有一些新潮和让人熟悉的词汇，跳出来：
小众电影和大片：obscure moive and blockblaster 或者
小众产品和大众产品： nitch and hits(精品 大片)
上映：release
娱乐产业：intertainment or media business
TB上的新奇玩意：esoterica
竞争的American broadcast television VS cable networks vs internet、
竞争的digital download service：Itunes vs CD album （大卖的叫hits）
超级女声 李宇春=American Idol-Simon Cawell
引发热烈的讨论：set off lively debate
转移注意力： shift away focus from...
在某种意义上：in a sense、
对象人群已经改变：the frofile of。。。。has changed
后便要接着说的：but it is not the whole story....
digital downloaded service:Itunes,which allow listeners to pluck out the best tracks. vs.CD albums

tofeeUID: 2485486

今天找到了一篇较老的文章，其中的思辨很吸引人：
Why political orthodoxy must not silence scientific argument

“WHAT is truth?” That was Pontius Pilate’s answer to Jesus’s assertion that “Everyone that is of the truth heareth my voice.” It sounds suspiciously like the modern argument over climate change.


A majority of the world’s climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth’s climate is changing; that the change, from humanity’s point of view, is for the worse; and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. A minority, though, are sceptical. Some think that recent, well-grounded data suggesting the Earth’s average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end. Others argue that longer-term evidence that modern temperatures are higher than they have been for hundreds or thousands of years is actually too flaky to be meaningful.

Such disagreements are commonplace in science. They are eventually settled by the collection of more data and the invention of more refined (or entirely new) theories. Arguments may persist for decades; academics may—and often do—sling insults at each other; but it does not matter a great deal because the stakes are normally rather low. 科学界的分歧【统一和分歧】

The stakes in the global-warming debate, however, could scarcely be higher. Scientific evidence that climate change is under way, is man-made, and is likely to continue happening forms the foundation for an edifice of policy which is intended to transform the world’s carbon-intensive economy高碳经济这么写 into one which no longer spews greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. A lot of money, and many reputations—both academic and political—are involved.

Sceptics claim that this burden of responsibility is crushing the spirit of scientific inquiry（对科学探究精神的摧残，什么才是科学探究精神的灵魂呢？）. Scientists, they maintain, are under pressure to bolster the majority view. The recent publication of embarrassing e-mails from the University of East Anglia, an important centre of climate science (see article), revealing doubts about data and a determination not to air such concerns publicly, has strengthened these suspicions.

There is no doubt that politics and science make uncomfortable bedfellows. Politicians sell certainty. Science lives off doubt. The creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to establish a consensus on the science was an excellent idea for policymakers, who needed a strong scientific foundation for their deliberations, but it sits uncomfortably with a discipline that advances by disproving accepted theories and overturning orthodoxies.正统被推翻【创新？反传统】


The danger of dissent


Some would argue that, in matters of great public import, scientific dissent should be silenced. It can, it is true, do harm. When AIDS first reared its ugly head, no one knew what caused it. Gradually, the virus responsible was isolated, identified and then attacked successfully with drugs designed specifically to inhibit its reproduction. A few scientists, though, refused to accept the evidence, and some politicians used their arguments to justify inaction. Since one of those politicians was Thabo Mbeki, then president of South Africa, hundreds of thousands who might have been saved by an anti-AIDS policy grounded in scientific reality died as a result of his policies.一个例子，讲了错误的政策的代价。【不能让政府决定科学研究的方向】


Yet the damage in that case was done by the politicians. A leader who is determined to pursue a wrong-headed course will always find some scientist to support him. A world in which that were not true would be one in which a dangerously narrow consensus had taken hold.


This newspaper believes that global warming is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it. That is the job of the politicians. But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty. There are no certainties in science. Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and refined, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again. That is the job of the scientists. When they stop questioning orthodoxy, mankind will have given up the search for truth. The sceptics should not be silenced.（科学探究是什么，什么才是真正的科学家的任务，政府的任务是什么）

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20100201ECO阅读

看了一篇老的，因为头儿也做过这篇，想对照一下怎么阅读

How to sink控制 crush pirates

The decline of music piracy holds lessons for other industries

Nov 12th 2009 | From The Economist print edition

YOU open a window on your computer’s screen. You type in the name of a cheesy song口水歌么？ from the 1980s. A list of results appears. You double-click on one of them, and within a few seconds the song is playing. This is what it was like to use Napster a decade ago; and it is also how Spotify, another free online-music service, works today. The difference? Napster was an illegal file-sharing service that was shut down by the courts. Spotify, by contrast, （经常转折词放在句中，如果是我可能就however了）is an entirely legal, free service supported by advertising. This shows how much things have changed in the world of online music in the past decade. It also explains why online music piracy may at last be in decline.

For most of the past decade the music industry focused on litigation诉讼 to try to prevent piracy. Over the years the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has accused 18,000 internet users of engaging in illegal file-sharing. Most of them settled, though two cases went to court this year. In both cases the defendants (a single mother and a student) lost and were ordered to pay damages (of $1.92m and $675,000 respectively). But the industry（业内人士） has realised that such cases encourage the publication of embarrassing headlines more than they discourage piracy, for as each network was shut down, another would sprout in its place.【法律类的题目】

Yet as piracy flourished on illegal networks, legal alternatives also started to appear. Apple launched its iTunes Music Store, offering downloads at $0.99 per track, in 2003. Many others have followed, including a new, above-board version of Napster. And in the past two years new music sites and services have proliferated. Spotify offers free, advertising-supported streams流量么？; paying customers付费用户 are spared the ads and can use the service on smart-phones智能手机. Nokia’s Comes With Music scheme includes a year’s unlimited downloads in the price of some mobile phones. TDC, a Danish telecoms operator, bundles access to a music service with its broadband packages.

All of these different, legal music services offer the “celestial jukebox”—whatever you want, right away, from the internet—that made Napster so compelling when it appeared on the scene. True, revenue from these services will be less than from CD sales, but it is much better than nothing. The recorded-music industry will get smaller—but it will not disappear.

That is because there is growing evidence that this plethora of new services adds up to an attractive alternative to piracy for many (see article). In June a poll of Swedish users of file-sharing software found that 60% had cut back or stopped using it; of those, half had switched to advertising-supported streaming services like Spotify. In Denmark, over 40% of subscribers to TDC’s broadband-plus-music package also said they were making fewer illegal downloads as a result. In a British poll published in July, 17% of consumers said they used file-sharing services, down from 22% in December 2007. Music executives reckon people are moving from file-sharing networks to Spotify, though they may continue to download some music illegally.

To be sure,可以肯定是的 the carrots of more attractive legal services are being accompanied by innovative forms of stick. In particular, a new approach called “graduated response” is gaining momentum势头良好. As its name indicates, it involves ratcheting up the pressure on users of file-sharing software by sending them warnings by e-mail and letter and then cutting off or throttling their internet access
if they fail to respond after three requests. Graduated-response laws were introduced earlier this year in Taiwan and South Korea, and were enacted in France last month. Other countries are expected to follow suit.

But mainly carrots (carrots and sticks)

Yet in Britain music file-sharing共享音乐文件 seems to be in decline even though a graduated-response law has yet to be introduced. The country also boasts自夸 one of the broadest selections of legal music services: Spotify and Comes With Music were both launched there before most other countries, and two of Britain’s biggest internet-service providers have borrowed TDC’s bundled-music model. This suggests that when it comes to当谈及到 discouraging music piracy, carrots may in fact be more important than sticks.

All of this offers（holds） a lesson for other types of media, such as films and video games. Piracy thrives because it satisfies an unmet demand. The best way to discourage it is to offer a diverse range of attractive, legal alternatives.【观点
】The music industry has taken a decade to work this out, but it has now done so. Other industries should benefit from its experience—and follow its example.

tofeeUID: 2485486

昨晚上66老大推荐了几篇argu的帖子，今早上看了看，受益匪浅，笔记如下：
1.argu和is不一样，论证要简洁，绝不赘述题目。
2.论证有力，不要吹毛求疵
3.滴水不漏，不要太偏激，说话要有艺术
4TS在arg的重要性
5.切中要害，特别是关于推理过程的瑕疵“庖丁解牛”。单纯对前提的质疑容易缺乏说服力，变成吹毛求疵。
6.对于survey，不能直接攻击其可靠性。
没看完，继续心得。。。。。。。。

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[追星剑特训]Chapter1.1 Terminology 关键字眼
对与破题点，有时候需要抓住关键的词，不同的关键词，在随后的展开中间会有不同的论证。
[追星剑特训]Chapter1.2 More 比较级把对比做足了，如果些不足，那就是“跑题”，第一次看到跑题的gre做文的样子，继续关注
[追星剑特训] Chapter1.3 1+1 得寸进尺题目变化多端，怎么写都可以