【clover】各类精华总结 by 小g

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【clover】各类精华总结 by 小g

SU & SY SO

Fundamental Course of Writtng

追星剑特训 For ISSUE

范文阅读感想

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占楼
SU & SY SO

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占楼
Fundamental Course of Writtng

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追星剑特训 For ISSUE
基本元素篇

Chapter1.1 Terminology 关键字眼https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=200638
拿到一道题目的首要任务——识别关键字！

识别题目的关键字的两点基本作用：
其一，阐明和确立所进行讨论的前提，在文章中明确体现自己的认识，给自己明确自己的认识
其二，抓住题目的核心问题和关系所在，从关键字入手进行思考，是打开思路源泉的首选。

issue144. "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."
lasting value：1.艺术作品的美学价值和其深远影响本身（artist）2. 对艺术作品的批判分析从而指导新的艺术风格流派的创造与表达(critic)

issue15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
depends on 太夸张absence of the extremes的情况下，是不是就没法判断the stability of a society了呢？reflect比较合适

issue17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
just law，unjust law; obey, disobey

issue176. "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."
science, reassure; art, upset


Chapter1.2 More 比较级
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=201072
More than
两者比较，切忌孤立从两个方面谈起，而不谈两者之间的比较，要把contrast体现出来，把contrast做足了

issue2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
要论证they are of the same importance，要从各自方面对比：展示存在beneficial大于detrimental的方面（竞争的作用：自然进化，适者生存，社会发展），展示存在detrimental大于beneficial的方面（事业，环境，资源浪费，忽略合作），这些方面是society这个integrity的有机组成部分，不可少，不可互相替代

issue12. "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
外在大于内在的情况：环境对人态度的影响（社会、政治、宗教）
内在大于外在的情况：内部性格对人态度的塑造作用（性格、心理）

issue56. "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
着重解决当前而非今后问题的情况：危机当前生机（恐怖主义、灾后恢复）
着重解决今后而非当前问题的情况：只关注当前经济而破坏环境（全球变暖）

issue73. "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge."
想象力的重要性（艺术、科学领域），只有知识，没有想象力，不会有进步
没有知识，不会有合理的想象力，有也是空想

issue192. "Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning."
伟大的发现经常伴随着机遇或者危险。这是由于最初的发现往往不被人注意和理解
成功离不开周密的思索
成功伴随着机遇和危险，并不是说人们偏爱他们，反之人们总是有规避风险的天性。离开周密的计划，盲目挑战危险往往容易迷失方向，意味着彻底的失败

Chapter1.3 1+1 得寸进尺
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=201436
1+1可以分为前后两半部分，并且可以看出作者认为两部分间有一定程度的递进关系（例如因果）。
前后两部分各个可能的观点交叉起来，可能的论点总是花样儿层出不穷的

issue52. "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."
Education encourages students to question and criticize这一事实性命题——同意/不同意/各个国家之间差别及其影响；后半does little to promote social harmony——赞同/反对/定义不同social harmony

issue226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
题目前半提出人们的看法是个illusion，是吗？——是/不是/取决于历史条件/社会背景…；后半提出illusion的消除，能消掉吗？——能/不能/不一定/根本不是illusion何谈的“消”……

41. "Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
前半非主流研究领域有重要作用，是吗？——是/不是/取决于历史、社会背景…；后半满足了主流科学不能满足的需求，是吗？——是/不是/不一定/根本不重要

93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
前半“个人责任”概念是虚构的，是吗？——是/不是/取决于不同定义；后半人们的行为是被迫的，不是由个人决定，是吗？——是/不是/取决于不同背景

98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."
前半大学应提供更多现代艺术课程，应该吗？——应该/不应该/取决于不同历史，社会背景；后半现代文化比过去艺术文化更适合，是吗？——是/不是/不一定

196. "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
前半科技产生的问题比他解决的还多，对吗？——对/不对/取决于不同定义；后半可能对生活质量造成威胁，是吗？——是/不是/不一定，取决于不同情况

Chapter1.4 Is vs should 事实与倾向
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=201853
事实性命题：陈述的是现象，状态，而并不涉及从情感、价值等方面做出的选择和判断
倾向性命题：考虑的是“应该如何做”， 涉及从情感、价值等方面做出的选择和判断，不管 “事实” 和“状态”一致还是迥异。

要点：
1．倾向不能拿来证明事实
2．不涉及价值判断的事实不能拿来证明倾向

issue52. "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."
事实性命题，题目所关心的是“Education是什么样子，是个什么状态”

issue163. "Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis."
事实性命题，题目所关心的是“生活在小圈子里人们是什么样的状态——这种状态的对的/错的/不一定”
people should learn to better这一倾向性命题没法拿来论证文章的论点

issue184. "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."
事实性命题，题目所关心的是“没有数据就下结论——对/错/不一定”
thesis： People should not theorize without data. Why? 论据就是“Because it is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data”标准跑题

issue68. "People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."
事实性命题，题目所关心的是“人们对待专家充满怀疑和不信任的错误的——是/不是/不一定”
Is this a mistake? Are we making the mistake?

issue24. "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."
事实性命题，题目所关心的是“when they是不是most effective——是/不是/不一定”

issue191. "Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."
倾向性命题，题目所关心的是“人格修养和职业训练应不应该受到同等重视——应该/不应该/取决于不同条件”

issue40. "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
前半倾向性，后半事实性

Chapter1.5 Not but 选择题
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=202380
两个处在平行位置关系的端点——二选一
极端型观点，平衡型观点
评价标准不同，观点不同。明确评价标准是什么，把这个标准拿去实施评价，说清楚这个“评价”的过程和结论，文章就能够写出来了。

issue5. "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
1. 最有利于国家宏观控制达到教育目标”——全国统一课程
2. “最有利于地方依照实际情况展开教学”——不同地区不同
3. “最有利于培养学生的完备人格”——两者结合

issue193. "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."
1.政府方针策略的改变更有持久意义——头版头条的政治事件
2.潜移默化的社会变革更有持久意义——很少报道的政治变革
3.对历史，政治，社会进程同样有意义——两者结合

Chapter1.6 Conditioning 拆分
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=203298
根据不同情况拆分关键点，case analysis

“怎么写”成case analysis？正确的做法应当是：明确对case进行区分和界定的这个“纲”，并且严格按照“纲”来展开分析。

绝对化倾向：例如No matter，in any, all, must, best, only等等。用拆分，指明决定因素的划分来写case by case，是对绝对化倾向题目回应的一个办法

Conditioning其实就是这样：如果说写balance写两者都必须两者都不可少比较绕的话，conditioning无疑写起来又方便又舒服。一定条件下A成立，一定条件下A不成立，前面这个分支一搭好了，务必把这个“一定条件”是“什么条件”给说清楚了，后面就只管往里填就是。找到“拆”的入手点，一下子展开到多个方面的考虑，在保证论证的基础上文章会相当的完整和充实的。个人的体会是，在看问题还不够深入的时候可能更倾向于一边倒，而当体会得更深刻，能够把握住问题背后的矛盾所在的时候，这个时候就可能更倾向写conditioning了。

issue116. "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society------including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences------will benefit greatly from international influences."
issue115. "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
看看这里的progress——不同类型的progress是不是都要用logic measurement？是不是都能用logic measurement？
issue83. "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."
education, politics, the arts, and the sciences各自论述

issue118. "In any field of endeavor------the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.------it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."
the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry各自展开论述

issue4. "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
In fields derived from the cross linking and interaction of the fundamentals people have to depend…. However in those fields so fundamental that they are self-sustainable…..
science(physics, mathematics), art, philosophy

issue35. "No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."
The conclusion depend on a specific quality of the situation.