【clover】ISSUE&ARGU OUTLINE by a08805436

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实在太忙 到今天才写了几个提纲 要加油勒！
issue
9"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."

Admittedly, the gap between scholars and the public is widening in contemporary society, and this gap makes it hard for the larger society to benefit directly from the achievements of scholars.

However, it is unfair to assert that scholars’ ideas are of little use unless a wide range of people know and understand them. In fact, in some cases, the ideas and research are confined to a narrow range of people focus on this field. Therefore, it is unnecessary and unreasonable for the common masses to learn highly specialized content. It is this kind of specialized ideas that have given rise to the spectacular development of science and technology in the era of our time. Every single advance in science and technology is invariably the result of those kinds of ideas.

Furthermore, it is possible that the results of highly specialized research serve to improve the progress of the society in the long run.

前肯后否的论证方法

1承认学者观点已经与大众文化拉开差距 一般人很难直接从艰深的学术知识里受益
2 然而 即使一般的大众很难直接受益 不可否认的是 仍然是这些艰深的科学推动我们的社会前进，即使这些学问不是广为人知 它们仍然能够发展下去
3 因此否认作者观点

12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."


Although environment plays a significant role in shaping and forming people’s attitudes, it is unfairly to assert that people’s attitudes is determined by their immediate situation or surroundings than by internal characteristic.
先正后反再合
1.
承认外在的因素很重要， 并且举出相关的例子。（服装，首饰根据时代的不同而发生变化 是人们受外在因素影响的根本表现；不同国家地区的人们生活方式不同，文化背景不同，也是人们受外在因素左右的结果）
2.
然而，内在因素决定了人们对待不同事物的态度（可以举广告的例子：再好的广告， 如果推销的是人们不需要的产品，人们也不会去购买）
3.
人们的态度是由外在因素和内在因素共同决定的

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看了其他G亲们的提纲之后觉得深受启发~再不写就来不及了~直接用中文吧~！！！
75"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."
开头~
先说人们创造自己的想法很有必要，并且这些想法对社会有着巨大贡献：分三层：科学，艺术，政治领袖~不举例子 丢一堆term吓吓人
接着马上说作者的观点怎么怎么牛X~只有整合了这些观点才能为社会作出更大贡献~举例子：Turing Newton~
Moreover，对contribution这个词下定义，指出perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills 也是一种形式的develop own ideas，
结尾~

57*"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."开头~
指出书本知识很重要很牛X，~举物理学，计算机科学的例子~丢pb（书咋滴咋滴牛X有用）
指出实际经验也很有用，举出找工作的例子，自己动手编程的例子
比喻~ 书本是XXX 实际经验是XXXX 两者相互协调才能一起牛X~
结尾

37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."
首先说竞争是很牛B很好的东西~丢PB~
竞争让社会越来越冷漠~ corruption的例子和JLF的例子（a~就等这个题目勒）on a more subtle level
总结，我个人认为竞争是弊大于利的~

6、"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."
首先，年轻人的trend是社会风俗文化发展的风向标，研究这个youliyu understand现代的文化。指出年轻人是承上启下的一代~在社会中占有重要地位，既影响老一辈又教育年轻一辈。
然而，只关注年龄层的差别并不是最有效的方法~比如：不同种族的人在同一国家的生活对这个国家文化的影响；不同性别的人的影响；不同肤色的，乃至不同外来文化对本地文化的影响。~比喻：contemporary culture~像一个大染缸（dye vat？？）。a mix of all the elements in it.
moreover, the foregone culture can somehow predict the contemporary culture.~
finally, culture 是所有因素的集合~~

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242"Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."
every species in the world has its own function to survive. recently both philosophers and environmentalist ponther that whether or not we human beings should carry out campaigns to salvage wild life,the question is that such kind of campaigns may constitute deteriorate element both to flora and fauna. We should try our best~


However, human efforts in the nature may jeopdardize the balance in the ecosphere.as  Charles Darwin once mused
"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, but the one most responsive to change. " while trying to save one kind of species. we may threaten thousands of other animals and plants

moreover, saving some kind of animals cost a lot. Take the pandas for example, some kind of pandas only eat a speciafically kind of bamboo, which lives in the deep forest that is not easy to find```

furthermore, some kind of species may do harm to human lives. opium poppy~
结尾~
47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."
creativity and inspiration 是智能的一部分， 没有智能~社会就不能进步
情感和本能是某些坏习惯的来源，而 理智能够控制这些坏习惯
然而为了发展智能而放弃健康情感的培养是有害的。培养正确积极健康的情感：compassion empathy···
creativity = emotion and feelings +  cognitive ability ~
239*"Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."
科学：take the theory of heliocentric universe for example, although it proved to be inaccurate later, it has propelled the course of astronomy forward. the information proved to be false later has its own function at specialized time.
社会科学：在社会科学中对事实保持怀疑态度是社会发展会进步的源泉
however， as the statement says,  a 'fact' may well be proven false in the future, equally, an opinion that we thought to be false may somehow prove to be true in the future.
229"The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole."
studying small segment and details is a efficient way to learn things
having a sense of the whole may help us draw the overall picture of the subject or skill so as to draw a reasonable plan and adopt a scientific strategy to grasp the gist of the subject or skills.
对课题技能的全局把握为任何深入的研究学习提供了有效的背景知识，是进行深入学习的基础（pave the way for···）全局观念使我们更清楚的认识到不同part之间的相互联系和具体细节的不可或缺性
反过来，学习具体细节又能有效地帮助我们理解全局
finally。两者相辅相成相互促进互为补充。`~~

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1.目的
   
     不论哪一类的题目，教育的目的绝对都是一个关键的话题，直接讨论的题目也不算少数。就我看来目的要分作用事物的方面来看，侧重点会不一样，而目的的实现与否，则直接关系到教育的效率。讨论的时候，既可以分开并列，也可以一层一层递进。
   
    对社会： 我觉得有两方面，一是为社会输送有用的人才，通过他们所学得知识促进社会的进步；一是塑造人们的品德和约束他们的行为，以保证社会处在平和中而维持其稳定。
   
    对文化； 通过教育，人类的文化遗产才得以保存与流传甚至通过一定的修正才发扬光大，促使社会也进步，而对于文化中与政府所控制的社会的稳定有一定冲突的是否会会遭到抑制甚至排除我则表示保留的肯定，因为教育的施放者的关系，在不同学校，不同老师（包括家庭，社会）的情况的会略有不同。


接下来的提纲准备按照imong的题材来分类，主要参照前人的提纲（记忆），并适当地加入我自己的改进
1.
At the personal level, granted that it’s important to lay a firm foundation for the achievement of personal fulfillment through education, education amounts to far more than providing knowledge; it also embraces delivering beliefs, values and humanity. In my view, the genuine purpose of education is rooted not in stuffing “education” but rather eliciting the potential of students aimed at helping them to realize the riches within themselves.
A th  At the community level, granted that it’s important to revise and develop the previous ideas, values and beliefs, education amounts far more than revising; it also embraces adding new information and creating new facts aimed at deepening and broadening our knowledge as well as expanding our mind.
102"102.For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."
1．教育是的文化和知识得以延续
2．教育对学生传授知识的同时，学生被培养的自身的思想会修订这些ideas, beliefs, values
3．这些修订对社会进步的帮助。
104"104.It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."

1．同上
2．教育是由政府所控制的，它当然会处于对社会目的的考虑，选择性进行教育
3．由于根深蒂固的思想，宣扬的的东西多半会被接受。不宣扬的文化就有很多被遗忘
4．（没话说再加吧，有点跑题）又由于人类好奇的天性和民主社会对怀疑的鼓励，没有被宣扬的东西，总会被一小撮人发掘，一部分颠覆了旧的过是的体系，即哪里更好的文化，一部分则威胁社会的安定。

    对学生： 通过教授课程既使学生掌握谋生的技术，又培养学生思考的能力，比如判断是非，寻找真相（逻辑啊，理智啊），还有就是完善人们的思想包括品德，行为等等（甚至可以发散到开启心灵，内心平和），对学生的作用又可以直接作用到他们的工作，作品，进而社会。这个又直接关系到教育的另两个部分，就是教育的内容和社会目的。
学生&社会目的类题目
191"Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."

201"The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas—not to prepare them for a specific job."
1．  1. 教育在学生工作方面的目的
2．在塑造学生思想品质（包括价值体系） （选择一方面的话，可以一个作为admittedly的部分，先后无所谓）
3．进一步分析对社会的目的
4．选择性的加入对操作方法的建议。
222"Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."(排名234暂不写提纲~)


112"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
逻辑思考对社会和对个人的强大作用
情感因素影响着个人的成就和社会的和谐
undue的逻辑对艺术的伤害是毁灭的， undue的情感对科学的危害是无法挽回的。
对于学生来说，情感和逻辑相辅相成相互促进密不可分temper their emotions while nurturing judgement tolerance fairness and understanding。


额， 先记这些~等下来接着写

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51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
以学生为中心的教育能够最大地激发学生的兴趣，使教学效率大幅上涨
然而，以个体为中心的教育，其成果难以用统一的标准衡量，势必引发社会的不公平现象。
moreover 过度地强调个人的需要和兴趣会对学生的发展产生不利的影响
在统一教育模式的前提下，适当地开发student-centered program

5"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

core curriculum such as fundamental knowledge->the same
other courses -> different and diversified curriculum would benefit the whole society in the long run.
moreover, different parts of a large nation may have different cultural, economical, regional characteristics. (计算机在乡村地区就很难教学，在城市中心也很难有农业实践课)
according to different regional conditions.

34"Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society."
1．教育的目的（屡试不爽啊）
2．针对应用性的课程的重要性
3．其他学科对学生的重要性
4，忽略其中某一项会造成什么不好。
5．多学科对社会的作用。
90"College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."不同意：
1．目的
2．兴趣的作用
3．兴趣的弊端
4．实用性的重要性
5．（见后面的分析）

   按学术分：文科与理科，或更详细点社会科学，人类学，自然科学，当然也可以分基础学科，和其他的等等。我对课程的理解是不同分课的知识是交叉起作用的，首先是家长的教育形成人性的雏形，基础学科奠定进一步学习的底子，然后是进一步的基础学科与艺术学科共同塑造个性与传授知识，到一定程度后就开始分化专业。然而处于对教学目的两方面的考虑，文，武两方面都有助于人的成长。就科学内部来说，各课的融合也是一个大的趋势，不同的科目，正如培根说过，不只知识，还能训练人不同方面的能力。（另外，对于有一到题128的情况，正规教育与free mind的情况可以借鉴这种思考，基本的教育是有效自由思考的前提）
80"All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."

94"Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."
   有着丰富的课外知识很重要，它对构建整个的知识体系是很有帮助的，很多学科之间都有interconnection and interdependency and  interrelationship一通百通。 即使现在暂时看上与自己学习课程不想关的东西，将来也可能派上大用场。
moreover， it could broaden our horizons and helps us understand the true method of learning. Learning for a lifetime->we are not learning the knowledge itself. But learning the methods of how to acquire knowledge.
however， education for the sake of education must be prohibited. utilitarian的观念有时也会是减轻学生负担的方法.课外的课程也要适量。
to sum up， 适量的课外内容有助于我们的学习。

78"Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict."
但我觉得重点在于是否能eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflicts.
不同意：
1．学习人的共通性为增进彼此的了解，培养彼此得尊敬。
2．学习不同文明的区别也能了解不同，可以误会冲突。
3．然而战争的本质往往并不是由文化的差异引起，而是人类的贪婪本性，需要更多的是实力的均衡来减少以及消除战争。

3.方法
   方法往往与内容息息相关，有时候对内容的选择就是对方法的与中选择。比如对兴趣内容的选择就代表 了方法上是以满足学生的需要为主，选择体验生活的课程，方法上就要有鼓励参加公益活动和社会实践。

67"Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."

选择培养辨别是非的能力和勇气，就要鼓励去质疑既存的理论和事实。

52"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."

153"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."

213"Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others—that is, the ability to achieve social harmony—should be a major goal in every school."


除此之外，还有些方法来源的是一些对现象可能产生的影响的考虑。比如，对于普通人和大学生容易盲从的情况，提出的解决方法，对于学生的错误和成功的处理方法，对个人的才能和自身信仰的关系的思考都属此类。具体情况见后面题目的分析。

230"College students—and people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."
不同意：
1．教育的目的
2．跟随别人往往是由于选择太少而不是太多。或者就算是跟随一个趋势，其中可能具体的方面还是个人的选择。
3．即使懒于选择，教育跟应该培养勇气与能力去作出选择并且是正确的选择。
4．有时候，又学要掌握自主性选择与服从大趋势中做出平衡。

228"The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."
不同意：
1．每个人都会有犯错和成功
2．应该在成功下适当表扬，错误下适当批评
3．忽略指出错误，就算是很少很细微，积累起来也会产生惊人的破坏，也更难改
4．要注意过度的害处

134"Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs."
同意：
1．敏捷的智力和坚定的好的修辞技巧能获得一个好的印象。
2．信仰和真诚同时在后面才能取得真挚的交流。
3．现在教育的现状，需要加强

4.参与者
   教育最直接的和最普遍的参与者当然是学生和老师（学校），但也有题目讨论让社会，家长的参与或不 要学校，只需要学生自己的教育模式。我们就将所有的情况都考虑进来。
   
   教师：最普遍的教授者，对于他们我认为既要具有该方面的丰富理论知识，还有实际操作的丰富经验，而对于更新速度快的技术方面，随时掌握对新技术的发展并及时传达给学生也很有必要。但是也有观点是过多的教课外的工作会影响老师的精力，对教育由起到反作用，这个可以用来让步或反驳。

50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."

   家长和社会：担当着学生在学校之外的教育。家长教授着人们感情，为人还传授经验；而社会则是考验学生，积累它们自己的经验，锻炼自己的能力。

154"Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
同意：
1．教育的目的。人的生命分为三部分，学校，家庭，社会，三方面都无时无刻去他们接触，都应该负担起教育的责任。
2．家庭教授感情和为人，对个人性格的形成由莫大的作用，特别是小时候
3．社会约束人的行为，影响价值观，产生经验。

   学生：受教者。所有的内容与方法都是针对他们而设计和安排，所有的目的与作用也由他们来体现。当然它们接受教育的过程和教育的方法也紧密相关。在作文中，他们是衔接各个方面的重要枢纽。对于特别有天赋的学生与普通的学生的区别，我们要首先注意他们是否能够在早期贝分辨出来，因为即使是啊坦哥小时候也没被认为是天才，还有就是学习的作用顺序，理应在奠定个性基础的时候给与特别的知识训练是否恰当值得思考。当然，有天分的人的超越性的思考需要得到承认和培养，以免被外界的评价儿同化进而埋没。

214"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."

   学校/环境：也就是教育的环境，到底教育是否应该在学校中进行，学校的环境到底又应该是怎样都是这方面考虑的问题。我分析，学校特别是大学是一个集中了知识，教授和学生以及相应科目的专业设施的地方，其学术气氛及学问容量绝对其他地方难以比拟的。学生的因素固然重要，缺乏正规良好的教育环境影响，可能接受的人会形成歧形的思想与知识体系。另外，在这个环境中，同学之间的交流也是非常有价值的（发散，思想的碰撞，社会的关系网，嘿嘿）。而基于教育的目的（社会方面，学生方面），它不能与社会太过隔离，是学术，教育脱离社会的需求；反过来说，太过社会化，又有可能玷污学术领域的纯洁，都可以考虑。  

39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."

232"The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."

223"Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."
这题有些不同，可以分两节来论述，是不是个人问题广泛来看，要像是干系教育目的的问题，论述教育的概念，而后者则是学校的作用：
不同意：
1．教育不仅关系个人，更着眼整个社会（目的）
2．在教育过程中，学校也起着的重要作用。
3．对于的教育的改革，促进，更是需要整个社会的努力。

5．评判标准
现今的主流评判标准也就是grade system，它的好坏都可以说出一堆来，正面，一定程度上公平，有效的判定了一个学生的教育情况；反面，太过片面，使得学习变得狭隘，形成了错误的学习目标，扭曲了教育的目的。现阶段取消考分制不大可能，但可以辅以其他的评判标准，是的更加准确。

55"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.

100"The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development."


6. 资金
资金可以分教师的工资和学生的学费两大类，教师的工资属于一种雇佣关系中交换的商品，那么就应该遵守价值规律，首先当然排除主观的歧视。而学生的学费，在学生方面，过高的学费让有能力有天分单贫穷的学生失去了学习的机会，对社会是一种损失；没有学费负担又会让一部分人珍惜自己来之不易的机会。在政府方面，则要结合社会建设的大范围看，减免学费会增加政府的压力，影响其他社会建设，而在把教育作为产业的情况下，则还是一笔大的损失；一点都不负担，则要面对公众的压力，所以正反都还是有话说。

32"A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."
反对：
1．符合价值规律，抢手，热门的就要叫价高一些。
2．报酬应该按贡献与付出来定，而非仅仅是专业。
3．大锅饭的坏处，打击积极性，好的教员跳槽，降低学校质量。

正面：应该没有吧，有的话贴出来，让我见识一下

53"College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government."
反对：
1．（教育的目的）
2．基于社会方面的考虑，政府的财政压力导致社会建设被搁浅，违反初衷。
3．基于学生的考虑，尽管贫穷的学生有困难，确实有天分的人可以得到政府的特别资助。而且若无学费压力和动力，一部分学生会不珍惜机会，荒废学业。
4．        可以提出解决办法：折衷）

同意：
1．使所有的学生都有机会接受高等教育，提高全民素质，提高社会建设。
2．即使一些短期的付出，长远来看，教育对社会的作用会超过损失，比如日本。
3．使民众更支持政府。
4．还可以兴办高质量的私人学校，征收费用，弥补财政损失