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2-4
19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
1a society’s prosperity is mainly presented as the overall success, which consists of the many individual’s well-being.
2 it is impossible to gain a large-scale success without the premise of the well-being of its individual citizens. Society is integrated by different kinds of people. The level of the overall depends on the lowest part rather than the highest part. So we have to pay enough attention on individual citizens, especially those below the average level.
3the profit of the society and the profit of the individual may constantly become contradicted upon certain issues, like the environment ones. In those occasions, the public interests have to put before individuals’. It is because the individual are preoccupied by the instant profit for his own good and consider nothing for the others. While the society has a longer vision to measure the gains and lost. Thus, the decision to put society before individual may keep the society thriving for good, not a moment.
4the balance should be handled carefully in different situations. But the fundamental position of individual’s well-being in the society is unshakable.
18"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."
1the experience to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others may help one get to know the idea deeper and find the true value of it. In the process of such crossing swords of the ideas, the every details and overall opinion can be developed stably, and one will provoke his thought to an excessive extension to reinforce the idea, weighing it with others and testing it in the doubts. As a result, one’s standing on the idea is surely bolstered and with the comparison and penetrating into the underneath, the value is unveiled to us.
2to confront the idea with other’s doubts and debate with their views can also draw a new reflect of the original idea upon one’s mind, which, may change the initial ideas if he finds the fallacy of it in a deeper and different aspect after the arguing. In such occasion, one will stop exploring the value of that idea and get away from the idea decisively.
3the following alternative result depends on how one originally stands. If he is in the truth side, any challenge and confusion will lead to the value as long as he is determinate for himself; however, if he is primarily wrong, any dispute upon his idea turns out to the struggle of his obstinacy, which the longer he concedes, the more difficult he sustains, and the more he goes astray from the value of his idea.
*177"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."(other available opinion?)
1 it is the fact that the academic experience changes the way we understand the world. As long as we are provided a new discipline with a systematic ideas, we gradually transform our thinking approaches, which is that, we tend to use the system we have well acquired to rebuild the world among us.
2 the studying of the discipline enriches our mind and makes us more mature to judge what we face. So the world remains same, while we are scrutinizing it in an aspect further, specific and renewed.
3 the alteration is varied among individuals, relying on how deeply they are influenced by the academic study. If they are strong self-established, preoccupied with the understanding of the world and divides the academic study clearly with the practical experience of life, they may see the same world as same eyes even after they have learned the disciplines.
154"Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
1 it is a must for both parents and communities to be involved in the local schools, since education is established upon the two. The parents have their children in schools, which is the initiative need for the existence for education. While the recognition and support from communities makes it possible to develop education, especially the public education.
2 but the depth of the involvement of communities and parents are different. Parents act as a subordinate element in the education of the children. They constantly get involved but each of the parents hardly has a significant influence on the overall situation. However, the society won’t involve in the schools now and then, but the education is built upon it and preceded for it, which has a crucial influence. The final goal for school is focus on the society, besides society raises money and supervises the process of the education machines.
3 it is unbelievable to leave education solely to a group of professional educators, not because of its importance, but complexity. The professional educator can apply their professional knowledge to offer the best education for the youth, but they are inadequate to handle the purpose and each chain of the education as best. As mentioned above, the activity of education is complex, involving different objects with different function and constantly are influenced by those elements.
79"Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."
1the situation depends on the traits of the society, especially the intellectual level of the general public.
2in a harmonious society, especially a democratic government, major policy decisions should be made by the majority of the general public rather than the minority politicians and experts. The major policy, which will have a cardinal influence to the society, the nation and the daily life of the general public, should be decided by the most related members, unless the government concerned enough with its people and are truly reliable. Besides, the general public should have the proficient intellect to judge what kind of decision does the most benefits. Their understanding on diverse field may surpass the suggestion the experts offer.
3if the government is democratic, but its people are not qualified to make an overall decent judgment, the decision should still leave for the government side.
4if the government is not democratic, the power of decision is held only by those governors, not because their advantages on a better decision making ability and judgment, but their position of dictator over the general public. |
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