孙远的《GRE写作》上闪亮句型理解问题

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以下编号按照书上编号来：
Issue闪光句型

5 What deference people in authority do command is based on their actual powers rather than on their age, wisdom, or dignity.

"What deference people in authority do command"断句怎么断？"What deference/ people in authority /do command"？什么意思呢？有权的人执行命令尊重的东西？不理解啊。。。

9 Food is prepackaged and shopping is impersonal, but the efficiency of the operation produces lower prices and less shopping time.
“食物是预包装的，shopping是客观的，但是操作的有效性产生更低的价格和更少的shopping时间。”中间为什么有but啊？没看懂什么意思

12 This freedom from the group has enabled the American to become "Economic Man"- one directed almost purely by profit motive, mobile and unencumbered by family or community obligations.
"by profit motive, mobile and unencumbered by family or community obligations" by后面的东西是怎么并列的，"by profit motive, /mobile and unencumbered by family /or community obligations"

14 Actually, persons in status societies who are secure in their niches are allowed more eccentricity than Americans, who rely heavily on signals that other people like them.
"who rely heavily on signals that other people like them." signals that other people like them 什么意思？是其他人喜欢他们的信号，还是其他人跟他们一样的信号？

Argument闪光句型
14 While this may be true in some cases, it equally possible that only companies with products that are already best-sellers can afford the higher ad rates that popular shows demand.
"that popular shows demand"是跟随在哪个主语后面的？