【big fish】组topran备考日志

topranUID: 2310216

2月25日 Can anyone tell me what will happend if China abandon the link between US dollars and RMB?
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Issue template By Ran 2月25日
Question : Is A(A1,A2,A3) related or reflected to B.
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This statement generalized unfairly that A will reveal B. In my view , while in certain respects the A are accurate indicators B , in other aspect are not.

Turning first to A1, certain aspects of A1 do inform B. Like example1,example 2. In other aspects ,however, some times A1 has nothing to do with B.

I turn next to A2, A2 usually contains a1,a2,a3. For a1 ,a2 do often provide accurate signals about B. For instance ,…But a3 which is also an important element of A2 does not necessarily related to B. For example,……

Finally , the statement underestimated a crucial distinction B and C. B such as …….Accordingly, C….. ..since the B and C are different , and A is main reason of C , So B can not been bring out by A.

To sum up , while the statement has merit , it amounts to an unfair generation .A is not born for B . And in oppressed B to A belie the true side of B.
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The logic behind this is if part of A can conclude B, but the rest can not, The purpose of A is to serve C , B just has intersection with C. So A can not absolute course B.
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Argument template By Ran 2月25日
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This article concludes that despite …. To justify this conclusion the article author notes that …. The
author also cites….I find this argument logically unconvincing in several respects.

First of all , the decline that the author cites is not necessarily due to the …It is entirely possible that…Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for…,the article’s author cannot make any sound recommendations…based on that decline.

As for the….that the article cites , …do not necessarily reflect…; after all,…More over…do not necessarily reflect those of the overall pool of …In fact, given that…It’s entirely possible that the vast majority of …If so , this fact would further undermine the survey’s relevance in prescribing…

Finally , the author falsely equates…with…Moreover, enhance…

In sum, the argument is logically flawed and therefore unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the author must either modify the proposal…., or provide better evidence that …..

2月25日 Read from NY-Times
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Title of the artical: What are they afraid of
The link is :
http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15546095&source=most_commented
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"The force pulling China toward integration and openness are more powerful today than ever before" said President Bill Clinton in 1999, China then , though battered by Asian financial crisis , was busy dismantling(去掉……的覆盖物，拆除)state-owned enterprises and pushing for admission to the world trade organisation. Today howere, those forces look much weaker.

A spate of recent events, from the heavy jail sentences passed on human-righrs activists to an undiplomatic obduracy (顽固)at the climate-change negotiations in Copenhagen last December , invite questions about the thinking of China's leader .Has their view of the outside world and dissent （异议）at the change? Or were the force detected (察觉)by Mr Clinton and so many others after all not pilling so hard in the direction they were expecting?

The early years of what Clina calls its "reform and opening" after 1978 were markd by cycles of liberalisation and repression .The turing-points were usually marked by political crisis: dissent on the streets , leadership struggles or both.Now however, the only big protest movements are repressed ones aamong ethnic minorities in Tibet and Xinjiang. China's big cites are hardly roiled by political turmoil(骚乱)。By the time Liu Xiaobo,an academic,was sentenced to 11 years in prison in December ,dissident(意见不同的) debate surrounding the heaviest-known penalty imposed on any activist for "inciting subversion(颠覆)"since such a crime was written into law in 1997.

China has do far survived the global economic down turn with hardly any of the agitation(搅动) many once feared it might cause among unemployed workers or jobless university graduates . The economy grew at a very robust=sounding 8.7% last year and is predicted by many to be on course for similar growth in 2010.
Sweeping changes are due in the senior leadership in 2012 and 2013, including the replacement of President Hu Jintao and of the prime minister, Wen Jiabao. But if a struggle is brewing (酿造), signs of it are hard to spot. An unusually high-profile campaign against organized crime by the party chief of Chongqing municipality, Bo Xilai, has raised eyebrows. Some speculate that it is part of a bid by Mr Bo, who is a Politburo member, to whip up popular support for his promotion to the Politburo’s all-powerful Standing Committee in 2012. An online poll by an official website chose Mr Bo as the “most inspiring voice” of 2009.
But Andrew Nathan of Columbia University in New York does not see this as a challenge to the expected shoo-in for Xi Jinping, the vice-president, as China’s next leader, despite Mr Xi’s failure last year to garner （储入）the leading military post analysts thought would form part of his grooming. Li Keqiang, a deputy prime minister, still looks set to take over from Mr Wen in 2013.
Against this backdrop of political stability and economic growth, the most credible interpretation of the government’s recent hard line is that the forces pushing its leaders towards greater liberalisation at home and sympathetic engagement with the West are weaker than had been hoped. Nor is there any sign that the next generation of leaders see their mission differently. As Russell Leigh Moses, a Beijing-based political analyst, puts it: “The argument in policy-making circles where reform is concerned is ‘how much more authoritarian should we be?’ not ‘how do we embark on Western-style democracy?’”
Tough though the recent sentences of activists have been, they are hardly out of keeping with the leadership’s approach to dissent in recent years. This has involved giving a bit of leeway（风压差，偏航） to freethinking individuals, but occasionally punishing those seen as straying （迷失）too far. Since late last year two activists have been jailed in an apparent attempt to deter（震慑） people from organising the parents of children killed in shoddily（粗制滥造的） built schools during an earthquake in Sichuan province in 2008. But another critic of the government’s handling of the parents’ grievances（不平，抱怨）, Ai Weiwei, remains free in Beijing and just as outspoken.
The coming months are unlikely to see much change. Despite boasting of their country’s resilience （弹回；弹性：恢复力）in the face of the global economic crisis, China’s leaders still appear jittery（神经过敏的）. Mr Wen has forecast that 2010 will see “even greater complexity in the domestic and international situation”. China’s security chief, Zhou Yongkang, in a speech published this week said the task of maintaining social stability “was still extremely onerous（繁重的，有麻烦的）”.

Some Chinese economists worry out loud that China’s massive stimulus-spending might have bought the country only a temporary reprieve（缓刑，暂缓）. Bubbles, they fret（使苦恼）, are forming in property markets, inflationary pressure is building up and reforms needed to promote sustained growth (including measures to promote urbanisation) are not being carried out fast enough. Occasionally, even the government’s worst nightmare is mooted (假设，无实际意义)as a possibility: stagflation. A combination of fast-rising prices and low growth might indeed be enough to send protesters on to the streets.
Abroad, Chinese leaders are struggling to cope with what they feel to be an accelerated shift in the global balance of power, in China’s favour. This has resulted in what Mr Moses describes as behaviour ranging from “strutting(趾高气昂的走) to outright stumbling（蹒跚而行）”. They reacted with oratorical（演说家，爱用华丽辞藻） fury in January, when America announced a $6.4 billion arms deal with Taiwan. But while pandering （拉皮条）to popular nationalism at home, they remain aware of China’s limitations. This week China allowed an American aircraft-carrier to pay a port call to Hong Kong, just a day before President Obama was due to defy（公然反抗） grim （无情的，残忍的，严厉的）warnings and meet the Dalai Lama in Washington.
Chinese leaders can be confident that the plight（近况） of dissidents and the ever-louder grumbles （爱发牢骚的人）of foreign businessmen over the barriers they face in China will not keep the world away. From May China will be visited by a series of foreign leaders going to the World Expo in Shanghai. Among the first will be France’s president, Nicolas Sarkozy, much reviled（痛斥） by Chinese nationalists for his stance （立场）on Tibet. China sees the Expo, like the 2008 Beijing Olympics, as a chance to flaunt（夸耀） its strength. But, as Mr Clinton noted of China in 1999, “a tight grip is actually a sign of a weak hand”.

topranUID: 2310216

1# topran

Argument template By Ran   2月26日
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This article claims that…. To support this clain…He also cites various other evidence that…Careful examination of this supporting edidence , however ,reveals that it lends credible to the applicant ‘ s claim.

First of all, ….Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern,his claim that …is untenable (不堪一击). …..However , it is entirely possiable that …..Moreover , the author provides no evidence that…For that matter,….might actually pose…,especially considering….Nor does the mere fact thatlend significant support to …It is entirely possible..., perhaps…This would go a long way toward explaining why…,and it would weaken the author’s assertion that…Finally, the study showing that …would lend support to the claim only if…typify(具有……典型特征)。 However, the applicant provides no credible evidence that this is the case.

In conclusion , the article is not persuasive . To bolster is the author must provide clearer evidence that …..on the regular basis. Such evidence might include the following: statistics showing that a significant number of ;a survey showing that…; and assurances from

Issue template By Ran
2月26日

Type of topic : Which should be more important A or B
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The speaker claims that A is more important than B and we should pay more attention on A ,I tend to disagree with both aspects of this claim.To begin with ,B is inspires us …far more so than A. Moreover,A is part of B,as discussed below .

Admittedly ,at times A played more pivotal（中枢，关键的）role than B. For example,…

However , the equal influential was B1…Addimittedly ,B1 is supportby A , However m….Generally speaking,then,undue attention to A tends to obscure the cause and effect relationships with ….is chiefly concerned.

B1 is just on example if a historical patten in which B who have been ultimately responsible for the most significant developments in human history .Profound …are nearly all attrutable …Moreover,Admittedly, sweeping social changes and political reforms require the participation of large groups of people.However,I would be hard press to identify any watershed sociopolitical events… groups rally(振作)…

The speaker might claim that …long term sociological trends are often instigation(煽动)。。。I concede that …Again , however..monarchs …whose whims (奇思妙想)and egos(自尊 ，自负)
。。。

topranUID: 2310216

2# topran

Argument template By Ran
2月27日
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This editorial recommends that …. To support this recommendation the editorial cites….On the basis of evidence the author infer that …This argument is logically flawed in several critial respect.

To begin with , the argument unfairly assumes that…The editorial provides no evidence to substantiate these assumption .Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that …

The argument also unfairly assumes that…Since the editorial fails to rule out these ans other possible explanation for …I can not accept any conclusions about ….Let alone about…

Even if …..the argument rests on the further assumption that…But, since the editorial provises no evidence ti substantiate this assumption it is equally possible that …Thus , without better evidence that …the editorial remains unconvincing.

The mere facts that
…hardly suffices to prove …
The author provides no firm evidence that …

In sum , the editorial’s author cannnot justify his or her voting recommendation on the basis of the scant evidence provided in the editorial . To bolster the recommendation the author must provide better evidence that (1) (2) (3). The better assess the argument I would need to know ….

Issue template By Ran
2月27日
Question : A is important to all.
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I agree that it would serve the interests of all….Nevertheless, such…pose certain risks that ….

One compelling argument in favor of ….has to do with the fact that …It is seems to me that ….It might be tempting to think that an overly diversified…However, in my view any such concerns are unwarranted, especially considering the growing awareness of … Moreover , …; thus,…

Another compelling argument for….Consider , for instance…Also ,we are now learning that…Also ,consider that

Notwithstanding the foregoing reasons why….First, ..a myriad of …Query whether…

A second problem inherent in ….A telling example of the inherent….Not surprisingly , during…

A final problem with ….drawn to the sorts of problems to which…While this is not reason enough not to …it nevertheless is a concern that…

To sum up ,given the 1,2,3,A makes good sense. And since …my intuition is that whatever …might stand in the way of ….As long as …….

topranUID: 2310216

3# topran

Issue template By Ran
2月28日
Question : A is important to B, but we don’t know A.
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I find the speaker’s dual claim to be specious on both counts. The claim that A hinges on B , while appealing in some respects ,is an over-statement as best .And the claim that we have not yet learned …is poorly supported by empirical evidence.

Consider first the speaker’s assertion that …depends on…I concede that unless…perhaps even…To witness …,one need look no further than …and assert ….

However , …is only one factor influencing the extent to which…And in my observation it is not the most important one. Consider certain prominent…contributed profoundly to….,in spite of …An even more remarkable modern example was… both stant by

Consider next the speaker’s claim that…If we define a “better” society as one characterized by greater tolerance of differing viewpoints and people who are different from ourselves, great respect for individual rights, and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries. ….In short , the speaker’s second claim flies in the face of the empirical evidence , as I see it .

In sum, when it comes to whether …,the key determinant is not …but rather …And , while reasonable people with differing….In my observation,…In the final analysis , then, I fundamentally disagree with both aspects of the speaker’s dual claim.

Argument template By Ran
2月28日
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In this memorandum recommends that ,….To support this recommendation the memo relies on …
However, the recommendation relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.

First of all , the memo indicates that ….Accordingly, the argument rests on the assumption that…..Yet, we are not informed…,aside from its…It is entirely possible that…If this is the case, the recommended acquisition would not…

Secondly, the argument rests on the assumption that …..If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that…Thus, without more marketing information about….It is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation .

Even if the memo’s author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, the author overlooks the possibility that…Also,…might have been due to entirely to, and aside from the …is actually…If either is the case, and if ….,then….

In conclusion , the recommendation is not well supported .To convince me that ….would be profitable ..should need to provide clear statistical evidence that….To better evaluate the recommendation ,I would need more information about ….and about…..

topranUID: 2310216

4# topran

Argument template By Ran 3月4日
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In this memo…points out that…,despite the fact that….The dean also points out that…..The dean reason that this procedure explain…which in turn has created ….On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes that ….This argument contains several logical flaws ,which render it unconvincing.

A threshold problem with the argument involves …..The dean provides no evidence about …..Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those number are insignificant , in which case termination the procedure is unlikely to have any effect on the …..

The argument also assumes unfairly that….is the result of…rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host of other possible explanations for…such as ….Without ruling out all other possible explanations for ….the dean cannot convince me that by…..let alone …

Even if ….the dean’s claim that …..is unjustified The dean over looks a myriad of other possible reasons for….Perhaps…In short , without accounting for other factors that might contribute to …the dean can not justify the claim that…

Finally ,even if the dean can substantiate all of the forgoing assumptions , the dean’s assertion that…is still unwarranted in two aspects .First , the dean ignores other possible ways ….Second, the dean unfairly equate …with….In other words,even if ….

In sun , the dean’s argument is unpersuasive as it stands .To strengthen it the dean must provide better evident that ….
To better assess the argument I would need to analyze
I would also need….

topranUID: 2310216

TOPIC: ARGUMENT165 - The following appeared in a business magazine.

"As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods."
WORDS: 354          TIME: 00:45:48          DATE: 2010/3/11 21:25:48

In this artical , Promofoods claims that their product known as tuna can contains no health risk ,even though it has been complainted by plenty of consumer due to dizziness and nausea. To justify it conclusion , Promofoods points out that recalled sample cans only contain three suspected chemicals and these three is wildly existed in canned foods.However , based on such dubious evidence , this conclusion is unconvincing in following aspects .

First of all, the test study is based on the recalled cans, without further information to desribe sample collected method , we can not know the sample for test can behalf all tuna cans . The possibility that the recalled cans is different batch of cans which cause dizziness and nausea can not be excluded. And through the artical , we can not find any information about the size of sample size or other details , just based on the existed information , the test experiment is not reasonable enough to be trusted .

Second , even if we assum that the sample for test study was collected by reasonable method and the samples can represent the whole batchs of product well.But through the artical , we still know that there were three kinds of chemicals had been found in tuna can . Even though Promofoods claims that these three chemical were naturally found in all other canned food , there is no information to tell it is legal for other can food to cantain these three chemicals .Maybe the other can food company was on the same track with Promofoods , maybe they were complained by consumer as well and recalled their product too. So the other food added these three chemicals in cans can not be the excuse for Promofoods to follow.    And no information in this artical point out the quanlity of the usage for these three chemicals .It is possiable that Promofood did not obey the limitation of usage amount and excessive usage could cause serious health risk like dizziness and nausea. Without any detail information , we can not be convinced by the result of study.

topranUID: 2310216

Times flies by and world of changes has occurred .It takes more that 3.4 million years for apes to hunman , but at same time , only give one day life for mayfly.In this topic ,we wind up our clock with 5 years ,as time tiping down , what will be changed and even been weep out ? In bussiness ,for certain industry like high tech ,5 years can make ground breaking change , but for some tradation industry

topranUID: 2310216

Issue17
There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.
------正文------

Laws, body of official rules and regulations, found in constitutions, legislations, judicial opinions, and the like, are used to govern a society and control the behavior of its members. Concerning laws, the author asserts that since laws are categorized as just ones and unjust ones, every individual in a society is incumbent( 义不容辞的) to obey just laws and to disobey unjust laws. This view, in my eyes, is fundamentally irrational in ignoring the significance of certain constancy in legal system. To better present my viewpoint let me illustrate it in details.

To begin with, whether a law is just or not is more of a subjective issue that differs according to personal interests, social class, as well as one's personal value system. Consider, for example, the controversial issue abortion. For people of certain religious belief, laws indulge abortion are unjust since they believe mothers do not have the freedom to deprive（剥夺，使丧失） infants of their rights of life, while for people of other religions, right of life comes into being after birth, which render abortion not an infringement of human right and should be at the pregnant woman's will. Besides diverges（偏离，发散） generated due to personal value system, different, or even opposite, personal interests may also result in divarication. For instance, certain laws may prohibit factories from emitting toxic effluents into rivers for the well-being of local residents. In the eye of common populace, doubtlessly, this law is just and considerate to ensure public interests, however, as for the manager of a factory, this law, which causes it to curtail employees, increase manufacturing costs, and adopt related costly processing procedures, may be regarded as unjust. Consequently, it is arbitrary to lineate an explicit line between these two kinds of laws, to which type a law belongs should be determined on a case-by-case basis varying with changing social conditions.

Nevertheless, in most occasions, whether a law is justified or not is definite with just ones more often than not fall into a line with interests of the majority, and hence every individual should faithfully abide by just laws. For example, highway codes in most countries require drivers to drive automobiles on the right side of the street, the goal of which is to ensure smooth transportation and to avoid unnecessary traffic accidents, and the disobey of them would inevitably result in chaos that threaten human lives. Similarly, various criminal laws, civil laws and administrative laws, on which every democratic society is based, are enacted for the security and order of the society. Without people's compliance, anarchy would reign supreme, not to mention insurance of basic human rights.

In terms of unjust laws, often resulted from ill-awareness of legislators or changing social conditions, some people, the author included, suggest that since they are not likely to be dismissed or disappear automatically, every individual should be incumbent to take up responsibility to overthrow（打倒，使终止） them to build up a more harmonious, democratic and human-oriented society. Ostensibly（从表面上看）, this assertion is appealing, however, an in-depth review would reveal its naivety and vulnerability. As a matter of fact, more often than not, by justifying a violation of one sort of law we find ourselves on a slippery slope toward sanctioning all types of illegal behavior, for the same reason that there may not be definite division between justness and unjustness. Consider the abortion example again. A person opposing freedom of abortion would overthrow the law by way of blocking roads to the abortion clinic, which, in his/her visual angle, is justifiable because he is just showing his opposition to unjust laws. However, it is a precariously（依靠机会的，不确定的） short leap from this sort of civil disobedience to physical confrontations with clinic workers, then to the infliction of property damage, then to the bombing of the clinic and potential murder! Evidently, every sort of action threatening public security could find a well established excuse if every individual is allowed to disobey and resist unjust laws in their discretion.

In summary, from all the discussions above, we can safely draw the conclusion that the author's assertion is essentially unreasonable in that it naively divides just laws with unjust laws and neglects the importance of constancy of legal system to ensure a democratic and harmonious society. However, with social conditions changing at a breathtaking speed and considering the limitation of human insights of the future, laws should be flexible to keep pace with changing reality insofar as this proposition is not overextended.

topranUID: 2310216

Issue190 As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money. ------正文------ Although nowadays the concept of art usually refers to visual art, the definition of art has changed over centuries. Perhaps the most concise definition of art is its broadest--art refers to all creative endeavors（尝试）, excluding actions directly related to survival and reproduction. From a wide perspective, art is simply a generic term for various creations, out of which sprang all human pursuits and inspiration. Concerning the necessity of the arts, the speaker asserts that it is too luxurious and wasteful to use public resources to support art when people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, which, in my eyes, is fundamentally unreasonable except its emphasis on social pressing problems. To better present my viewpoint let me illustrate it in details. To begin with, the arts, though unable to afford us material luxury like technological advancement and other human progresses, enriches culture, enlightens our spirit, and broadens our horizon, in other words, presents us with what is eternal and universal; the abundance and civilization of spiritual life, unlike a popular idea that denies the significance of spiritual enjoyment, is insurance and premise for material wealth. As the famous scientist and philosopher Descartes once ardently proposed (and I paraphrased):" There are dual sides of a human: one is material, the other spiritual." True, Shakespeare, who achieved maturity and reached unparalleled success in literature by masterpieces such as <Romeo and Julia><Mac Beth>, etc, created the eternal and universal figure Hamlet, the moral dilemma of whom, as something inflicting all humans regardless of era, tells us the fate of all humans; the music genius Beethoven, brilliant, vigorous, and talented as he is, has been shocking audiences for centuries, international or domestic, professionals or amateurs, by his romantic style of creation after his death, with Pathetique and Moonlight being the most famous two. The two examples aptly show that the arts, with various incarnations such as music, painting, sculpture, literature, poem, drama, and architecture, etc, is a mirror as well as carrier for classic inspiration and innovations that provide pleasure. In addition, besides merits directly related to our common lives, the arts is an indispensable component of culture, absent of which is a deteriorated sense of identity and a barbaric primitive state similar to other animals. In terms of biological structure, humans differ from other animals by our "second language system", which refers to human language, a unique capacity that other animals lack. Since art forms such as literature, music, drama, and the like, are its most significant carriers, it is not exaggerating to assert that the arts differ human from other animal and that humans without the enrichment of arts but material wealth, however abundant it may be, are no more than animals in low and simply stage. In short, that we are humans, but not other barbaric creatures, is, at least partly, due to our ability to create and innovate the spiritually noble form--the arts. Admittedly, emphasis on social pressing problems, say, hunger, unemployment, diseases, war, etc, can never be understated, as the speaker holds. In order to understand this point, one only need to see how many Africa refugees are starving to death with every second passes, how many criminal actions and suicides are being committed due to the lose of job, how many people are being deprived of lives by AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Symptom) and cancers, and how many innocent citizens are being killed or injured ruthlessly by nuclear bombs and suicide bombs throughout mid-east countries. Surely, government should allocate a sufficient amount of funds as well as human resource support to these pressing problems, without, however, the arts being neglected. In summary, from the above discussion, we can safely draw the conclusion that the author is reasonable in pointing out the necessity to solve social pressing problems. However, he/she fails to take into account the benefits of the arts: one is the source of human pleasure, the other indispensable part of human civilization that differs from animals and barbaric state

topranUID: 2310216

9# topran
Argument template By Ran 3月19日
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In this argument, the arguer states that ….the trend began shortly after …The srguer further states that …At first alance, the argument seems reasonable, but a closer inspection reveals that it is based on faulty logic and it ultimately remains unconvincing.

The first problem with the argument is that it assumes a direct cause and effect relationship between the ……There is no such causal relationship demonstrated in this argument. First of all, it could be purely coincidental that ….Additionally, there may be a perception of status by…The argument is critically weakened by failing to adress these additional possible causes for…

Once the idea of the finding of …as the cause of …is called into queation, the rest of the argument becomes equally problematic. The arguer assume that once…For one thing, consumers may not have been concerned about the …in the first place, thus it is unlikely that..

Furthermore, the arguer assumes that ….It does not follow that there will automatically be …

In summary, this argument ignores several logical possibilities that severely undermain its premise. Without addression the different possible reasons for the…, and by the baseless assumption that …,the arguer fails to convince the reader about the accuracy of his conclusion.

topranUID: 2310216

Issue No.005

"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

In utilitarianism theory, the ultimatic goal for any organization is to persuit the greastest good for the greatest number. In the case of education which always been category into“good”, it is always nation’s responsibility to carry out an efficient way to let the greatest number enjoy this good. Deep down in my heart, I do believe the ideal model for education system should be individualized, let anyone learn what they like and do what they enjoy, no doult this way will provide the greatest happiness to each individual, and combine that together will bring the greatest joy to the whole society.

However, no matter how fancy the ideal patten is, it is only existed in our fancy dream, the reality is tough and complicated, due to some limitation, the gap beween the reality and ideal can never be filled up. We always need to balance the trade off between the efficiency and utility. No matter how powerful and develped the nation is, she could not afford to an one handred percent individulazied eduaction system, the same natinal curriculum is necessity in every country on some level. The reasons for this phnomenonm are not hard to understand.

First of all, the standard curriculum is the easiest way for a country to provid equal education right. No matter we hate it or not, the efficiency of centralization is obvious.

topranUID: 2310216

Issue 40
"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
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Standpoint: individual interests is important which can’t overestimate, but that does not necessarily means that the personal interest is the only motivation for study and research. As a member of society, every carry a piece of responsibility more or less, so scholars and researchers should take the need of society in to account on some level. And some unusual or idiosyncratic interests may be so ridiculous and absurd , to study which is waste of time and resource.
(1)        Interest and passion is important, a lot of interest is generated by the social need.
Penicillin and Fleming, antibiotic, inflation
Bell telephone , communication needs
(2)        Social responsibility is inescapable. People are dying, suffering from hungry and natural disaster , illness and disease. Scholar can provide better life for us with their research.   
(3)        Some extreme case should be serious considered when come to talk about unusual and idiosyncratic .  
perpetual motion machine,