1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by tequilawine [无]--最初的梦想绝对会到达

tequilawineUID: 2702008

一转眼，考完G已有几个月了。作为寄托联盟的一员，我想与大家一起分享 关于GRE阅读中的一点体会。本文没有提到任何机警，如果单纯需要机警的G友可以不看。本文也包括部分的新东方笔记。愿G友能从本文中受益。

GRE阅读方法
一、 GRE阅读的类型及结构
首先，明确GRE所选阅读文章都是议论文，具有一般议论文的结构特点。在结构上，就写作手法而言可分为两个部分：
1） Presentation：作者阐述说明和解释一个观点、方法和主张，即立论。
2） Argumentation：作者对于别人的观点给予评论，如果不同意，还要给出自己的观点，即评论。

    同时所有的GRE文章都是围绕一个特定的主题展开，主题即为文章的主线，在GRE阅读中有着无比重要的地位。迅速找到主题，按主题去思索文章是GRE阅读成败之关键。除主题之外，其他内容均可看作支撑主题内容的细节。从这个角度而言，GRE文章又可划为主题层面和细节层面。主题层面：
○1主题内容subject特指“说了什么”，出现在文章的首段和二段第一句
○2主题内容theme特指“为什么说”，“作者态度是什么”。
细节层面：作者按照特定的逻辑关系来支持、说明论据和论点。图示如下：

在类型上分为：
主体类型：
1． 现象――解释型
2． 问题――回答型
3． 结论――说明型
4． 新老观点――对照型
5． 错误――反驳型
细节类型：
1． 文艺家要有其思想
2． 科学观点要有其作用机理
3． 科学问题要有实验手段
4． 多种方案要有成功标准
5． 历史问题要深挖历史根源
6． 因果关系要有逻辑论证
总结：
    在结构和类型上去深刻地认识GRE阅读，将有助于在宏观结构上把握GRE文章的脉络。同时，还应认识到GRE文章的结构，并不是松散的，而是彼此相互联系的，分清主题内容，细节内容，抓住各部分之间的逻辑关系将对解题时的“定位”大有好处。
二、 阅读进程
    阅读时，调整状态，高度集中注意力（但也不要紧张），边读，边记，边想（思考），按文章主题或作者的思路来推进文章，勿急勿躁，力求多懂。同时，养成良好的阅读习惯，采用“意群”阅读（读文章而不是读单词），坚决避免“回视”。仅有以下三处可以“回视”
    ○1主题内容；○2结构重要的地方；○3前后呼应之处，除此之外，决不要“回视”。
    阅读中需要重点注意的地方：○1假设（assumption）○2列举（主要是在文中的位置）○3强对比 。其中“强对比”的内容最为重要，它对应着GRE中最为常见的思维――取非。“强对比”内容在文中由许多“启承转合”的路标词作为标志。
    表转折：however ,but ,yet ,nevertheless ,nonetheless ,still ,while(=although) ,indeed ,practically ,virtually ,in fact：
    表原因： because ,since ,as ,for ,as a result ,result from
    表结果： therefore ,thus ,so ,consequently ,result in
    其它“强对比”：○1真实强对比：unlike ,in contrast to, on the contrary ,in comparison with ,instead ,rather
    ○2时间状语强对比：now ,in 1949
    “强对比”变体：○1最高级：most (utmost ,foremost) ,least ,first ,always ,never ,all ,none ,any
    ○2唯一性：only ,sole ,solely ,unique ,exclusively （需要说明的是，这些唯一性的词汇，如果文章中没有而选项中则必错）
    “取非”是GRE中最为惯常也是常考查的思维。简言之，就是对于一种理论或方法A 的成功之处（优点），另一种理论或方法B的失败之处（缺点），作者在文中会有证明，但通常情况下“成功之处”与“失败之处”未必会同时出现，那么如果问及A的“成功之处”，只要将B的“失败之处”取反即可，同理，问及B的“失败之处”只要将A的“成功之处”取反即可。一般，“取非”类型（或方法）有：○1强对比“取非”（包括让步/转折对象之间的“取非”）○2对优点“取非”○3对缺点“取非”

阅读流程：
    同时读完一段或一部分，问自己三个问题： ○1 这段说了什么？○2为什么说（行文逻辑） ○3作者态度如何？
    具体说明即为：○1对应文章主题○2对应论点与论据，论据与细节之间的逻辑关系，主要作用是帮助定位和加强对文章层次的理解○3对应的实际上也是文章的主题。
总结：
    在GRE实际阅读中，最重要的莫过于集中注意力，按照良好的习惯来读文章，剖析文章。切记：边读边记边思考，只有做到了这一点才是真正的“主动阅读GRE文章”。真正从客观上把握了文章。读文章并不要求记住文章的每个地方，但是读出文章的主题来，从文章中理出一个“头绪”来，不要纠缠于文章细节，而应该把握作者的思想，作者论证问题的思路，作者对不同理论的态度。同时，重点留意“强对比（最高级）”内容“假设”列举等。
三、 GRE阅读问题构成及解题策略
1） 主题题
    指GRE阅读中所有与主题相关的问题，主要包括：（1） 直接问文章的主题（main idea）；
    此类型题与前面所述的主题类型相对应，首先从宏观上，整体上把握主题是“错误反驳”，还是“新老观点对照”，还是 “问题回答”，还是“现象解释”等，然后再站在全局上找重心，确定要说明内容的中心词，定位，分划选项，如果选项中有原文的一个细节则必错。最后，根据“从前不从后”原则，但也要注意作者的复杂态度。一般而言，如果选项中出现“非常肯定”，“绝对化很强”，诸如 “only”,“primarily”,“exactly”,“most”,“least”等词则必错。
    找主题的具体方法如下：
    ○1分清主题内容和细节内容；
    ○2分清主题内容是介绍性背景还是延伸性叙述
    ○3分清作者的四种态度：正态度，负态度，复杂态度和客观态度
    ○4找到细节与论据与论点之间的逻辑关系
   （2）title题
        最友好的选项中应当直接出现文章的主题，其次是那些与主题等价，但比较隐讳的选项。这种题还是要把握全文重心之所在，要从全局来观察作者到底着重谈了什么。如果出现了两种相通或相对的事物，看它们在原文中所占比重份量如何。如果论述比重相当，且全文紧紧围绕两者展开，那么“title”中应当同时出现两者或两者之间的关系。如果两者当中明显有所偏斜，一种事物仅是为了说明、论述另一种事物的陪衬，那么“title”中应只体现一种事物。
总结：
    主题题在GRE阅读中一般较易，为“送分题”。但有些选项之间极其相似，往往难以分辨，这就要求结合文章的重心，作者的态度（赞成，批评还是客观）去考虑。
2） organization题
    一般是问全文或是针对文章的某个部分是如何“organization”的。选项中会出现一些抽象的概括词，例如“observation”“generalization”“phenomena”“contrast”等，顺利完成organization题，首先应当明确它们的内容是什么。
    （1）observation：通常是作者根据既有事实或现象进行概括性的描述，不是一个直接的现象，而是着重于一类现象之后的“一般性”。
比如：○1thus，one impulse often surrendered to fresher one，and………………..
○2The more that is discovered about intricate organization of nervous system, the more it seems remarkable that………..另外，observation在文章中出现之后，通常都会有例证。
    （2）generalization：一般是作者得出的一个非常肯定，认为绝对正确，普遍承认的假设、结论或规律，通常会出现“must be”之类的肯定词。
    （3）Phenomena：是描述一个直接的现象，通常涉及历史事实、生物、地理现象等内容。作者只是着重于一般性的陈述，并未去刻意总结和概括，这是与observation的区别。
    （4）Contrast：通俗地讲就是矛盾对比，正反对比。可粗略地划分为两类：○1正反本身对比，位于不同的客体；○2同一个客体其前提或假设与其结论或行为相矛盾，而构成contrast。例如，某批评主义学派叫做“deconstruction”，他们自称是一个“批评主义”学派，而它们的实际行为及其处理文学作品的方式完全背离了“批评主义”的本质，从而引入了矛盾。

总结：此类题在GRE阅读中属难题。正确选项的叙述必须和文章的论证或推理的顺序相一致，否则必错。
3） 态度题
    要求读出作者对某一个现象或理论或方法的态度如何。一般而言，如果文章出现带有褒贬等感情的词，那么态度正反就较易确定。对于大多数GRE阅读文章来说，作者态度一般是暧昧、中庸、复杂的。所以，在正反问题前应出现此类“感情复杂”的修饰词。如果，正反态度前出现了诸如“very”“completely”之类的绝对化非常强的修饰词，要特别留意，一般是错误的。常见的正反态度修饰词可分为以下几类：
   （1）语气过轻：light hearted,indifference,jocular,facetious,resigned,ambivalence
   （2）语气过重：○1骂人：Condemnations, indignant, envious, offensive, insincere, callous, defiance, derision, scornful, cynical, spiteful ○2过分好的：adulatory ,fervent ,fanatical
   （3）无余地好：Complete, entire, absolute, unmitigated, unrestrained, unchecked, very, completely
可能正确的：qualified ,partially ,guarded ,tempered ,tentative ,reluctant
总结：
    态度题是GRE阅读中中等难度的试题。大多数情况下为复杂态度，少数情况下为绝对“正反”态度。
4）in order to 题
要求给出作者引用某人物或某事件来论证、推理的目的是什么。两种方法用来解题：
    （1） 把题干事物回到原文中去定位，然后往上或往下找几行，一定可以找到一句判断句或概括性的句子；
    （2） 把题干事物到原文中定位，然后再看这一段主题是什么，主题即为答案。
总结：
    in order to题在GRE阅读中为中等难度的试题。关键是准确定位原文，找到所在段落。
5）罗马题，“except”题。这种题型都对应着文中的列举，进一步讲就是对应于文中的重要细节。有些题目问及文中明显的列举，此类题较易，只要在文中准确定位即可完成。但有些题，往往需要去总结，尤其是当问及文中“提到”“未提到”什么，需从整体上去审查全文，稍不留神就会出错，此类题较难。
6）“answer the question”题。
    这种题一般会出现特殊疑问句，一般疑问句，通常一般疑问句成为答案的几率最大，其次是以“why”开头的特殊疑问句。对于“how”、“what”开头的特殊疑问句必须在文中有明确而详细的说明，否则一般不对。此类题型为GRE阅读中的难题。
7）“assumption”题
    与逻辑考试中的“假设题”不同，一般来说，文中有明确的说明，不需要深层推理。对应于文中的假设，阅读时特别留意“assume”“assumption”的内容即可。此类型为中等难度题。
8）“support”“weaken”题
    此类型题与逻辑题中的“support”“weaken”题极为类似，此类型题关键在于把握作者的逻辑推理出发点，找到前提和结论，以此进行评价。此题型为中等难度。

总结：
    从宏观上讲，GRE阅读的所有问题可划分为主题题型和细节题型。主题题型占60％，细节题型占40％。主题题型一般较易，且不需要回文中定位，只要把握文章的主题，此类题都可以顺利完成。细节题较难，且需回文中定位，通常也最耗时，关键在于准确快速定位“出题点”。如果多次出现，找首次。如果对文章脉络层次清楚，对定位将大有裨益。
灵活运用排除法来解题。排除法解题的方向有：
（1） 如果长选项某个部分错误，其他部分可以不读
（2） 如果有2或3个选项同样的开头一起排除掉
（3） 假设一个选项成立，看一看文章的写法是否成立（相当重要的是“逆向思维”）
（4） 与文章主题相悖的选项，不必做细节定位，立刻排除。
GRE阅读中干扰选项的构成：
（1） 以偏概全（主要体现在绝对化的词语使用上）
（2） 轻重关系
（3） 语气强弱
（4） 情理中有文章中没有的必错
（5） 选项中有文章中没有的必错
（6） 出现了文章中没有的比较
四、GRE阅读突破法
（1） 集中突破法
○1掐时间做文章，分析错题，为什么做错。
○2然后把文章不计时间仔细研究一遍
○3此时再看一遍后面所有问题，做以下三个工作：
a． 不论错对，想一下此题的解题思路，是否有多种解题方案，自己要达到某一种方案还有什么缺陷或不足，什么方法最适合我。
b． 最快的一条路是什么。
c． 把每一道题五个选项都找出错对的正式原因来。
（2） lsat法
用lsat阅读题进行训练，如果时间不够可以不用。
（3） 速度与正确率（非常重要）


（4）剖析文章（套路法）
    读一篇GRE文章，并且做完题后，静下心来，把文章再认真仔细地阅读一遍。然后，脱离文章，拿一张纸，凭记忆最大程度上去写出文章的主题，为了支持此主题，作者列了哪些论据，这些论据之间什么关系；为了支持论据，作者提到哪些重要的细节，列举了哪些重要的例证，这些细节之间的逻辑关系如何，这样，可以大致列出文章的粗框架，此时，作者的行文逻辑，文章的思路脉络就很清楚了。

tequilawineUID: 2702008

A DISCARDED v. 丢弃, 解雇, 抛弃; 去牌; toilet bowl抽水马桶 lies on a pile of rubble n. 瓦砾，碎石 in Tongzhou, a Beijing suburb which is busily remodelling itself as a “modern” and “international” city. On one side of the railway, a string of single-storey dwellings, built of brick and tile, have yet to be demolished v. 毁，破坏，粉碎. Their occupants make the most of the surrounding debris, loading bent window frames onto the back of bicycles to be sold as scrap. On the other side of the tracks tower new blocks of flats, more than 20 storeys high, waiting for their first residents.

Tongzhou’s new flats are one example of the property boom in China, where 1.87 billion square metres of living space were under construction in the first quarter of this year, 36% more than a year earlier. The boom has resonated vi. 共鸣，回响widely. Banks have expanded their mortgage-books briskly; local governments are filling their coffers n. 金库，资金by selling land to developers or to the “urban investment vehicles” they sponsor. Property and construction represent about 10% of China’s GDP, not counting the consumer goods that homebuying inspires, such as the quilts and curtain rails on sale in Tongzhou’s market.

Home prices in 70 Chinese cities rose by 12.8% in the year to April, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics. That was a record, and probably an understatement. The bureau n. 局，办事处，(带抽屉的）写字台also counts the total sales value of homes—384.6 billion yuan ($56.3 billion) in April—and the floorspace sold (72.4m square metres). Dividing one by the other gives an alternative gauge of prices, which increased by almost 18% nationally in the year to April and by over 95% in Beijing (see chart 1).

But China’s policymakers seem determined to disappoint fortune-hunters. In April they imposed new curbs on housing speculation, raising down-payment requirements and mortgage rates. In some property hotspots, out-of-towners cannot get a mortgage until they have paid local taxes for at least a year. Buyers must make at least a 50% down payment on a second home, even if it is their first mortgage. In Beijing they cannot buy a third home, even with their own money.

The measures seem to be working. Stephen Green of Standard Chartered reckons that prices of new homes fell by over 20% on average in the first week of May in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, although he cautions that this may reflect the mix of homes on offer, as developers keep their best properties off the market for now. In Tongzhou, prices have fallen by 13.4% since mid-April, according to the Beijing Times. The worry now is that a bursting property bubble might do damage to China’s lenders, ruin local exchequers and cast a pall over its economy—and the countries which sell to it.
In China’s biggest cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, prices did rise too far and too fast. To buy a 100-square-metre home in the capital, the average Beijing household must now spend 17 years’ income.

Across the country as a whole, home prices are nine times the average income of urban households. But China’s property market does not yet serve the average household, as Tao Wang of UBS points out. Many city-dwellers live in dormitories provided by their companies or flats obtained from their state-owned employers after a 1998 reform, which privatised much of the housing stock. Since then, only 48m homes have been sold on the market, Ms Wang estimates, in a country with 215m urban households. If the first customers were also the richest, then China’s property market has so far served only the top 20-30% of households.

China’s homebuyers also include a younger generation who missed out on the 1998 windfall (described by Andy Rothman of CLSA, a brokerage, as the “largest one-time transfer of wealth in the history of the world”). But thanks to China’s “one-child” policy, a newly married couple can count on the undivided support of their parents to buy a new flat. That makes China’s home prices look more affordable.

Cash in handIt is true that China’s households are increasingly turning to the banks, as well as relatives, to help them buy a home. Mortgages grew by 53% in the year to March. But the boom has not lasted long enough to leave too much debt in its wake. The ratio of housing loans to GDP is still only 15.3%, compared with a peak of 79% in America (see chart 2).

Prices would have to fall a long way to push borrowers “under water”, owing more than the value of their house. The average mortgage is for less than 50% of the value of a home, Ms Wang reckons. In Hong Kong, where regulators bar mortgages of more than 70% of a home’s value, prices fell by almost half in the three years after the Asian financial crisis, yet mortgage delinquencies n. （少年）犯罪，失职，过失n. 逾期债款peaked at 1.4%.

If mortgages did turn sour, how badly would China’s banks suffer? China Merchants Bank’s mortgage book grew by 70% in 2009. But mortgages still amounted to only 23% of its total loans. In China’s other big banks, the share is less than 20%. Loans to property developers account for another 8% or so, according to Mr Rothman.

Local governments may be more exposed. They suffer from a chronic shortfall of tax revenues, which they partly fill by expropriating land from farmers and selling it to developers at a hefty adj. 重的，肌肉发达的，异常大的，相当多的markup. Their dependence on property for income is often overstated, however. They are counting on land sales and property taxes for less than 17% of their revenues this year, according to Vincent Chan of Credit Suisse, once fiscal transfers from the central government are taken into account.

More concerning is the effect on their assets and liabilities.资产和负债 Local governments cannot borrow directly so they borrow through investment vehicles instead. These vehicles take loans, issue bonds or pool capital with private firms to fund infrastructure projects, including housing.
How much they have borrowed is a matter of fierce debate. The China Banking Regulatory Commission says their debts amounted to 7.4 trillion yuan at the end of last year. Victor Shih of Northwestern University, in Illinois, thinks they could already be as high as 11.4 trillion yuan (with another 12.7 trillion in untapped lines of bank credit).

The projects financed by these loans make fiscal sense as long as they add enough to the local tax base to cover their costs. A property slowdown might endanger some projects by this yardstick n. 码尺，衡量的标准. It might also hurt the value of the land that local governments have offered as collateral for their borrowings.Mr Shih’s estimate (not counting the untapped credit lines) would add another 34 percentage points to China’s ratio of public debt to GDP. But even then the burden would be little more than 50% in an economy growing at over 10% in nominal terms. China’s local governments are no doubt wasting a lot of money. But China’s government has a lot of money to waste.

Pessimists compare China to Japan in the 1990s, when a rising economic power, gaining ground on America, suffered an asset bust that has haunted it ever since. A recent study by the Bank of Japan concludes that China does indeed resemble its eastern neighbour—but in the 1970s, not the 1990s. Like Japan then, China today has a strong demand for housing, fuelled by fast growth and rapid urbanisation, and a tolerable exposure to debt.
Mr Rothman and his team surveyed over 350 middle-class households outside China’s biggest cities, where prices are at least 60% cheaper. They found a taxi driver in Zibo who had saved enough to buy his home without a mortgage, and a professor in Wuhan who owned a flat close to each of the two universities he taught at. Half of the households had paid cash, although many had borrowed from friends and family. Of the others, 86% spent less than 30% of their income on mortgage repayments. Mr Rothman reckons that three-quarters of China’s homeowners remain stuck in cramped, shoddy adj. 劣等的; 假冒的 flats received a decade ago from the government. They are keen to cross the tracks to a new home.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

红色：听错了的
绿色：听漏掉了的
蓝色：拼写错误% |2 K$

it was nineteen thirty-four when Westchester stockbroker Bill Willson, promised his wife he would never drink again. Then during the follwoing spring, he nearly fell off the wagan. And the desperate move he called the local surgent and  drunk Bob Smith, it was that conversation that marched the first meeting on alchohol holimos. Celebrating the 75th anniversory this year, AA was twelve guiding principles to cebrites haul mark institution for attics.
But it doesn't work, while two thousand and six studies published alchoholism clinical on experimental research for traiter forty-nine drinkers for five years, and they found successories correlate the frenquency and lack of AA attendance. Of those who dropped out AA after the first year, only forty-three percent still celebrate the year five. Of those who went six meetings per year for all five years, seventy-three percent continue abstinent. And it was seventy-nice percent of those who attend two hundred meetings annually that gone to admisstion by year five. maybe most surprising know, sixty-nine percent who attend two hundred meetings first year but dropped down to six meetings year five still                such results show a quwalition  most based on individual circumstances personalities, nonetheless, most long term study conclude one sticks with AA for the long hall for five years, the chances for abstinence steadily increase.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

红色：没听出来
蓝色：听错


when it comes to elections, sometimes we vote with our heads, and sometimes with our hearts.but scientists in at stanford say we may might also be voting with our pumppons pompoms, because they've found our behavior of  at polls is influenced by the results of local sporting events. we were work published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences.humans are emotional creatures.and  our strong feelings about one thing can spread to another.so the stanford scientists wonder whether the events unrelated to the government performance may might sway the way people's feel they were like about their elected officials. and what could be the last less relavent to the workings in washionton DC area stay or your state capital than college football. the researchers looksed the election results from twenty years worst worth for of and goop the torial resence presedential, senatorial and gubernatorial races. and they foud the that a home team  win before the election give the incumbent a boost of almost two percentage points. the more beloved the team,the bigger the bands bounce. and it is not just football.in a seperate survey, the scientists found that the inc NCCA college basketball results affected the presidential proofreading approval ratings. so next election day, you may think about practicing a little separation of stadium and state.

tequilawineUID: 2702008

红色：没听出来
蓝色：听错

it was in 1934 when westchester stock broker Bill Willson promised his wife he'd never drink again. Then during the following spring, he nearlly fallfell off the wagon. and the in a desperate move he called the local surgeon and drunk, Bob Smith. It was that conversation that marched marked the first meeting of alchoholic alcoholics ananymous anonymous.

Celebrating the its 75th anniversary this year, AA was with its twelve guilding principles to surpridium sobriety is a hallmark instituion for actics addicts. But that doesn't does it work?

Will Well a 2000 2006 established studien study published in alchoholism clinical and experimental research for followed 29 349 foreigner drinkers for over five years, and they scientists found that successors success rates corelated with the frequency and lank length of AA attendance.

Of those who dropped out of AA after the first year, only 43 percent still were still sober at year 5. Of those who went to six meetings per a year for all five years, 73 percent continue to abstine abstain. and it was 79 percent of those who attend two hundred meetings annually then had got gone to into admission remission by year 5. Maybe most surprising though is that 61 percent of those who attended two hundred meetings in the first year, but then dropped down in to 6 meetings in the year 5 were still able to stay drive dry.

But such results show a quarelation correlation and it's port to remember that results like much most things in life must are based on individual circumstances and personalities.  

Nonetheless, most long term studies connclude that if one sticks with AA for the long hall haul at least five years,  then chaces for preminent permanent abstinence steadily increases.